Beneficial effects of artichoke leaf extract supplementation on increasing HDL-cholesterol in subjects with primary mild hypercholesterolaemia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

References

• American Heart Association. 1988. Dietary guidelines for healthy American adults. A statement for physicians and health professional by the Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 77:721A–724A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson LO. 1997. Pharmacology of apolipoprotein A-I. Curr Opin Lipidol. 8:225–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berliner JA, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Frank JS, Demer LL, Edwards PA, . 1995. Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms: oxidation, inflammation, and genetics. Circulation. 91:2488–2496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden WE. 2000. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as an independent risk factor in cardiovascular disease: assessing the data from Framingham to the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Am J Cardiol. 86:19L–22L.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown JE, Rice-Evans CA. 1998. Luteolin-rich artichoke extract protects low density lipoprotein from oxidation in vitro. Free Radic Res. 29:247–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundy R, Walker AF, Middleton RW, Wallis C, Simpson HC. 2008. Artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus) reduces plasma cholesterol in otherwise healthyhypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 15:668–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englisch W, Beckers C, Unkauf M, Ruepp M, Zinserling V. 2000. Efficacy of Artichoke dry extract in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Arzneimittelforschung. 50:260–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson M, Carlson LA, Miettinen TA, Angelin B. 1999. Stimulation of fecal steroid excretion after infusion of recombinant proapolipoprotein A-I: potential reverse cholesterol transport in humans. Circulation. 100:594–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster-Coull L, Barr SI, Levy-Milne R. 2004. British Columbia nutrition survey: report on food group use. Victoria: British Columbia Ministry of Health Services.
   Google Scholar
• Frisancho AR. 1984. New standards of weight and body composition by frame size and height for assessment of nutritional status of adults and the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr. 40:808–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebhardt R. 2002. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in HepG2 cells by artichoke extracts is reinforced by glucosidase pretreatment. Phytother Res. 16:368–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg I, Benderly M, Sidi R, Boyko V, Tenenbaum A, Tanne D, Behar S. 2009. Relation of clinical benefit of raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease (from the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Trial). Am J Cardiol. 130:41–45.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjotland MC, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. 1977. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham study. Am J Med. 62:707–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouédard C, Barouki R, Morel Y. 2004. Dietary polyphenols increase paraoxonase 1 gene expression by an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent mechanism. Mol Cell Biol. 24:5209–5222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould AL, Davies GM, Alemao E, Yin DD, Cook JR. 2007. Cholesterol reduction yields clinical benefits: meta-analysis including recent trials. Clin Ther. 29:778–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gugliucci A, Bastos DH. 2009. Chlorogenic acid protects paraoxonase 1 activity in high density lipoprotein from inactivation caused by physiological concentrations of hypochlorite. Fitoterapia. 80:138–142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. 1998. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in non-diabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 339:229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawahiri M, Maugeais C, Rader D. 2000. High-density lipoprotein metabolism: molecular targets for new therapies for atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2:363–372.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keys A. 1997. Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Nutrition. 13:250–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostapanos MS, Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS. 2010. Rosuvastatin-associated adverse effects and drug-drug interactions in the clinical setting of dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 10:11–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Küskü-Kiraz Z, Mehmetçik G, Dogru-Abbasoglu S, Uysal M. 2010. Artichoke leaf extract reduces oxidative stress and lipoprotein dyshomeostasis in rats fed on high cholesterol diet. Phytother Res. 24:565–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, , American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. 2010. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics–2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 121:948–954 Erratum in: Circulation (2010) 121:e259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupattelli G, Marchesi S, Lombardini R, Roscini AR, Trinca F, Gemelli F, . 2004. Artichoke juice improves endothelial function in hyperlipemia. Life Sci. 76:775–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB. 2003. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 77:1146–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooradian AD. 2003. Cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: current management guidelines. Arch Intern Med. 163:33–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandino G, Courts FL, Lombardo S, Mauromicale G, Williamson G. 2010. Caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids in the immature inflorescence of globe artichoke, wild cardoon, and cultivated cardoon. J Agric Food Chem. 58:1026–1031.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qiang Z, Lee SO, Ye Z, Wu X, Hendrich S. Artichoke extract lowered plasma cholesterol and increased fecal bile acids in golden Syrian hamsters. Phytother Res. 2011 [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1002/ptr.3698.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elam MB, Faas FS, Linares E, Schaefer EJ, Schectman G, Wilt TJ, Wittes J. 1999. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 341:410–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierksma A, van der Gaag MS, van Tol A, James RW, Hendriks HF. 2002. Kinetics of HDL cholesterol and paraoxonase activity in moderate alcohol consumers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 26:1430–1435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirtori CR, Galli C, Anderson JW, Arnoldi A. 2009. Nutritional and nutraceutical approaches to dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis prevention: focus on dietary proteins. Atherosclerosis. 203:8–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson Coon JS, Ernst E. 2003. Herbs for serum cholesterol reduction: a systematic view. J Fam Pract. 52:468–478.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner RC, Millns H, Neil HA, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Matthews DR, Holman RR. 1998. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS:23). Br Med J. 316:823–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Gaag MS, van Tol A, Scheek LM, James RW, Urgert R, Schaafsma G, Hendriks HFJ. 1999. Daily moderate alcohol consumption increases serum paraoxonase activity: a diet-controlled, randomized intervention study in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis. 147:405–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegener T, Fintelmann V. 1999. Pharmacological properties and therapeutic profile of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). Wien Med Wochenschr. 149:241–247.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wider B, Pitter MH, Thompson-Coon J, Ernst E. Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 CD003335.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar