Boosting in athletes with high-level spinal cord injury: knowledge, incidence and attitudes of athletes in paralympic sport

References

• Burnham R. Wheeler G, Bhambhani Y, Belanger M, Eriksson P, Steadward R. Intentional induction of autonomic dysreflexia among quadriplegic athletes for performance enhancement: efficacy, safety, and mechanism of action. Clin J Sports Med 1994;4:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Riding M. Boosting in Paralympic sport – some ethical considerations. New horizons in sport for athletes with disabilities; In Proceedings of the International Vista ‘99 Conference. Meyer & Meyer Sport; 2001. pp 267–272.
   Google Scholar
• Webborn AD. “Boosting” performance in disability sport. Brit J Sports Med 1999;33:74–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Paralympic Committee. IPC handbook Part I. 2nd ed. Bonn: International Paralympic Committee; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Bhambhani Y. Principles of fitness assessment and training for wheelchair athletes. In: Steadward R, Wheeler G, Watkinson E, editors. Adapted physical activity. Edmonton, Canada: University of Alberta Press; 2003. pp 511–540.
   Google Scholar
• Bhambhani Y. Physiology of wheelchair racing in athletes with spinal cord injury. Sports Med 2002;32:23–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman MD. Cardiorespiratory fitness and training in quadriplegics and paraplegics. Sports Med 1986;3:312–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith J, Wilder RP. Musculoskeletal rehabilitation and sports medicine. IV. Miscellaneous sports medicine topics. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80(5 Suppl 1):S68–S89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riding M. Doping – a paralympic perspective. New horizons in sport for athletes with disabilities. In: Proceedings of the International Vista ‘99 Conference. Meyer & Meyer Sport; 2001. pp 273–280.
   Google Scholar
• Bradbury T. Athletes doing it for themselves: self coaching guidelines for elite athletes. New horizons in sport for athletes with disabilities. In: Proceedings of the International Vista ‘99 Conference. Meyer & Meyer Sports; 2001. pp 81–96.
   Google Scholar
• Schmid A, Schmidt-Trucksass A, Huonker M, Konig D, Eisenbarth I, Sauerwein H, Brunner C, Storch MJ, Lehmann M, Keul J. Catecholamines response of high performance wheelchair athletes at rest and during exercise with autonomic dysreflexia. Int J Sports Med 2001;22:2–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avois L, Robinson N, Saudan C, Baume N, Mangin P, Saugy M. Central nervous system stimulants and sport practice. Br J Sports Med 2006;40 (Suppl 1):i16–i20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler G, Cumming D, Burnham R, Maclean I, Sloley BD, Bhambhani Y, Steadward R. Testosterone, cortisol and catecholamine responses to exercise stress and autonomic dysreflexia in elite quadriplegic athletes. Paraplegia 1994;32:292–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maxwell JP, Visek AJ. Unsanctioned aggression in rugby union: relationships among aggressiveness, anger, athletic identity, and professionalization. Aggress Behav 2009;35:237–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmigiani S, Dadomo H, Bartolomucci A, Brain PF, Carbucicchio A, Costantino C, Ferrari PF, Kalanza P, Volpi R. Personality traits and endocrine response as possible asymmetry factors of agonistic outcome in karate athletes. Aggress Behav 2009;35:324–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch RF. Autonomic dysfunction. In: Bloch RF, editor. Management of spinal cord injuries. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1986. pp 149–163.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson AK. Autonomic dysreflexia. Spinal Cord 1999;37:383–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee BY, Karmakar MG, Herz BL, Sturgill RA. Autonomic dysreflexia revisited. J Spinal Cord Med 1995;18:75–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chow JW, Mindock LA. Discus throwing performances and medical classification of wheelchair athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:1272–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond S. Boosting. In: Steadward R, Nelson E, Wheeler G, editors. Vista ‘93 – the Outlook. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Rick Hansen Center; 1994. pp 242–247.
   Google Scholar
• Adams A, Soumerai S, Lomas J, Ross-Degnan, D. Evidence of self-report in assessing adherence to guidelines. Int J Qual Health Care 1999;11:187–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollinger SJ, Malmquist D. Reliability and validity of single-item self-reports: with special relevance to college students' alcohol use, religiosity, study, and social life. J Gen Psychol 2009;136:231–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar