Effect of ethinylestradiol/cyproterone acetate on endothelial function in young non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study

References

• Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 2004;19:41–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerveld HE, Hoogendoorn M, de Jong AW, Goverde AJ, Fauser BC, Dallinga-Thie GM. Cardiometabolic abnormalities in the polycystic ovary syndrome: pharmacotherapeutic insights. Pharmacol Ther 2008;119:223–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakhani K, Prelevic GM, Seifalian AM, Atiomo WU, Hardiman P. Polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular disease: risks and risk factors. J Obstet Gynaecol 2004;24:613–621.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paradisi G, Steinberg HO, Hempfling A, Cronin J, Hook G, Shepard MK, Baron AD. Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2001;103:1410–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orio F, Jr., Palomba S, Cascella T, De Simone B, Di Biase S, Russo T, Labella D, Zullo F, Lombardi G, Colao A. Early impairment of endothelial structure and function in young normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:4588–4593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarkun I, Arslan BC, Canturk Z, Turemen E, Sahin T, Duman C. Endothelial dysfunction in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: relationship with insulin resistance and low-grade chronic inflammation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:5592–5596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kravariti M, Naka KK, Kalantaridou SN, Kazakos N, Katsouras CS, Makrigiannakis A, Paraskevaidis EA, Chrousos GP, Tsatsoulis A, Michalis LK. Predictors of endothelial dysfunction in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:5088–5095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shroff R, Kerchner A, Maifeld M, Van Beek EJ, Jagasia D, Dokras A. Young obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome have evidence of early coronary atherosclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:4609–4614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luque-Ramirez M, Mendieta-Azcona C, Alvarez-Blasco F, Escobar-Morreale HF. Androgen excess is associated with the increased carotid intima-media thickness observed in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2007;22:3197–3203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw LJ, Bairey Merz CN, Azziz R, Stanczyk FZ, Sopko G, Braunstein GD, Kelsey SF, Kip KE, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Johnson BD, Vaccarino V, Reis SE, Bittner V, Hodgson TK, Rogers W, Pepine CJ. Postmenopausal women with a history of irregular menses and elevated androgen measurements at high risk for worsening cardiovascular event-free survival: results from the National Institutes of Health–National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:1276–1284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzo M, Berneis K, Spinas G, Rini GB, Carmina E. Long-term consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome on cardiovascular risk. Fertil Steril 2009;91:1563–1567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davignon J, Ganz P. Role of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004;109:III27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, Celermajer D, Charbonneau F, Creager MA, Deanfield J, Drexler H, Gerhard-Herman M, Herrington D, Vallance P, Vita J, Vogel R. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:257–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimbo D, Grahame-Clarke C, Miyake Y, Rodriguez C, Sciacca R, Di Tullio M, Boden-Albala B, Sacco R, Homma S. The association between endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes in a population-based multi-ethnic cohort. Atherosclerosis 2007;192:197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi R, Nuzzo A, Origliani G, Modena MG. Prognostic role of flow-mediated dilation and cardiac risk factors in post-menopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:997–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrbikova J, Cibula D. Combined oral contraceptives in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 2005;11:277–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin-Papunen LC, Vauhkonen I, Koivunen RM, Ruokonen A, Martikainen HK, Tapanainen JS. Endocrine and metabolic effects of metformin versus ethinyl estradiol-cyproterone acetate in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3161–3168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin-Papunen L, Vauhkonen I, Koivunen R, Ruokonen A, Martikainen H, Tapanainen JS. Metformin versus ethinyl estradiol-cyproterone acetate in the treatment of nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:148–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastorakos G, Koliopoulos C, Deligeoroglou E, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Creatsas G. Effects of two forms of combined oral contraceptives on carbohydrate metabolism in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2006;85:420–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer C, McGrath BP, Teede HJ. Effects of medical therapy on insulin resistance and the cardiovascular system in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care 2007;30:471–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luque-Ramirez M, Alvarez-Blasco F, Botella-Carretero JI, Martinez-Bermejo E, Lasuncion MA, Escobar-Morreale HF. Comparison of ethinyl-estradiol plus cyproterone acetate versus metformin effects on classic metabolic cardiovascular risk factors in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:2453–2461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charitidou C, Farmakiotis D, Zournatzi V, Pidonia I, Pegiou T, Karamanis N, Hatzistilianou M, Katsikis I, Panidis D. The administration of estrogens, combined with anti-androgens, has beneficial effects on the hormonal features and asymmetric dimethyl-arginine levels, in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2008;196:958–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozgurtas T, Oktenli C, Dede M, Tapan S, Kenar L, Sanisoglu SY, Yesilova Z, Yenen MC, Erbil MK, Baser I. Metformin and oral contraceptive treatments reduced circulating asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Atherosclerosis 2008;200:336–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Zhu Y, Jiang Y, Cao Y. Effects of metformin and ethinyl estradiol-cyproterone acetate on clinical, endocrine and metabolic factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2008;24:392–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeger K, Davidson K, Kochman L, Cherry T, Kopin L, Guzick DS. The impact of metformin, oral contraceptives, and lifestyle modification on polycystic ovary syndrome in obese adolescent women in two randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:4299–4306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teede HJ, Meyer C, Hutchison SK, Zoungas S, McGrath BP, Moran LJ. Endothelial function and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: the effects of medical therapy. Fertil Steril 2010;93:184–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastorakos G, Koliopoulos C, Creatsas G. Androgen and lipid profiles in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome who were treated with two forms of combined oral contraceptives. Fertil Steril 2002;77:919–927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanczyk FZ. Diagnosis of hyperandrogenism: biochemical criteria. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;20:177–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalantaridou SN, Naka KK, Papanikolaou E, Kazakos N, Kravariti M, Calis KA, Paraskevaidis EA, Sideris DA, Tsatsoulis A, Chrousos GP, Michalis LK. Impaired endothelial function in young women with premature ovarian failure: normalization with hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:3907–3913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papathanassiou K, Naka KK, Kazakos N, Kanioglou C, Makriyiannis D, Pappas K, Katsouras CS, Liveris K, Kolettis T, Tsatsoulis A, Michalis LK. Pioglitazone vs glimepiride: Differential effects on vascular endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2009;205:221–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden WE. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as an independent risk factor in cardiovascular disease: assessing the data from Framingham to the Veterans Affairs High–Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:19L–22L.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh BW, Sacks FM. Effects of low dose oral contraceptives on very low density and low density lipoprotein metabolism. J Clin Invest 1993;91:2126–2132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbould A. Effects of androgens on insulin action in women: is androgen excess a component of female metabolic syndrome? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008;24:520–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JA, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ. Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation 2006;113:1888–1904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb CM, McNeill JG, Hayward CS, de Zeigler D, Collins P. Effects of testosterone on coronary vasomotor regulation in men with coronary heart disease. Circulation 1999;100:1690–1696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worboys S, Kotsopoulos D, Teede H, McGrath B, Davis SR. Evidence that parenteral testosterone therapy may improve endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation in postmenopausal women already receiving estrogen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:158–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechlioulis A, Naka KK, Calis KA, Makrigiannakis A, Michalis L, Kalantaridou SN. Cardiovascular Effects of Endogenous Estrogen and Hormone Therapy. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2010;8:249–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller KK, Rosner W, Lee H, Hier J, Sesmilo G, Schoenfeld D, Neubauer G, Klibanski A. Measurement of free testosterone in normal women and women with androgen deficiency: comparison of methods. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:525–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar