Paradoxical action of growth factors: antiproliferative and proapoptotic signaling by HGF/c-MET

References

• Abounader R, Laterra J. 2005. Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor in brain tumor growth and angiogenesis. Neuro Oncol. 7:436–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accordi B, Pilozzi S, Dell'Orto MC, Cazzaniga G, Arcangeli A, te Kronnie G, Basso G. 2007. Hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-Met is associated with FAS and when activated enhances drug-induced apoptosis in pediatric B acute lymphoblastic leukemia with TEL-AML1 translocation. J Biol Chem. 282:29384–29393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ancot F, Foveau B, Lefebvre J, Leroy C, Tulasne D. 2009. Proteolytic cleavages give receptor tyrosine kinases the gift of ubiquity. Oncogene. 28:2185–2195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen P, Pedersen MW, Woetmann A, Villingshřj M, Stockhausen MT, Odum N, Poulsen HS. 2008. EGFR induces expression of IRF-1 via STAT1 and STAT3 activation leading to growth arrest of human cancer cells. Int J Cancer. 122:342–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arakaki N, Kazi JA, Kazihara T, Ohnishi T, Daikuhara Y. 1998. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor activates the apoptosis signaling pathway by increasing caspase-3 activity in sarcoma 180 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 245:211–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baetu TM, Hiscott J. 2002. On the TRAIL to apoptosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 13:199–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benvenuti S, Comoglio PM. 2007. The MET receptor kinase in invasion and metastasis. J Cell Physiol. 213:316–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birchmeier C, Birchmeier W, Gherardi E, Vande Woude GF. 2003. MET, metastasis, motility and more. Mol Cell Biol. 4:915–925.
   Google Scholar
• Boccaccio C, Comoglio P. 2006. Invasive growth: A MET-driven genetic programme for cancer and stem cells. Nat Rev Cancer. 6:637–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchstein N, Hoffman D, Smola H, Lang S, Paulsson M, Niemann C, Krieg T, Eming SA. 2009. Alternative proteolytic processing of hepatocyte growth factor during wound repair. Am J Pathol. 174:2116–2128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan A, Rubin J, Bottaro D, Hirschfield D, Chedid M, Aaronson SA. 1993. Isoforms of human HGF and their biological activities. EXS. 65:67–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coltella N, Rasola A, Nano E, Bardella C, Fassetta M, Filigheddu N, Graziani A, Comoglio PM, Di Renzo MF. 2006. p38 MAPK turns hepatocyte growth factor to a death signal that commits ovarian cancer cells to chemiotherapy-induced apoptosis. Int J Cancer. 118:2981–2990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comoglio PM, Giordano S, Trusolino L. 2008. Drug development of MET inhibitors: Targeting oncogene addiction and expedience. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 7:504–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner EA, Wirth PJ, Kiss A, Santoni-Rugiu E, Thorgeirsson SS. 1997. Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis by HGF in transformed rat liver epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 236:396–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner EA, Teramoto T, Wirth PJ, Kiss A, Garfield S, Thorgeirsson SS. 1999. HGF-mediated apoptosis via p53/bax-independent pathway activating JNK1. Carcinogenesis. 20:583–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corso S, Migliore C, Ghiso E, De Rosa G, Comoglio PM, Giordano S. 2008. Silencing the MET oncogene leads to regression of experimental tumors and metastases. Oncogene. 27:684–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuadrado A, Nebreda AR. 2010. Mechanisms and function of p38 MAPK signalling. Biochem J. 429:403–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danilkovitch-Miagkova A, Zbar B. 2002. Dysregulation of Met receptor tyrosine kinase activity in invasive tumors. J Clin Invest.. 109:863–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Date K, Matsumoto K, Shimura H, Tanaka M, Nakamura T. 1997. HGF/NK4 is a specific antagonist for pleiotrophic actions of hepatocyte growth factor. FEBS Lett. 420:1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Date K, Matsumoto K, Kuba K, Shimura H, Tanaka M, Nakamura T. 1998. Inhibition of tumor growth and invasion by four-kringle antagonist (HGF/NK4) for hepatocyte growth factor. Oncogene. 17:3045–3054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day RM, Cioce V, Breckenridge D, Castagnino P, Bottaro DP. 1999. Differential signaling by alternative HGF isoforms through c-Met: Activation of both MAP kinase and PI 3-kinase pathways is insufficient for mitogenesis. Oncogene. 18:3399–3406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deheuninck J, Foveau B, Goormachtigh G, Leroy C, Ji Z, Tulasne D, Fafeur V. 2008. Caspase cleavage of the MET receptor generates an HGF interfering fragment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 367:573–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deheuninck J, Goormachtigh G, Foveau B, Leroy C, Ancot F, Villeret V, Tulasne D, Fafeur V. 2009. Phosphorylation of the MET receptor on juxtamembrane tyrosine 1001 residue inhibits its caspase-dependent cleavage. Cell Signal. 21:1455–1463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhanasekaran DN, Reddy EP. 2008. JNK signaling in apoptosis. Oncogene. 27:6245–6251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn C, Wiltshire C, MacLaren A, Gillespie DAF. 2002. Molecular mechanism and biological functions of c-Jun N-terminal kinase signalling via the c-Jun transcription factor. Cell Signal. 14:585–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan S, Meng Q, Laterra JJ, Rosen EM. 2010. Scatter factor protects tumor cells against apoptosis caused by TRAIL. Anti-Cancer Drugs. 21:10–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan Z, Lu Y, Wu X, DeBlasio A, Koff A, Mendelsohn J. 1995. Prolonged induction of p21Cip1/WAF1/CDK2/PCNA complex by epidermal growth factor receptor activation mediates ligand-induced A431 cell growth inhibition. J Cell Biol. 131:235–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forte G, Minieri M, Cossa P, Antenucci D, Sala M, Gnocchi V, Fiaccavento R, Carotenuto F, DeVito P, Baldini PM, Prat M, Di Nardo P. 2006. Hepatocyte growth factor effects on mesenchymal stem cells: Proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Stem Cells. 24:23–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foveau B, Leroy C, Ancot F, Deheuninck J, Ji Z, Fafeur V, Tulasne D. 2007. Amplification of apoptosis through sequential caspase cleavage of the MET tyrosine kinase receptor. Cell Death Differ. 14:752–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foveau B, Ancot F, Leroy C, Petrelli A, Reiss K, Vingtdeux V, Giordano S, Fafeur V, Tulasne D. 2009. Down-regulation of the Met receptor tyrosine kinase by presenilin-dependent regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Mol Biol Cell. 20:2495–2507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furge KA, Zang YW, Vande Woude GF. 2000. Met receptor tyrosine kinase: Enhanced signalling through adapter proteins. Oncogene. 19:5582–5589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvani AP, Cristiani C, Carpinelli P, Landonio A, Bertolero F. 1995. Suramin modulates cellular levels of hepatocyte growth factor receptor by inducing shedding of a soluble form. Biochem Pharmacol. 50:959–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia R, Franklin RA, McCubrey JA. 2006. Cell death of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells induced by EGFR activation in the absence of other growth factors. Cell Cycle. 5:1840–1846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartel AL, Radhakrishnan SK. 2005. Lost in transcription: p21 repression, mechanisms, and consequences. Cancer Res. 65:3980–3985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gherardi E, Cofter A. 1991. Purification and characterization of scatter factor. EXS. 59:53–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gherardi E, Youles ME, Miguel RN, Bludell TL, Iamele L, Gough J, Bandyopadhyay A, Hartmann G, Butler PJ. 2003. Functional map and domain structure of MET, the product of the c-met protooncogene and receptor for hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:12039–12044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gmyrek GA, Walburg M, Webb CP, Yu HM, You X, Vaughan ED, Vande Woude GF, Knudsen BS. 2001. Normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells differ in their response to hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor. Am J Pathol. 159:579–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gohda E, Okauchi H, Iwao M, Yamamoto I. 1998. Induction of apoptosis by hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and its augmentation by phorbol esters in Meth A cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 245:278–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Pertusa JA, Dubé J, Valle SR, Rosa TC, Takane KK, Mellado-Gil JM, Perdomo G, Vasavada RC, García-Ocańa A. 2010. Novel proapoptotic effect of hepatocyte growth factor: Synergy with palmitate to cause pancreatic β-cell apoptosis. Endocrinology. 151:1487–1498.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gui Y, Zheng XL. 2003. Epidermal growth factor induction of phenotype-dependent cell cycle arrest in vascular smooth muscle cells is through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Biol Chem. 278:53017–53025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guicciardi ME, Gores GJ. 2009. Life and death by death receptors. FASEB J. 23:1625–1637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulli LF, Palmer KC, Chen YQ, Reddy KB. 1996. Epidermal growth factor-induced apoptosis in A431 cell can be reversed by reducing the tyrosine kinase activity. Cell Growth Differ. 7:173–178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammond DE, Carter S, Clague MJ. 2004. Met receptor dynamics and signalling. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 286:21–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han J, Tsukada Y, Hara E, Kitamura N, Tanaka T. 2005. Hepatocte growth factor induces redistribution of p21(CIP1) and p27(KIP1) through ERK-dependent p16(INK4a) up-regulation, leading to cell cycle arrest at G1 in HepG2 hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem. 280:31548–31556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harbour JW, Dean DC. 2000. The Rb/E2F pathway: Expanding roles and emerging paradigms. Genes and Develop. 14:2393–2409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann G, Naldini L, Weidner KM, Sachs M, Vigna E, Comoglio PM, Birchmeier W. 1992. A functional domain in the heavy chain of scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor binds the c-Met receptor and induces cell dissociation but not mitogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:11574–11578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henson ES, Gibson SB. 2006. Surviving cell death through epidermal growth factor (EGF) signal transduction pathways: Implications for cancer therapy. Cell Signal.. 18:2089–2097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess S, Gulati R, Peluso J. 1999. Hepatocyte growth factor induces rat ovarian surface epithelial cell mitosis or apoptosis depending on the presence or absence of an extracellular matrix. Endorinology. 140:2908–2916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwama A, Yamaguchi N, Suda T. 1996. STK/RON receptor tyrosine kinase mediates both apoptotic and growth signals via the multifunctional docking site conserved among the HGF receptor family. EMBO J. 15:5866–5875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs JJL, Kieboom K, Marino S, DePinho RA, van Lohuizen M. 1999. The oncogene polycomb-group gene bmi-1 regulates cell proliferation and senescence through the ink4a locus. Nature. 397:164–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffers M, Taylor GA, Weidner KM, Omura S, Vande Woude GF. 1997. Degradation of the Met tyrosine kinase receptor by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Mol Cell Biol.. 17:799–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung EM, Lim JH, Lee TJ, Park J-W, Choi KS, Kwon TK. 2005. Curcumin sensitizes tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated upregulation of death receptor 5 (DR5). Carcinogenesis. 26:1905–1913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H, Rafiuddin-Shah M, Tu H-C, Jeffers JR, Zambetti GP, Hsieh JJ-D, Cheng EH-Y. 2006. Hierarchical regulation of mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis by BCL-2 subfamilies. Nat Cell Biol. 8:1348–1358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MS, Kim CJ, Jung HS, Seo MR, Juhnn YS, Shin HY, Ah HS, Thiele CJ, Chi JG. 2004. Fibroblast growth factor 2 induces differentiation and apoptosis of Askin tumour cells. J Pathol. 202:103–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim WH, Matsumoto K, Bessho K, Nakamura T. 2005. Growth inhibition and apoptosis in liver myofibroblasts promoted by hepatocyte growth factor leads to resolution from liver cirrhosis. Am J Pathol. 166:1017–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo A, Hirayama N, Sugito Y, Shono M, Tanaka T, Kitamura N. 2008. Coupling of Grb2 to Gab1 mediates hepatocyte growth factor-induced high intensity ERK signal required for inhibition of HepG2 hepatoma cell proliferation. J Biol Chem. 283:1428–1436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuba K, Matsumoto K, Date K, Shimura H, Tanaka M, Nakamura T. HGF/NK4, a four-kringle antagonist of hepatocyte growth factor, is an angiogenesis inhibitor that suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in mice. Cancer Res. 2000a; 60:6737–6743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuba K, Matsumoto K, Ohnishi K, Shiratsuchi T, Tanaka M, Nakamura T. Kringle 1-4 of hepatocyte growth factor inhibits proliferation and migration of human microvascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000b; 279:846–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai AZ, Albea JV, Park M. 2009. Crosstalk in Met receptor oncogenesis. Trends Cell Biol. 19:542–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Fan X, Goodwin CR, Laterra J, Shuli X. 2008. Hepatocyte growth factor enhances death receptor-induced apoptosis by up-regulating DR5. BMC Cancer. 8:325–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu ML, Mars WM, Michalopoulos GK. 1995. Hepatocyte growth factor inhibits cell proliferation in vivo of rat hepatocellular carcinomas induced by diethylnitrosamine. Carcinogenesis. 16:841–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Newton RC, Scherle PA. 2009. Developing c-Met pathway inhibitors for cancer therapy: Progress and challenges. Trends Mol Med. 16:37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma C, Bower KA, Chen G, Shi X, Ke ZJ, Luo J. 2008. Interaction between ERK and GSKb mediates basic fibroblast growth factor-induced apoptosis in SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Chem. 283:9248–9256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto K, Nakamura T. 2003. NK4 (HGF-antagonist/angiogenesis inhibitor) in cancer biology and therapeutics. Cancer Sci. 94:321–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto K, Nakamura T. 2006. Hepatocyte growth factor and the Met system as a mediator of tumor–stromal interactions. Int J Cancer. 119:447–483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matteucci E, Castoldi R, Desiderio MA. 2001. Hepatocyte growth factor induces pro-apoptotic genes in HepG2 hepatoma but not in B16-F1 melanoma cells. J Cell Physiol. 186:387–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matteucci E, Modora S, Simone M, Desiderio MA. 2003. Hepatocyte growth factor induces apoptosis through the extrinsic pathway in hepatoma cells: Favouring role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 deficiency. Oncogene. 22:4062–4073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlin S, Pietronave S, Locarno D, Valente G, Follenzi A, Prat M. 2009. Deletion of the ectodomain unleashes the transforming, invasive, and tumorigenic potential of the Met oncogene. Cancer Sci. 100:633–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michieli P, Mazzone M, Basilico C, Cavassa S, Sottile A, Naldini L, Comoglio PM. 2004. Targeting the tumor and its microenvironment by a dual-function decoy Met receptor. Cancer Cell. 6:61–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura T, Teramoto H, Ichihara A. 1986. Purification and characterization of a growth factor from rat platelets for mature parenchymal hepatocytes in primary cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 83:6489–6493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura T, Sakai K, Nakamura T, Matsumoto K. 2010. Anti-cancer approach with NK4: Bivalent action and mechanisms. Anti-Cancer Agents Med Chem. 10:36–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naldini L, Weidner KM, Vigna E, Gaudino G, Bardelli A, Ponzetto C, Narshimhan RP, Hartmann G, Zarnega R, Michalopoulos GK, Birchmeier W, Comoglio PM. 1991. Scatter factor and hepatocyte growth factor are indistinguishable ligands for MET receptor. EMBO J. 10:2867–2878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath D, Williamson NJ, Jarvis R, Murphy G. 2001. Shedding of c-Met is regulated by crosstalk between a G-protein coupled receptor and the EGF receptor and is mediated by a TIMP-3 sensitive metalloproteinase. J Cell Sci. 114:1213–1220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuss S, Becher E, Wöltje M, Tietze L, Jahnen-Dechent W. 2004. Functional expression of HGF and HGF receptor/c-met in adult human mesenchymal stem cells suggests a role in cell mobilization, tissue repair, and wound healing. Stem Cells. 22:405–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtani N, Zebedee Z, Huot TJG, Stinson JA, Sugimoto M, Ohashi Y, Sharrocks AD, Peters G, Hara E. 2001. Opposing effects of Ets and Id proteins on p16INK4a expression during cellular senescence. Nature. 409:1067–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsuka T, Jakubczak J, Vieira W, Bottaro DP, Breckenridge D, Larochelle WJ, Merlino G. 2000. Disassociation of Met-mediated biological responses in vivo: The natural hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor splice variant NK2 antagonizes growth but facilitate metastasis. Mol Cell Biol. 20:2055–2065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passegué E, Wagner EF. 2000. JunB suppresses cell proliferation by transcriptional activation of p16INK4a expression. EMBO J. 19:2969–2979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patthy L, Trexler M, Váli Z, Bányai L, Váradi A. 1984. Kringles: Modules specialized for protein binding, Homology of the gelatin-binding region of fibronectin with the kringle structures of proteases. FEBS Lett.. 171:131–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peruzzi B, Bottaro DP. 2006. Targeting the c-Met signaling pathway in cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 12:3657–3660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrelli A, Circosta P, Granziero L, Mazzone M, Piscane A, Fenoglio S, Comoglio PM, Giordano S. 2006. Ab-induced ectodomain shedding mediates hepatocyte growth factor receptor down-regulation and hampers biological activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103:5090–5095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prat M, Crepaldi T, Gandino L, Giordano S, Longati P, Comoglio P. 1991. C-terminal truncated forms of Met, the hepatocyte growth factor receptor. Mol Cell Biol. 11:5954–5962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasola A, Anguissola S, Ferrero N, Gramaglia D, Maffe A, Maggiora P, Comoglio PM, Di Renzo MF. 2004. Hepatocyte growth factor sensitizes human ovarian carcinoma cell lines to paclitaxel and cisplatin. Cancer Res. 64:1744–1750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond WW, Cruz AC, Caughey GH. 2006. Mast cell and neutrophil peptidases attack an inactivation segment in hepatocyte growth factor to generate NK4-like antagonists. J Biol Chem. 281:1489–1494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedl SJ, Salvesen GS. 2007. The apoptosome: Signalling platform of cell death. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol.. 8:405–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronen D, Altsock RT, Firon M, Mittelman L, Sobe T, Resau JH, Vande Woude GF, Tsarfaty I. 1999. Met-HGF/SF mediates growth arrest and differentiation in T47D breast cancer cells. Cell Growth Differ. 10:131–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubin JS, Day RM, Breckenridge D, Atabey N, Taylor WG, Stahl SJ, Wingfield PT, Kaufman JD, Schwall R, Bottaro DP. 2001. Dissociation of heparan sulfate and receptor binding domains of hepatocyte growth factor reveals that heparan sulfate-c-Met interaction facilitates signaling. J Biol Chem. 276:32977–32983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai K, Nakamura T, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T. 2009. Angioinhibitory action of NK4 involves impaired extracellular assembly of fibronectin mediated by perlecan-NK4 association. J Biol Chem. 284:22491–22499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoni-Rugiu E, Preisegger KR, Kiss A, Audolfsson T, Shiota G, Schmidt EV, Thorgeirsson SS. 1996. Inhibition of neoplastic development in the liver by hepatocyte growth factor in a transgenic mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:9577–9582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schelter F, Kobuch J, Moss ML, Becherer JD, Comoglio PM, Boccacio C, Kruger A. 2010. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase-10 (ADAM-10) mediates DN30antibody-induced shedding of the met surface receptor. J Biol Chem. 285:26335–26340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen Z, Yang ZF, Gao Y, Li JC, Chen HX, Liu CC, Poon RTP, Fan ST, Luk JM, Sze KH, Li TP, Gan RB, He ML, Kung HF, Lin MCM. The kringle 1 domain of hepatocyte growth factor has antiangiogenic and antitumor cell effects on hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2008a; 68:404–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen Z, Wong OGW, Yao RY, Liang J, Kung HF, Lin MCM. A novel and effective hepatocyte growth factor kringle 1 domain and p53 cocktail viral gene therapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 2008b; 272:268–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr CJ, Roberts JM. 1999. CDK inhibitors: Positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression. Genes Dev. 13:1501–1512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shima N, Stolz DB, Miyazaki M, Ghoda E, Higashio K, Michalopoulos GK. 1998. Possible involvement of p21/Waf1 in the growth inhibition of HepG2 cells induced by hepatocyte growth factor. J Cell Physiol. 177:130–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiota G, Rhoads DB, Wang TC, Nakamura T, Schmidt EV. 1992. Hepatocyte growth factor inhibits growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:373–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiota G, Kawasaki H, Nakamura T, Schmidt EV. 1996. Inhibitory effect of hepatocyte growth factor on metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 91:33–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shirako E, Hirayama N, Tsukada Y, Tanaka T, Kitamura N. 2008. Up-regulation of p21/CIP1 expression mediated by ERK-dependent and -independent pathways contributes of hepatocyte growth factor-induced inhibition of HepG2 hepatoma cell proliferation. J Cell Biochem. 104:176–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song G, Chen GG, Hu T, Lai PBS. 2010. Bid stands at the crossroad of stress–response pathway. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 10:584–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellrecht CM, Gandhi V. 2009. MET receptor tyrosine kinase as therapeutic anticancer target. Cancer Lett. 280:1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoker M, Gherardi E, Perryman M, Gray J. 1987. Scatter factor is a fibroblast-derived modulator of epithelial cell mobility. Nature. 327:239–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturla LM, Westwood G, Selby PJ, Lewis IJ, Burchill SA. 2000. Induction of cell death by basic fibroblast growth factor in Ewing's sarcoma. Cancer Res. 60:6160–6170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung B, Park B, Yadav VR, Aggarwal BB. 2010. Celastrol, a triterpene, enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the down-regulation of cell survival proteins and up-regulation of death receptors. J Biol Chem. 285:11498–11507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki Y, Sakai K, Ueki J, Xu Q, Shimada H, Nakamura T, Matsumoto K. 2010. Inhibition of Met/HGF receptor and angiogenesis by NK4 leads to suppression of tumor growth and migration in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Int J Cancer. 127:1948–1957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajima H, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T. 1991. Hepatocyte growth factor has potent anti-proliferative activity in various tumor cell lines. FEBS Lett. 291:229–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi K, Ito F. 2010. EGF receptor in relation to tumor development: Molecular basis of responsiveness of cancer cells to EGFR-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitors. FEBS J. 277:316–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolbert WD, Daugherty-Holtrop J, Gherardi E, Van de Woude G, Xu HE. 2010. Structural basis for agonism and antagonism of hepatocyte growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107:13264–13269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trim N, Morgan S, Evans M, Issa R, Fine D, Afford S, Wilkins B, Iredale J. 2000. Hepatic stellate cells express the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75 and undergo apoptosis in response to nerve growth factor stimulation. Am J Pathol. 156:1235–1243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trusolino L, Bertotti A, Comoglio PM. 2010. MET signalling: Principles and functions in development, organ regeneration and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 11:834–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukada Y, Miyazawa K, Kitamura N. 2001. High intensity ERK signal mediates hepatocyte growth factor-induced proliferation inhibition of the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. J Biol Chem. 276:40968–40976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukada Y, Tanaka T, Miyazawa K, Kitamura N. 2004. Involvement of down-regulation of Cdk2 activity in hepatocyte growth factor-induced cell cycle arrest at G1 in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. J Biochem. 136:701–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulasne D, Foveau B. 2008. The shadow of death on the MET tyrosine kinase receptor. Cell Death Differ. 15:427–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulasne D, Deheuninck J, Lourenço FC, Lamballe F, Ji Z, Leroy C, Puchois E, Moumen A, Maina F, Mehlen P, Fafeur V. 2004. Proapoptotic function of the MET tyrosine kinase receptor through caspase cleavage. Mol Cell Biol. 24:10328–10339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ushio K, Hashimoto T, Kitamura N, Tanaka T. 2009. Id1 is down-regulated by hepatocyte growth factor via ERK-dependent and ERK-independent signaling pathways, leading to increased expression of p16INK4a in hepatoma cells. Mol Cancer Res. 7:1179–1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigna E, Pacchiana G, Mazzone M, Chiriaco C, Fontani L, Basilico C, Pennacchietti S, Comoglio PM. 2008. “Active” cancer immunotherapy by anti-Met antibody gene transfer. Cancer Res.. 68:9176–9183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wajih N, Walter J, Sane DC. 2002. Vascular origin of a soluble truncated form of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-met). Circ Res. 90:46–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S. 2008. The promise of cancer therapeutics targeting the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and TRAIL receptor pathway. Oncogene. 27:6207–6215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, DeFrances MC, Dai Y, Pediaditakis P, Johnson C, Bell A, Michalopoulos GK, Zernegar R. 2002. A mechanism of cell survival: Sequestration of Fas by the HGF receptor Met. Mol Cell. 9:411–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westwood G, Dibling BC, Cuthbert-Heavens D, Burchill SA. 2002. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced cell death is mediated through a caspase-dependent and p53-independent cell death receptor pathway. Oncogene. 21:809–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xin L, Xu R, Zhang Q, Li TP, Gan RB. 2000. Kringle 1 of human hepatocyte growth factor inhibits bovine aortic endothelial cell proliferation stimulated by basic fibroblast growth factor and causes cell apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 277:186–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang BS, Hauser CA, Henkel G, Colman MS, van Beveren C, Stacey KJ, Hume DA, Maki RA, Ostrowski MC. 1996. Ras-mediated phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue enhances the transactivation activities of c-Ets1 and c-Ets2. Mol Cell Biol. 16:538–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin YL, Chen HL, Kuo HM, He SP. 2008. NK3 and NK4 of HGF enhance filamin production via STAT pathway, but not NK1 and NK2 in human breast cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 29:728–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youles M, Holmes O, Petoukhov MV, Nessen MA, Stivala S, Svergun DI, Gherardi E. 2008. Engineering the NK1 fragment of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor as a MET receptor antagonist. J Mol Biol. 377:616–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zebedee Z, Hara E. 2001. Id proteins in cell cycle control and cellular senescence. Oncogene. 20:8317–8325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YW, Graveel C, Shinomiya N, Vande Woude GF. 2004. Met decoys: Will cancer take the bait?. Cancer Cell. 6:5–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Difrancesca D, Wang X, Zarnegar R, Michalopoulos GK, Yin XM. 2007. Promotion of Fas-mediated apoptosis in type II cells by high doses of hepatocyte growth factor bypasses the mitochondrial requirement. J Cell Physiol. 213:556–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar