References
- Briganti S, Camera E, Picardo M. Chemical and instrumental approaches to treat hyperpigmentation. Pigment Cell Res. 2003;16:101–110.
- Villarama CD, Maibach HI. Glutathione as a depigmenting agent: An overview. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2005;27:147–153.
- Ortonne JP, Bissett DL. Latest insights into skin hyperpigmentation. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;13:10–14.
- Imokawa G. Autocrine and paracrine regulation of melanocytes in human skin and in pigmentary disorders. Pigment Cell Res. 2004;17:96–110.
- Costin GE, Hearing VJ. Human skin pigmentation: Melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress. FASEB. 2007;21:976–994.
- Del Marmol V, Ito S, Bouchard B, Libert A, Wakamatsu K, Ghanem G, Cysteine deprivation promotes eumelanogenesis in human melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;107:698–702.
- Benathan M, Labidi F. Cysteine-dependent 5-S-cysteinyldopa formation and its regulation by glutathione in normal epidermal melanocytes. Arch Dermatol Res. 1996;288:697–702.
- Benathan M, Virador V, Furumura M, Kobayashi N, Panizzon RG, Hearing VJ. Co-regulation of melanin precursors and tyrosinase in human pigment cells: Roles of cysteine and glutathione. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 1999;45:981–990.
- Kinnaert E, Duez P, Morandini R, Dubois J, Van Houtte P, Ghanem G. Cysteine but not glutathione modulates the radiosensitivity of human melanoma cells by affecting both survival and DNA damage. Pigment Cell Res. 2004;17:275–280.
- Ichihashi M, Funasaka Y, Ohashi A, Chacraborty A, Ahmed NU, Ueda M, The inhibitory effect of DL-alpha-tocopheryl ferulate in lecithin on melanogenesis. Anticancer Res. 1999;19:3769–3774.
- Maeda K, Naganuma M. Topical trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid prevents ultraviolet radiation-induced pigmentation. J Photochem Photobiol. 1998;37:136–141.
- Maeda K, Tomita Y. Mechanism of the inhibitory effect of tranexamic acid on melanogenesis in cultured human melanocytes in the presence of keratinocyte-conditioned medium. J Health Sci. 2007;53:389–396.
- Lu SC. Regulation of hepatic glutathione synthesis: Current concepts and controversies. FASEB. 1999;13:1169–1183.
- Hagen TM, Wierzbicka GT, Sillau AH, Bowman BB, Jones DP. Bioavailability of dietary glutathione: Effect on plasma concentration. Am J Physiol. 1990;259:G524–G529.
- Hagen TM, Wierzbicka GT, Bowman BB, Aw TY, Jones DP. Fate of dietary glutathione: Disposition in the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol. 1990;259:G530–G535.
- Witschi A, Reddy S, Stofer B, Lauterburg BH. The systemic availability of oral glutathione. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;43:667–669.
- Haywood R, Rogge F, Lee M. Protein, lipid, and DNA radicals to measure skin UVA damage and modulation by melanin. Free Rad Biol Med. 2008;44:990–1000.
- Maresca V, Flori E, Briganti S, Mastrofrancesco A, Fabbri C, Mileo AM, Correlation between melanogenic and catalase activity in in vitro human melanocytes: A synergic strategy against oxidative stress. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2008;21:200–205.
- Kvam E, Dahle J. Pigmented melanocytes are protected against ultraviolet-A-induced membrane damage. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121:564–569.
- Wenczl E, Van der Schans GP, Roza L, Kolb RM, Timmerman AJ, Smit NP, (Pheo)melanin photosensitizes UVA-induced DNA damage in cultured human melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 1998;111:678–682.