Explanations of illness experiences among community mental health patients: An argument for the use of an ethnographic interview method in routine clinical care

References

• Afuwape, S.A., Craig, T.K., Harris, T., Clarke, M., Flood, A., Olajide, D., … Thornicroft, G. (2010). The Cares of Life Project (CoLP): An exploratory randomised controlled trial of a community-based intervention for black people with common mental disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 127, 370–374.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision) (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ascoli, M., Palinski, A., Owiti, J.A., De Jongh, B., & Bhui, K.S. (2012). The culture of care within psychiatric services: Tackling inequalities and improving clinical and organisational capabilities. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, 7, 12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashton, C.M., Haidet, P., Paterniti, D.A., Collins, T.C., Gordon, H.S., O’Malley, K., … Street, R.L. Jr. (2003). Racial and ethnic disparities in the use of health services: Bias, preferences, or poor communication? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18, 146–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhui, K., & Bhugra, D. (2002). Explanatory models for mental distress: Implications for clinical practice and research. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 6–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhui, K., & Bhugra, D. (2004). Communication with patients from other cultures: The place of explanatory models. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 10, 474–478.
   Google Scholar
• Bhui, K., Rüdell, K., & Priebe, S. (2006). Assessing explanatory models for common mental disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 964–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blashki, G., Kiropoulos, L.A., & Klimidis, S. (2005). Managing mental illness in patients from CALD backgrounds. Australian Family Physician, 34, 259–264.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyatzis, R.E. (1998). Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Buadze, A., Stohler, R., Schulze, B., Schaub, M., & Liebrenz, M. (2010). Do patients think cannabis causes schizophrenia? A qualitative study on the causal beliefs of cannabis using patients with schizophrenia. Harm Reduction Journal, 7, 22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Callan, A., & Littlewood, R. (1998). Patient satisfaction: Ethnic origin or explanatory model? International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 44, 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornford, C.S, Hill, A., & Reilly, J. (2007). How patients with depressive symptoms view their condition: A qualitative study. Family Practice, 24, 358–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health. (1999). A National Service Framework for Mental Health. London: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, S., Tinning, L., Brown, J.S., Boardman, J., & Weinman, J. (2007). Reluctance to seek help and the perception of anxiety and depression in the United Kingdom. A pilot vignette study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 258–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenbruch, M. (1990). Classification of natural and supernatural causes of mental distress: development of a mental distress explanatory model questionnaire. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 712–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekanayake, S., Ahmad, F., & McKenzie, K. (2012). Qualitative cross-sectional study of the perceived causes of depression in South Asian origin women in Toronto. BMJ Open, 2, e000641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foulks, E.F., Persons, J.B., & Merkel, R.L. (1986). The effect of patient's beliefs about their illnesses and compliance in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 340–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnham, A. (1994). Explaining health and illness: Lay perceptions on current and future health, the causes of illness, and the nature of recovery. Social Science and Medicine, 39, 715–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghane, S., Kolk, A.M., & Emmelkamp, P.M. (2010). Assessment of explanatory models of illness: Effects of patient and interviewer characteristics. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45, 175–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghane, S., Kolk, A.M., & Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (2012). Direct and indirect assessment of explanatory models of illness. Transcultural Psychiatry, 49, 3–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Groleau, D., Young, A., & Kirmayer, L.J. (2006). The McGill Illness Narrative Interview (MINI): An interview schedule to elicit meanings and modes of reasoning related to illness experience. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43, 671–691.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hinton, D.E., Chhean, D., Pich, V., Safren, S.A., Hofmann, S.G., & Pollack, M.H. (2005). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive‐behavior therapy for Cambodian refugees with treatment‐resistant PTSD and panic attacks: A cross‐over design. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 617–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton, D.E., Pham, T., Tran, M., Safren, S.A., Otto, M.W., & Pollack, M.H. (2004). CBT for Vietnamese refugees with treatment-resistant PTSD and panic attacks: A pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 429–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzinger, A., Kilian, R., Lindenbach, I., Petscheleit, A., & Angermeyer, M.C. (2003). Patients’ and their relatives’ causal explanations of schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 155–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiao, F. H., Klimidis, S., Minas, H. I., & Tan, E. S. (2006). Folk concepts of mental disorders among Chinese-Australian patients and their caregivers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55, 58–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull, S.A., Cornwell, J., Harvey, C. Eldridge, S., & Bare, P.O. (2001). Prescribing rates for psychotropic medication amongst east London general practices: Low rates where Asian populations are greatest. Family Practice, 18, 167–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, W. C., & Myers, H. F. (2013). The explanatory model of illness catalogue: Ethnic differences in women’s illness beliefs and help-seeking for depression. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 20.
   Google Scholar
• Ineichen, B. (1990). The mental health of Asians in Britain. British Medical Journal, 300, 1669–1670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joel, D., Sathyaseelan, M., Jayakaran, R., Vijayakumar, C., Muthurathnam, S., & Jacob, K. S. (2003). Explanatory models of psychosis among community health workers in South India. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 66–69.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, R. (2009). Mental Health Act Manual (13th ed.). London: Sweet and Maxwell.
   Google Scholar
• Kadam, U.T., Croft, P., McLeod, J., & Hutchinson, M. (2001). A qualitative study of patients’ views on anxiety and depression. British Journal of General Practice, 51, 375–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanter, J.W., Santiago-Rivera, A.L., Rusch, L.C., Busch, A.M., & West, P. (2010). Initial outcomes of a culturally adapted behavioral activation for Latinas diagnosed with depression at a community clinic. Behavior Modification, 34, 120–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karp, D.A. (1994). Living with depression: Illness and identity turning points. Qualitative Health Research, 4, 6–30.
   Google Scholar
• Karasz, A. (2005). Cultural differences in conceptual models of depression. Social Science and Medicine, 60, 1625–1635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karasz, A., Sacajiu, G., & Garcia, N. (2003). Conceptual models of psychological distress among low-income patients in an inner-city primary care clinic. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18, 475–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinderman, P., Setzu, E., Lobban, F., & Salmon, P. (2006). Illness beliefs in schizophrenia. Social Science and Medicine, 63(7), 1900–1911.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirmayer, L.J. (2001). Cultural variations in the clinical presentation of depression and anxiety: Implications for diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(Suppl.13), 22–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirmayer, L.J., Groleau, D., Guzder, J., Blake, C., Jarvis, E. (2003). Cultural consultation: A model of mental health service for multicultural societies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 145–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirmayer, L.J., Groleau, D., Looper, K.J., & Dao, M.D. (2004). Explaining medically unexplained symptoms. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 663–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirmayer, L.J., & Young, A. (1998). Culture and somatization: Clinical, epidemiological, and ethnographic perspectives. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 420–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirmayer, L.J., Young, A., & Robbins, J.M. (1994). Symptom attribution in cultural perspective. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39(10), 584–595.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiropoulos, L., & Bauer, I. (2011). Explanatory models of depression in Greek-born and Italian-born immigrants living in Australia: Implications for service delivery and clinical practice. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 3, 23–92.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman, A. (1980). Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman, A. (1988). Rethinking psychiatry: From cultural category to personal experience. New York: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lackey, G.F. (2008). ‘Feeling blue’ in Spanish: A qualitative inquiry of depression among Mexican immigrants. Social Science and Medicine, 67, 228–237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, C., Ayers, S.L., & Kronenfeld, J.J. (2009). The association between perceived provider discrimination, healthcare utilization and health status in racial and ethnic minorities. Ethnicity and Disease, 19, 330–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, S.E. (1995). A search for meaning: Making sense of depression. Journal of Mental Health, 4, 369–382.
   Google Scholar
• Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative Research: Reading, Analysis and Interpretation. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, K.R., Jacob, K.S., Patel, V., St Louis, L., Bhugra, D., & Mann, A.H. (1998). The development of the Short Explanatory Model Interview (SEMI) and its use among primary-care attenders with common mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1231–1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, R., & Priebe, S. (2004a). Assessing the stability of schizophrenia patients’ explanatory models of illness over time. Journal of Mental Health, 13, 163–169.
   Google Scholar
• McCabe, R., & Priebe, S. (2004b). Explanatory models of illness in schizophrenia: Comparison of four ethnic groups. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 25–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nations, M.K., Camino, L.A., & Walker, F.B. (1988). ‘Nerves’: Folk idiom for anxiety and depression? Social Science and Medicine, 26, 1245–1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRES Ethics Consultation E-Group. (2007). Differentiating audit, service evaluation and audit. National Research Ethics Service. Retrieved from: http://www.nres.npsa.nhs.uk/rec-community/guidance/#researchoraudit.
   Google Scholar
• Owiti, J.A., Ajaz, A., Ascoli, M., Jongh, B., Palinski, A., & Bhui, K.S. (2014). Cultural consultation as a model for training multidisciplinary mental healthcare professionals in cultural competence skills: Preliminary results. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21, 814–826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parvin, A., Jones, C.E., & Hull, S.A. (2004). Experiences and understandings of social and emotional distress in the postnatal period among Bangladeshi women living in Tower Hamlets. Family Practice, 21, 254–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raguram, R., Weiss, M.G., Channabasavanna, S.M., & Devins, G.M. (1996). Stigma, depression, and somatization in South India. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1043–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathod, S., Phiri, P., Harris, S., Underwood, C., Thagadur, M., Padmanabi, U., & Kingdon, D. (2013). Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis can be adapted for minority ethnic groups: A randomised controlled trial. Schizophrenia Research, 143, 319–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie, J., & Spencer, L. (1994). Qualitative data for applied policy research. In A. Bryman & R. Burgess (Eds), Analysing Qualitative Data. London: Routledge, 173–194.
   Google Scholar
• Roesch, S.C., & Weiner, B. (2001). A meta-analytic review of coping with illness: Do causal attributions matter? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 50, 205–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüdell, K., Bhui, K., & Priebe, S. (2009). Concept, development and application of a new mixed method assessment of cultural variations in illness perceptions: Barts Explanatory Model Inventory. Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 336–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, D., Kydd, R., Morunga, E., & Broadbent, E. (2011). Differences in patients’ perceptions of schizophrenia between Māori and New Zealand Europeans. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 483–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheppers, E., van Dongen, E., Dekker, J., Geertzen, J., & Dekker, J. (2006). Potential barriers to the use of health services among ethnic minorities: A review. Family Practice, 23, 325–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber, R., & Hartrick, G. (2002). Keeping it together: How women use the biomedical explanatory model to manage the stigma of depression. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 23, 91–105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walters, V. (1993). Stress, anxiety and depression. Social Science and Medicine, 36, 393–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, M.G. (1997). Explanatory model interview catalogue (EMIC): Framework for comparative study of illness. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34, 235–263.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, M.G., Doongaji, D.R., Siddhartha, S., Wypij, D., Pathare, S., Bhatawdekar, M., Bhave, A., Sheth, A., & Fernandes, R. (1992). The explanatory model interview catalogue (EMIC): Contribution to cross-cultural research methods from a study of leprosy and mental health. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 819–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2010). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th Revision). Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, B., & Healy, D. (2001). Perceptions of illness causation among new referrals to a community mental health team: Explanatory model or exploratory map? Social Science and Medicine, 53, 465–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, L.H., Lo, G., Chou Y., Zhang, X., & Hopper, K. (2010). ‘Excessive thinking’ as explanatory model for schizophrenia: Impacts on stigma and ‘moral’ status in mainland China. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 836–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung, A., Chang, D., Gresham, R.L. Jr, Nierenberg, A.A., & Fava, M. (2004). Illness beliefs of depressed Chinese American patients in primary care. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 324–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying, Y.W. (1990). Explanatory models of major depression and implications for help-seeking among immigrant Chinese-American women. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 14, 393–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, A. (1978). Internalizing and externalizing medical belief systems: An Ethiopian example. Social Science and Medicine, 10, 147–156.
   Google Scholar
• Young, A. (1982). Rational men and the explanatory model approach. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 6, 57–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar