References
- Arbuckle MR, McClain MT, Rubertone MV, Scofield RH, Dennis GJ, James JA, Harley JB. Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349:1526–1533.
- Rönnblom L, Alm GV. A pivotal role for the natural interferon alpha-producing cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) in the pathogenesis of lupus. J Exp Med. 2001; 194:F59–F63.
- Crow MK. Interferon-α. A new target for therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus?. Arthritis Rheum. 2003; 48:2396–2401.
- Kirou KA, Lee C, George S, Louca K, Peterson MG, Crow MK. Interferon-alpha pathway activation identifies a subgroup of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with distinct serologic features and active disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52:1491–1503.
- Vollmer J, Tluk S, Schmitz C, Hamm S, Jurk M, Forsbach A, . Immune stimulation mediated by autoantigen binding sites within small nuclear RNAs involves toll-like receptors 7 and 8. J Exp Med. 2005; 202:1575–1585.
- Barrat FJ, Meeker T, Gregorio J, Chan JH, Uematsu S, Akira S, . Nucleic acids of mammalian origin can act as endogenous ligands for toll-like receptors and may promote systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med. 2005; 202:1131–1139.
- Kelly KM, Zhuang H, Nacionales DC, Scumpia PO, Lyons R, Akaogi J, . “Endogenous adjuvant” activity of the RNA components of lupus autoantigens Sm/RNP and Ro60. Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 54:1557–1567.
- Crow MK. Type I interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2007; 316:359–386.
- Vallin H, Perers A, Alm GV, Rönnblom L. Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies and immunostimulatory plasmid DNA in combination mimic the endogenous IFN-alpha inducer in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol. 1999; 163:6306–6313.
- Crow MK. Developments in the clinical understanding of lupus. Arth Res Ther. 2009; 11245.
- Kumar H, Kawai T, Akira S. Pathogen recognition in the innate immune response. Biochem J. 2009; 420:1–16.
- Yoshiki T, Mellors RC, Strand M, August JT. The viral envelope glycoprotein of murine leukemia virus and the pathogenesis of immune complex glomerulonephritis of New Zealand mice. J Exp Med. 1974; 140:1011–1027.
- Choi Y, Kappler JW, Marrack P. A superantigen encoded in the open reading frame of the 3′ long terminal repeat of mouse mammary tumor virus. Nature. 1991; 350:203–207.
- Acha-Orbea H, Held W, Waanders GA, . Exogenous and endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus superantigens. Immunol Rev. 1993; 131:5–25.
- James JA, Neas BR, Moser KL. Systemic lupus erythematosus in adults is associated with previous Epstein-Barr virus exposure. Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 44:1122–1126.
- Poole BD, Templeton AK, Guthridge JM, Brown EJ, Harley JB, James JA. Aberrant Epstein-Barr viral infection in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2009; 8:337–342.
- Sutkowski N, Conrad B, Thorley-Lawson DA, Huber BT. Epstein-Barr virus transactivates the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K18 that encodes a superantigen. Immunity. 2001; 15:579–589.
- Ostertag EM, Kazazian HHJr. Biology of mammalian L1 retrotransposons. Annu Rev Genet. 2001; 35:501–538.
- Furano AV. The biological properties and evolutionary dynamics of mammalian LINE-1 retrotransposons. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. 2000; 64:255–294.
- Moran JV, Holmes SE, Naas TP, DeBerardinis RJ, Boeke JD, Kazazian HH. High frequency retrotransposition in cultured mammalian cells. Cell. 1996; 87:917–927.
- Kazazian HH, Moran JV. The impact of L1 retrotransposons on the human genome. Nat Genet. 1998; 19:19–24.
- Boeke JD, Pickeral OK. Retroshuffling the genomic deck. Nature. 1999; 398:108–111.
- Boissinot S, Chevret P, Furano AV. L1 (LINE-1) retrotransposon evolution and amplification in recent human history. Mol Biol Evol. 2000; 17:915–928.
- Sassaman DM, Dombroski BA, Moran JV, Kimberland ML, Naas TP, De Berardinis RJ, Gabriel A, Swergold GD, Kazazian HH. Many human L1 elements are capable of retrotransposition. Nat Genet. 1997; 16:37–43.
- Ostertag EM, DeBerardinis RJ, Goodier JL, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Gerton GL, Kazazian HH. A mouse model of human L1 retrotransposition. Nat Genet. 2002; 32:655–-60.
- Myers JS, Vincent BJ, Udall H, Watkins WS, Morrish TA, Kilroy GE, . A comprehensive analysis of recently integrated human Ta L1 elements. Am J Hum Genet. 2002; 71:312–326.
- Salem AH, Myers JS, Otieno AC, Scott Watkins W, Jorde LB, Batzer MA. LINE-1 preTa elements in the human genome. J Mol Biol. 2003; 326:1127–1146.
- Kolosha VO, Martin SL. Polymorphic sequences encoding the first open reading frame protein from LINE-1 ribonucleoprotein particles. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270:2868–2873.
- McMillan JB, Singer MF. Translation of the human LINE-1 element L1Hs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993; 90:11533–11537.
- Feng Q, Moran JV, Kazazian HH, Boeke JD. Human L1 retrotransposon encodes a conserved endonuclease required for retrotransposition. Cell. 1996; 87:905–916.
- Boeke HD, Corces VG. Transcription and reverse transcription of retrotransposons. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1989; 43:403–434.
- Woodcock DM, Lawler CB, Linsenmeyer ME, Doherty JP, Warren WD. Asymmetric methylation in the hypermethylated CpG promoter region of the human L1 retrotransposon. J Biol Chem. 1997; 272:7810–7816.
- Minakami R, Kurose K, Etoh K, Furuhata Y, Hattori M, Sakaki Y. Identification of an internal cis-element essential for the human L1 transcription and a nuclear factor(s) binding to the element. Nuc Acids Res. 1992; 20:3139–3145.
- Tchenio T, Casella J-F, Heidmann T. Members of the SRY family regulate the human LINE retrotransposons. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000; 28:411–415.
- Banki K, Maceda J, Hurley E, . Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)–related endogenous sequence, HRES-1, encodes a 28-kDa protein: A possible autoantigen for HTLV-1 gag-reactive autoantibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992; 89:1939–1943.
- Perl A, Colombo E, Dai H, . Antibody reactivity to the HRES-1 endogenous retroviral element indentifies a subset of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and overlap syndromes. Arthritis Rheum. 1995; 38:1660–1671.
- Perl A, Banki K. Human endogenous retroviral elements and autoimmunity: Data and concepts. Trends Microbiol. 1993; 1:153–156.
- Adelman MK, Marchalonis JJ. Endogenous retroviruses in systemic lupus erythematosus: Candidate lupus viruses. Clin Immunol. 2002; 102:107–116.
- Conrad B, Weissmahr RN, Boni J, Arcari R, Schupbach J, Mach BA. Human endogenous retroviral superantigen as candidate autoimmune gene in type I diabetes. Cell. 1997; 90:303–313.
- Lower R, Tonjes RR, Boller K, . Development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus does not depend on specific expression of the endogenous retrovirus HERV-K. Cell. 1998; 95:11–14.
- Roy AM, Carroll ML, Kass DH, Nguyen SV, Salem A-H, Batzer MA, Deininger PL. Recently integrated human Alu repeats: Finding needles in the haystack. Genetica. 1999; 107:149–161.
- Leibold DM, Swergold GD, Singer MF, Thayer RE, Dombroski BA, Fanning TG. Translation of LINE-1 DNA elements in vitro and in human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990; 87:6990–6994.
- Trelogan SA, Martin SL. Tightly regulated, developmentally specific expression of the first open reading frame from LINE-1 during mouse embryogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995; 92:1520–1524.
- Kole LB, Haynes SR, Jelinek WR. Discrete and heterogeneous high molecular weight RNAs complementary to a long dispersed repeat family (a possible transposon) of human DNA. J Mol Biol. 1983; 165:257–286.
- Neidhart M, Rethage J, Kuchen S, . Retrotransposable L1 elements expressed in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue: Association with genomic DNA hypomethylation and influence on gene expression. Arthritis Rheum. 2000; 43:2634–2647.
- Ergün S, Buschmann C, Heukeshoven J, Dammann K, Schnieders F, Lauke H, . Cell type-specific expression of LINE-1 open reading frames 1 and 2 in fetal and adult human tissues. J Biol Chem. 2004; 279:27753–27763.
- Martin SL, Bushman FD. Nucleic acid chaperone activity of the ORF1 protein from the mouse LINE-1 retrotransposon. Mol Cell Biol. 2001; 21:467–475.
- Kolosha VO, Martin SL. High affinity, non-sequence specific RNA binding by the open reading frame 1 (ORF1) protein from long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1). J Biol Chem. 2003; 278:8112v7.
- Khazina E, Weichenrieder O. Non-LTR retrotransposons encode noncanonical RRM domains in their first open reading frame. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009; 106:731–736.
- Coufal NG, Garcia-Perez JL, Peng GE, Yeo GW, Mu Y, Lovci MT, . L1 retrotransposition in human neural progenitor cells. Nature. 2009; 460:1127–1131.
- Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, . Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature. 2001; 409:860–921.
- Kazazian HH, Wong C, Youssoufian H, Scott AF, Phillips DG, Antonarakis SE. Haemophilia A resulting from do novo insertion of L1 sequences represents a novel mechanism for mutation in man. Nature. 1988; 332:164–166.
- Holmes SE, Dombroski BA, Krebs CM, Boehm CD, Kazazian HH. A new retrotransposable human L1 element from the LRE2 locus on chromosome 1q produces a chimaeric insertion. Nat Genet. 1994; 7:143–148.
- Chu JL, Drappa J, Parnassa A, Elkon KB. The defect in Fas expression in MRL/lpr mice is associated with insertion of the retrotransposon, ETn. J Exp Med. 1993; 178:723–730.
- Lu L, Kaliyaperumal A, Boumpas DT, Datta SK. Major peptide autoepitopes for nucleosome-specific T cells of human lupus. J Clin Invest. 1999; 104:345–355.
- Casciola-Rosen LA, Andrade F, Ulanet D, Wong WB, Rosen A. Cleavage by granzyme B is strongly predictive of autoantigen status: Implications for initiation of autoimmunity. J Exp Med. 1999; 190:815–826.
- Rice G, Newman WG, Dean J, Patrick T, Parmar R, Flintoff K, . Heterozygous mutations in TREX1 cause familial chilblain lupus and dominant Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2007; 80:811–815.
- Stetson DB, Ko JS, Heidmann T. Medzhitov R: Trex1 prevents cell-intrinsic initiation of autoimmunity. Cell. 2008; 134:569–571.
- Ullu EIn vivo analysis of RNA interference in Trypanosoma brucei. Presentation of Elisabetta Ullu, Keystone Symposium on RNA interference, cosuppression and related phenomena, 2002. 85
- Webb R, Wren JD, Jeffries M, Kelly JA, Kaufman KM, Tang Y, et al. Variants within MECP2, a key transcription regulator, are associated with increased susceptibility to lupus and differential gene expression in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009; 60:1076–1084.
- Esnault C, Millet J, Schwartz O, Heidmann T. Dual inhibitory effects of APOBEC family proteins on retrotransposition of mammalian endogenous retroviruses. Nucl Acids Res. 2006; 34:1522–1531.
- Mavragani CP, Moffit K, Kapsogeorgou EK, Moutsopoulos HM, Crow MK. Coordinate expression of defensive regulators of L1 endogenous retroelements in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56:S542.
- Teneng I, Stribinskis V, Ramos KS. Context-specific regulation of LINE-1. Genes Cells. 2007; 12:1101–1110.
- Aravin AA, Sachidanandam R, Bourc'his D, Schaefer C, Pezic D, Toth KF, . A piRNA pathway primed by individual transposons is linked to de novo DNA methylation in mice. Mol Cell. 2008; 31:785–799.
- Mavragani CP, Kapsogeorgou EK, Pierce D, Seshan S, Moutsopoulos HM, Crow MK. Endogenous LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposon elements: Candidate triggers of type I interferon (IFN) production in autoimmune disorders. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56:S630.