Quantitative exposure matrix for asphalt fume, total particulate matter, and respirable crystalline silica among roofing and asphalt manufacturing workers

References

• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). (2001). Asphalt (Bitumen) Fumes, 7th Edition TLV Documentation. ACGIH, Cincinnati Ohio, 22 pages. Available from ACGIH at: http://www.acgih.org/Store/ProductDetail.cfm?id = 740
   Google Scholar
• Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA), Bitumen Waterproofing Manufacturers Association (BWMA), National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA), and the Roof Coatings Manufacturers Association (RCMA). (2011). The Bitumen Roofing Industry—a Global Perspective: Production, Use, Properties, Specifications and Occupational Exposure, Second Edition. Washington, DC. 81 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Apol A G and Okawa M, T. (1977). Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: Certain-Teed Products, Inc., Tacoma, WA. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH HEE Report No. 76-55-443, NTIS No. PB-81–143-984/A02.
   Google Scholar
• Apol A G and Okawa M, T. (1978). Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: Herbert Malarky Roofing Co., Portland, OR. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH HHE Report No. 76-56-458, NTIS No. PB-82–193-996/A02.
   Google Scholar
• Astrakianakis. G, Anderson J T L, Keefe A R, Bert J L, Le N and Fang R. (1998). Job-exposure matrices and retrospective exposure assessment in the pulp and paper industry. Appl Occup Env Hyg. 13: 663–670.
   Google Scholar
• Bouyer J and Hémon D. (1993). Retrospective evaluation of occupational exposures in population-based case-control studies: General overview with special attention to job exposure matrices. Int J Epidemiol 22: 57–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box GEP and Cox D R. (1964). An analysis of transformations. J Roy Stat Soc B, 26: 211–252.
   Google Scholar
• Dosemeci M, Cocco P, Gómez M, Stewart PA, Heineman EF. 1994. Effects of three features of a job-exposure matrix on risk estimates. Epidemiology 5:124–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunzik DE, Gilman RD, Haigney BC, Vincent WJ, and Calzavera TS. (1998). Evaluation and enhancement of benzene solubles method for asphalt fumes assessment. Appl Occ Environ Hyg 13: 166–171.
   Google Scholar
• Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety (DECOS). (2007). Bitumen (vapour and aerosol); Health-based recommended occupational exposure limit. Health Council of the Netherlands. The Hague, publication no. 2007/01OSH. 152 pages. Available online at: http://www.gezondheidsraad.nl/sites/default/files/200701rOSH%20Bitumen.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Finkelstein MM, Verma DK. 2001. Exposure estimation in the presence of nondetectable values: another look. AIHAJ 62:195–198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glass DC, Adams GG, Manuell RW, Bisby JA. 2000. Retrospective exposure assessment for benzene in the Australian petroleum industry. Ann Occup Hyg 44:301–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg M, Kromhout H, Guenel P, Fletcher A C, Gerin M Glass D C, Heederik D, Kauppinen T and Ponti A. (1993). Job exposure matrices in industry. Int J Epidemiol 22: 10–15.
   Google Scholar
• Helsel DR. (1990). Less than obvious—statistical treatment of data below the detection limit. Environ Sci Technol 24, 12: 1766–1774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsel DR. 2006. Fabricating data: how substituting values for nondetects can ruin results, and what can be done about it. Chemosphere 65:2434–2439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsel DR. (2010). Much ado about next to nothing: incorporating nondetects in science. Ann Occup Hyg 54: 257–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewett P, Ganser GH. 2007. A comparison of several methods for analyzing censored data. Ann Occup Hyg 51:611–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornung RW, Herrick RF, Stewart PA, Utterback DF, Feigley CE, Wall DK, Douthit DE, Hayes RB. 1996. An experimental design approach to retrospective exposure assessment. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 57:251–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IT Environmental Programs, Inc. and ICF Kaiser Incorporated. (1994). Guidelines for statistical analysis of occupational exposure data, submitted to the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Available electronically at http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/exposure/pubs/stat_guide_occ.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Maxim LD, Allshouse JN, Kelly WP, Walters T, Waugh R. 1997. A multiyear workplace-monitoring program for refractory ceramic fibers: findings and conclusions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 26:156–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxim LD, Allshouse JN, Venturin DE. 2000. The random-effects model applied to refractory ceramic fiber data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 32:190–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maxim LD, Allshouse J, Fairfax RE, Lentz TJ, Venturin D, Walters TE. 2008. Workplace monitoring of occupational exposure to refractory ceramic fiber–a 17-year retrospective. Inhal Toxicol 20:289–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (1984). Manual of Analytical Methods. Third Edition, Volume 2, Method 0500. Issued February 15, 1984. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/0500.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (1985). Manual of Analytical Methods. Third Edition, Volume 1, Method 5023. Issued May 5, 1985. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/5023.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (1994). Method 5042 “Benzene–soluble fraction and total particulate (asphalt fume),” NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th Edition, Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Publication No. 94–113. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/5042.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2000). Hazard review: health effects of occupational exposure to asphalt. December 2000. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2001-110, Cincinnati, OH. 150 pages. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2001-110/pdfs/2001-110.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2001). Asphalt fume exposures during the manufacture of asphalt roofing products. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cincinnati, OH. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2001-127. 48 pages. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2001-127/pdfs/2001-127.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2003). Method 7500 “Silica, crystalline, by XRD (filter redeposition)”, NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th Edition, Issue 4, Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 3rd Supplement Publication No. 2003-154. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/7500.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ogden TL. 2009. Proposed British-Dutch guidance on measuring compliance with occupational exposure limits. Ann Occup Hyg 53:775–777.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okawa M T, Apol AG. (1977). Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: Certain-Teed Products, Inc., Richmond, CA. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH HHE Report No. 76-54-436, NTIS No. 89–140-198.1977.
   Google Scholar
• Okawa M T and Apol AG. (1978). Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: Johns-Manville Products Corporation, Vernon, CA. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH HHE Report No. 77-57-460, NTIS No. PB-82–197-435/A02.1978.
   Google Scholar
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (1986). Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles (CTPV), Coke Oven Emissions (COE): Selected polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), “Method 58”, OSHA Manual of Analytical Methods, Volume 2. OSHA, Salt Lake City UT, July 1986. Available online at http://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/organic/org058/org058.html.
   Google Scholar
• Quinn MM, Smith TJ, Youk AO, Marsh GM, Stone RA, Buchanich JM, Gula MJ. 2001. Historical cohort study of US man-made vitreous fiber production workers: VIII. Exposure-specific job analysis. J Occup Environ Med 43:824–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport SM and Kupper LL. (2008). Quantitative Exposure Assessment S. M. Rappaport, El Cerrito, California, USA. pp. 167.
   Google Scholar
• Sakia RM. (1992). The Box-Cox transformation technique: a review. The Statistician, 41: 169–178.
   Google Scholar
• Seixas NS, Checkoway H. 1995. Exposure assessment in industry specific retrospective occupational epidemiology studies. Occup Environ Med 52:625–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart P. 1999. Challenges to retrospective exposure assessment. Scand J Work Environ Health 25:505–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart PA, Lees PS, Correa A, Breysse P, Gail M, Graubard BI. 2003. Evaluation of three retrospective exposure assessment methods. Ann Occup Hyg 47:399–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teschke K, Olshan A F, Daniels J L, De Roos A J, Parks C G, Schulz M., and T L Vaughan. (2002). Occup Environ Med 59: 575–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rooij JG, Kasper A, Triebig G, Werner P, Jongeneelen FJ, Kromhout H. 2008. Trends in occupational exposure to styrene in the European glass fibre-reinforced plastics industry. Ann Occup Hyg 52:337–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins DK, Chiazze L Jr, Fryar CD, Fayerweather W. 2002. A case control study of lung cancer and non-malignant respiratory disease among employees in asphalt roofing manufacturing and asphalt production. J Occup Environ Med 44:551–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2004). Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 59. (Asphalt Bitumen). World Health Organization. Geneva, 56 pages. Available online at: http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/cicad59_rev_1.pdf.
   Google Scholar