Mechanism of Action of Prothynosin α in the Human Autologous Mixed Lymphocyte Response

References

• Low T. L. K., Goldstein A. L. The chemistry and biology of thymasin. II Amino acid sequence analysis of thymosin α1 and polypeptide α1. J. Biol. Chem. 1979; 254: 987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low T. L. H., Goldstein A. L. Thymosin: isolationn, structural studies and biological activities. Thymic Hormones and Lymphokines, A. L. Goldstein. Plenum Press, New York 1984; 1
   Google Scholar
• Shulof R. S., Goldstein A. L. Thymosins and other thymic hormones. The lymphokines, Biochemical and Biological activity, J. W. Hadden, W. E. Stewart. Humana Press, New Jersey 1981; 397
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein A. L., Low T. L. K., McAdoo H., HcClure J., Thurman Q. B., Rossio J., Lai C.-Y., Chang D., Wang S-S., Harvey C., Ramel A. H., Meienhofer J. Thymosin α1 Isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1977; 74: 725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wane S. S., Kulesha I. D., Winter D. P. Synthesis of thymosin α1. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978; 101: 253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxevanis C. N., Perez S., Kokkinopoulos D., Papamichail H. The biological effect of three thymosin fraction 5 polypeptides in the murine mixed lymphocyte reaction. Imrrunology 1985; 54: 723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxevanis C. N., Reclos G. J., Perez S., Kokkinopoulos D., Papamichail M. Immunoregulatory effects of fraction 5 thymus peptides. I. Thymosin α1 enhances while thymosin 4 suppresses the human autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. Immunopharmacology 1987; 13: 133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haritos A. A., Goodall G. J., Horecker B. L. Prothymosin α: iso-lation and properties of the major imnunoreactive form of thymosin α1 in rat thymus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984; 81: 1: 39
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haritos A. A., Tsolas O., Horeclter B. L. Distribution of prothymosjn α1 in rat tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1984; 81: 139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haritos A. A., Blacher R., Stein S., Caldarella J., Horecker B. L. Primary structure of rat thymus prothymosin α1. Prac. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1985; 82: 343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan L.-X., Hatitos A. A., Wideman J., Komiyama T., Chang H., Stein S., Salvin S. B., Horecker B. L. Human prothymosin α: Amino acid sequence and immunologic properties. Arch. Biochem. Riophys. 1986; 250: 197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodall G. J., Horeclter B. L. Molecular biology of the thymosins. in UCLA Symposia on molecular and cellular biology 1986; 41: 438
   Google Scholar
• Eschenfeldt W. H., Rerger S. L. The human prothymosin a gene is polymorphic and induced upon growth stimulation: Evidence using a cloned cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1986; 83: 9403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldarella J., Goodall O. J., Felix A. M., Heimer E. P., Salvin S. B., Horecker B. L. Thymosin α11.A peptide related to thymosin α1 isolated from calf thymosin fraction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1983; 80: 7924
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haritos A. A., Salvin S. B., Blacher R., Stein S., Horecker B. L. Parathymosin α: a peptide from rat tissues with structural homology to prothymosin α1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1985; 82: 1050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reclos G. J., Baxevanis C. N., Sfagos C., Papageorgiou C., Tsokos G. C., Papamichail H. Multiple sclerosis: II. Effects of prothymosin α on the autologous and allogeneic MLR in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1987; 70: 336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barevanis C. N., Reclos G. J., Papamichail M., Tsokos C. G. Prothy mosin α restores the depressed autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 1987; 9: 429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxavanis C. N., Reclos O. J., Paneerselvam M., Papamichail M. Enhancement of human T lymphocyte functions by prothymosin α1. Augmentation of mixed lymphocyte culture reactions and soluble protein-induced proliferative responses. Immunopharmacology 1988, in press
   Google Scholar
• Economou M., Seferiadis K., Frangou-Lazaridis M., Haritos A. A., Horecker B. L., Tsolas O. Primary structure of pig prothymosin a, Biological Chemistry. Hoppe Seyler 1986; 367: 252, (Suppl) (Abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Boyum A. Separation of leukocytes from blood and bone marrow. Scand J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1968; 21: 97
   Google Scholar
• Kumagai K., Itoh K., Hinuma S., Tada M. Pretreatment of plastic Petri dishes with fetal calf serum. A simple method for macrophages isolation. J. Immunol. Methods. 1979; 29: 17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julius M. H., Simpson E., Hertzenberg L. A. A rapid method for the isolatinn of functional thymus-derived murine Iymphocytes. Eur. J., Immunol 1979; 29: 17
   Google Scholar
• Baxevanis C. N., Reclos G. J., Sfagos C., Doufexis E., Papageorgiou C., Papamichail M. Multiple sclerosis. I. Monocyte stimulatory defect in mixed lymphocyte reaction associated with clinical disease activity. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1987; 67: 362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boraschi D., Cencini S., Tagliabue A. Interferon-y reduces macrophage-suppressive activity by inhibiting prostaglandin E2 release and inducing Interleukin I production. J. Immunol 1984; 133: 764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillis S., Ferm H., Gu W., Smith K. A. T cell growth factor: parameters of production and quantitative microassay for activity 1978; 120: 2027
   Google Scholar
• Uchiyama T., Broder S., Waldmann T. A. A monoclonal antibody (anti Taclreactive with activated and functionally mature human T cells. J. Immunol. 1918; 120: 2027
   Google Scholar
• Tsakos G. C., Smith P. L., Christian C. B., Lipnick R. N., Balow J. E., Djeu J. V. Interleu Kin 2 restores the depressed allogeneic cell mediated Iympholysis and natural Killer cell activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1985; 34: 379
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sunshine G. H., Katz D. R., Czitrom A. A. Heterogenicity of stimulator cells in the murine mixed leukocyte response. Eur. J. Immunol. 1982; 12: 9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palacios R. Mechanism of T cell activation: Role and functional relationship of HLA-DR antigens and interleultins. Immunol. Rpv. 1982; 63: 73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnard G. D., Yasaka K., Jakobson D. Ligand activated T cell growth factor-induced proliferation: absorption of a T cell growth factor by activating T cells. J. Immunol. 1979; 123: 2704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maizel A. L., Mehta S. R., Ford E. J., Lachman L. B. Effect of inter-leukin 1 an human lymphocytes and purified human T cells. J. Exp. Med. 1981; 153: 470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chouaid S., Fradelizi D. The mechanism of inhibition of human IL 2 production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1984; 82: 864
   Google Scholar
• Smith K. A., Cantrell P. A. Interleukin 2 regulates its own receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1984; 82: 864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mottolese H., Natali P. G., Atlante G., Carallari A., DiFilippo F., Ferrone S. Antigenic profile and functional characterization of human peritoneal macrophages. J. Immunol. 1985; 135: 200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita U., Shevach E. H. The murine syngeneic mixed lymphocyte response. J. Immunol., 124: 1773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsokos G. C., Balow E. Cellular immune responses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prog. Allergy 1984; 35: 93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shrirakawa F., Yamashita U., Suzuki H. Decrease in HLA-DR positive monocytes in patients with systemic lupus erythematasus. J. Immunal. 1985; 134: 3560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar