Enhancement of Human T Lymphocyte Function by Prothymosin α: Incremed Production of Interleukin-2 and Expression of Interleukin-2 Receptors in Normal Human Peripheral Blood t Lymphocytes

References

• Low T. L.K., Goldstein A. L. The chemistry and biology of thymosin. II. Amino acid sequence analysis of thymosin α 1 and polypeptide β1. J. Biol. Chem. 1979; 254: 987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low T. L.K., Goldstein A. L. Thymosins: Isolation, structural studies, and biological activities. Thymic Hormones and Lymphokines, A. L. Goldstein. Plenum Press, New York 1984; 21
   Google Scholar
• Zatz M. M., Low T. L.K., Goldstein A. L. Role of thymosin and other thymic hormones in T-cell differentiation. Biol. Resp. Cancer 1982; 1: 219
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein A. L., Low T. L.K., McAdoo M., McClure J., Thurman G. B., Rossio J., Lai C. Y., Chang D., Wang S. S., Harvey C., Ramel A. H., Meienhofer J. Thymosin al: Isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1977; 74: 725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S. S., Kulesha I. D., Winter D. P. Synthesis of thymosin α1. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979; 101: 253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxevanis C. N., Perez S., Kokkinopoulos D., Papamichail M. The biological effect of three thymosin—fraction 5 polypeptides in the murine mixed lymphocyte reaction. Immunology 1985; 54: 723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxevanis C. N., Reclos G. J., Perez S., Kokkinopoulos D., Papamichail M. Immunoregulatory effects of fraction 5 thymus peptides. I. Thymosin α1 enhances while thymosin β4 suppresses the human autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. Immunopharmacology 1987; 13: 133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haritos A. A., Goodall G. J., Horecker B. L. Prothymosin α: Isolation and properties of the major immunoreactive form of thymosin α1 in rat thymus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984; 81: 1008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haritos A. A., Tsolas O., Horecker B. L. Distribution of prothymosin a in rat tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984; 81: 1391
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haritos A. A., Blacher H., Stein S., Caldarella J., Horecker B. L. Primary structure of rat thymus prothymosin a. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1985; 82: 343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan L. X., Haritos A. A., Wideman J., Komiyama T., Chang M., Stein S., Salvin S. B., Horecker B. L. Human prothymosin a: Amino acid sequence and immunologic properties. Arch. Fiochem. Biophys. 1986; 250: 197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panneerselvam C., Wellner D., Horecker B. L. The amino acid sequence of bovine thymus prothymosin α. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1988; 265: 454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodall G. J., Dominguer F., Horecker B. L. Molecular cloning of cDNA for human prothymoain a. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 1986; 83: 8926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eschenfeldt W. H., Bergmr S. L. The human prothymosin a gene is polymorphic and induced upon growth stimulation: Evidence using cloned cDNA. Proc. Natl. kad. Sci. USA 1986; 83: 9403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eschenfeldt W. H., Manrow R. E., Krug M. S., Berger S. L. Isolation and partial sequencing of the human prothymosin a gene family. J. Biol-Chem. 1989; 264: 7546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haritos A. A., Salvin S. B., Blacher R., Stein S., Horecker B. L. Parathymosin a: A peptide from rat tissues with structural homology to prothymosin a. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1985; 82s: 1050
   Google Scholar
• Reclos G. J., Baxevanis C. N., Sfagos C., Papa-Georgiou C., Tsokos G. C., Papasichail M. Multiple sclerosis: II. Effects of prothymosin a on the autologws and allogeneic HLR in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1987; 70: 336
   Google Scholar
• Baxevanis C. N., Reclos G. J., Papamichail M., Tsokos G. C. Prothymosin a restores the depressed autologoue and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte responses in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 1987; 9: 429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxevanis C. N., Reclos G. J., Panneerrclvan C., Papamicheil M. Enhancement of human T lymphocyte functions by prothymosin α. I. Augmentation of mixed lymphocyte culture reactions and soluble protein-induced proliferative responses. Immunopharmacology 1988; 15: 73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frillingos S., Frangw-Lazaridir M., Seferiadis K., Horgcker B. L., Tsolas O. Distribution of prothymosin α in goat tissues. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 1986; 367(Suppl.)252, Abstract
   Google Scholar
• Komiyama T., Pan L. X., Haritor A. A., Wideman J. W., Pan Y. C.E., Chang M., Rogers I., Horecker B. L. The primary structure of rat parathymorin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986; 83: 1242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haritos A. A., Horecker B. L. A radioimmunoassay for thymosin α1 that detects the native polypeptide, prothymosin α. J. Immunol. Methods 1985; 81: 199
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lai C. Y. Detection of peptides by fluorescence methods. Methods Enzymol. 1977; 47: 236
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heinrikson R. L., Meredith S. C. Amino acid analysis by reverse—phase high—performance liquid chromatography: Precolumn derivatization with phenylisothiocyanate. Anal. Biochem. 1984; 136: 65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyum A. Separation of leucocytes from blood and bone marrow. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1968; 21: 97
   Google Scholar
• Kumagai K., Itoh K., Hinuma S., Tada M. Pretreatment of plastic petri dishes with fetal calf serum. A simple method for macrophage isolation. J. Immunol. Methods 1979; 29: 17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julius M. H., Simpson E., Hertzenberg L. A. A rapid method for isolation of functional thymus-derived murine lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 1973; 3: 645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxevanis C. N., Reclos G. J., Sfagos C., Doufexis E., Papageorgiou C., Papamichail M. Multiple sclerosis: I. Monocyte stimulatory defect in mixed lymphocyte reaction associated with clinical disease activity. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1987; 67: 362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxevanis C. N., Ioannides C. D.G., Papamichail M. The role of self-Ia antigens in the murine mixed lymphocyte response. Eur. J. Immunol. 1986; 16: 361
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uchiyama T., Broder S., Waldmann T. A. A monoclonal antibody (anti-Tac) reactive with activated and functionally mature human T cells. J. Immunol. 1981; 126: 1393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith K. A., Cantrell P. A. Interleukin-2 regulates its own receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984; 82: 865
   Google Scholar
• Palacios R., Fernadez C., Sideras P. Development and continuous growth in culture of interleukin-2 producer lymphocytes from athymic nu/nu mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 1982; 12: 777
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grinblat J., Schauenstein K., Saltz E., Training N., Globerson A. Regulatory effects of thymus humoral factor on T cell growth factor in aging mice. Mech. Ageing Dev. 1983; 22: 209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatz M. M., Oliver J., Samuels C., Skotnicki A. B., Sztein M. B., Goldstein A. L. Thymosin increases production of T cell growth factor by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984; 81: 2882
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sztein M. B., Serrate S. A., Goldstein A. L. Modulation of interleukin 2 receptor expression on normal human lymphocytes by thymic hormones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986; 83: 6107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouttab N. M., Goldstein A. L., Lu M., Lu L., Campbell B., Maizel A. L. Production of human B and T cell growth factors is enhanced by thymic hormones. Immunopharmacology 1988; 16: 97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Economou M., Seferiadis K., Frangou-Lazaridis M., Horecker B. L., Tsolas O. Isolation and partial characterization of prothymosin α from porcine tissues. FEBS Lett. 1988; 233: 342
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clinton M., Frangou-Lazaridis M., Panneerselvam C., Horecker B. L. Prothymosin a and parathymosin: mRNA and polypeptide levels in rodent tissues. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1989; 269: 256
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith K. A., Lachman L. B., Oppenheim J. J., Farata F. M. The functional relationship of the interleukins. J. Exp. Med. 1980; 151: 1551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach F. H. The HLA class II genes and products: the HLA-D region. Immunology Today 1985; 6: 89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kasahara T., Hooks J. J., Dougherty S. F., Oppenheim J. J. Interleukin 2—mediated interferon (IFN—y) production by human T cells and T cell subsets. J. Immunol. 1983; 130: 1784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palacios R. Mechanism of T cell activation: Role and functional relationship of HLA-DR antigens and interleukins. Immunol. Rev. 1983; 63: 73
   Google Scholar
• Wagner H., Hardt C., Heeg K., Pfizenmaier K., Solbach W., Bartlett R., Stockinger H., Rollinghoff M. T-T cell interactions during cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses: T cell derived helper factor (interleukin 2) as a probe to analyse CTL responsiveness and thymic maturation of CTL progenitors. Immunol. Rev. 1980; 51: 215
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weigert D. CI., Stanton G. J., Johnson H. M. Interleukin 2 enhances natural killer cell activity through induction of y—interferon. Fed. Proc. 1983; 42: 1072
   Google Scholar
• Gillis S., Ferm M., Ou W., Smith K. A. T cell growth factor: Parameters of production and quantitative microassay of activity. J. Immunol. 1978; 120: 2027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsokos G. C., Smith P. L., Christian C. B., Lipnick R. N., Balow J. E., Djen J. Y. Interleukin—2 restores the depressed allogeneic cell-mediated lympholysis and natural killer cell activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1985; 34: 379
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merrill J. E., Mohlstrom C., Vittenbogaart C., Kermaniarab V., Ellison G. W., Myers L. W. Responce to and production of interleukin-2 by peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Immunol. 1984; 133: 1931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsokos G. C., Balow J. E. Cellular immune responses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prog. Allergy 1984; 35: 93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta S., Gillis S., Thornton M., Goldberg M. Autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in man. XIV. Deficiency of the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS related complex (ARC). In vivo effect with interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1984; 58: 395
   PubMedGoogle Scholar