Effects of one session radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy on post-stroke plantarflexor spasticity: a single-blind clinical trial

References

• Lance JW. The control of muscle tone, reflexes, and movement: Robert Wartenberg lecture. Neurology. 1980;30:1303–1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wissel J, Manack A, Brainin M. Toward an epidemiology of poststroke spasticity. Neurology. 2013;80:S13–S19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommerfeld DK, Gripenstedt U, Welmer AK. Spasticity after stroke: an overview of prevalence, test instruments, and treatments. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;91:814–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee A, Chakravarty A. Spasticity mechanisms for the clinician. Front Neurol. 2010;1:149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watkins CL, Leathley MJ, Gregson JM, et al. Prevalence of spasticity poststroke. Clin Rehabil. 2002;16:515–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham LA. Management of spasticity revisited. Age Ageing. 2013;42:435–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheean G, McGuire JR. Spastic hypertonia and movement disorders: pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and quantification. PM R. 2009;1:827–833.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gracies JM. Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. I: paresis and soft tissue changes. Muscle Nerve. 2005;31:535–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorowitz RD, Gillard PJ, Brainin M. Poststroke spasticity: sequelae and burden on stroke survivors and caregivers. Neurology. 2013;80:S45–S52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward AB. Long-term modification of spasticity. J Rehabil Med. 2003;41:60–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rekand T. Clinical assessment and management of spasticity: a review. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2010;190:62–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smania N, Picelli A, Munari D, et al. Rehabilitation procedures in the management of spasticity. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2010;46:423–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracies JM. Physical modalities other than stretch in spastic hypertonia. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2001;12:769–792. vi.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ansari NN, Adelmanesh F, Naghdi S, et al. The effect of physiotherapeutic ultrasound on muscle spasticity in patients with hemiplegia: a pilot study. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;46:247–252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ansari NN, Naghdi S, Bagheri H, et al. Therapeutic ultrasound in the treatment of ankle plantarflexor spasticity in a unilateral stroke population: a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;47:137–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffin XL, Parsons N, Costa ML, et al. Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;6:CD008579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims SE, Miller K, Elfar JC, et al. Non-surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Hand. 2014;9:419–446.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Speed C. A systematic review of shockwave therapies in soft tissue conditions: focusing on the evidence. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:1538–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romeo P, Lavanga V, Pagani D, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in musculoskeletal disorders: a review. Med Princ Pract. 2014;23:7–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grecco MV, Brech GC, Greve JM. One-year treatment follow-up of plantar fasciitis: radial shockwaves vs. conventional physiotherapy. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2013;68:1089–1095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal X, Morral A, Costa L, et al. Radial extra corporeal shockwave therapy (rESWT) in the treatment of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. NeuroRehabilitation 2011;29:413–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spacca G, Necozione S, Cacchio A. Radial shock wave therapy for lateral epicondylitis: a prospective randomised controlled single-blind study. Europa Medicophysica. 2005;41:17–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cacchio A, Paoloni M, Barile A. Effectiveness of radial shock-wave therapy for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder: single-blind, randomized clinical study. Phys Ther. 2006;86:672–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JW, Yoon K, Chun KS, et al. Long-term outcome of low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy for plantar fasciitis: comparative analysis according to ultrasonographic findings. Ann Rehabil Med. 2014;38:534–540.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manganotti P, Amelio E. Long-term effect of shock wave therapy on upper limb hypertonia in patients affected by stroke. Stroke. 2005;36:1967–1971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amelio E, Manganotti P. Effect of shock wave stimulation on hypertonic plantar flexor muscles in patients with cerebral palsy: a placebo-controlled study. J Rehabil Med. 2010;42:339–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daliri SS, Forogh B, Emami Razavi ZS, et al. A single blind, clinical trial to investigate the effects of a single session extracorporeal shock wave therapy on wrist flexor spasticity after stroke. NeuroRehabilitation 2015;36:67–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon SW, Kim JH, Jung MJ, et al. The effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on lower limb spasticity in subacute stroke patients. Ann Rehabil Med. 2013;37:461–470.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sohn MK, Cho KH, Kim YJ, et al. Spasticity and electrophysiologic changes after extracorporeal shock wave therapy on gastrocnemius. Ann Rehabil Med. 2011;35:599–604.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bae H, Lee JM, Lee KH. The effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on spasticity in chronic stroke patients. J Korean Acad Rehabil Med. 2010;34:663–669.
   Google Scholar
• Santamato A, Micello MF, Panza F, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of poststroke plantar-flexor muscles spasticity: a prospective open-label study. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2014;21:S17–S24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin A, Abogunrin S, Kurth H, et al. Epidemiological, humanistic, and economic burden of illness of lower limb spasticity in adults: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10:111–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari NN, Naghdi S, Moammeri H, et al. Ashworth scales are unreliable for the assessment of muscle spasticity. Physiother Theory Pract. 2006;22:119–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naghdi S, Ansari NN, Mansouri K, et al. Neurophysiological examination of the Modified Modified Ashworth Scale (MMAS) in patients with wrist flexor spasticity after stroke. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;48:35–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghotbi N, Nakhostin Ansari N, Naghdi S, et al. Measurement of lower-limb muscle spasticity: intrarater reliability of Modified Modified Ashworth Scale. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2011;48:83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghotbi N, Ansari NN, Naghdi S, et al. Inter-rater reliability of the Modified Modified Ashworth Scale in assessing lower limb muscle spasticity. Brain Injury. 2009;23:815–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari NN, Naghdi S, Forogh B, et al. Development of the Persian version of the Modified Modified Ashworth Scale: translation, adaptation, and examination of interrater and intrarater reliability in patients with poststroke elbow flexor spasticity. Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34:1843–1847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari NN, Naghdi S, Arab TK, et al. The interrater and intrarater reliability of the Modified Ashworth Scale in the assessment of muscle spasticity: limb and muscle group effect. NeuroRehabilitation. 2008;23:231–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamontagne A, Malouin F, Richards CL, et al. Evaluation of reflex- and nonreflex-induced muscle resistance to stretch in adults with spinal cord injury using hand-held and isokinetic dynamometry. Phys Ther. 1998;78:964–975. discussion 976–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boiteau M, Malouin F, Richards C. Use of a hand-held dynamometer and a Kin-Com dynamometer for evaluating spastic hypertonia in children: a reliability study. Phys Ther. 1995;75:796–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvir Z, Arbel N, Bar-Haim S. The use of hand-held dynamometry for measuring the effect of short leg tone reducing cast on the passive compliance of calf muscles in children with cerebral palsy. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 1991;5:229–234.
   Google Scholar
• Malouin F, Boiteau M, Bonneau C, et al. Use of a hand-held dynamometer for the evaluation of spasticity in a clinical setting: a reliability study. Physiotherapy Canada. 1989;41:126–134.
   Google Scholar
• Herman T, Giladi N, Hausdorff JM. Properties of the ‘timed up and go’ test: more than meets the eye. Gerontol. 2011;57:203–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsiadle D, Richardson S. The timed “up & go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:142–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng SS, Hui-Chan CW. The timed up go test: its reliability and association with lower-limb impairments and locomotor capacities in people with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:1641–1647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flansbjer UB, Holmbäck AM, Downham D, et al. Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke. J Rehabi Med. 2005;37:75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misiaszek JE. The H-reflex as a tool in neurophysiology: its limitations and uses in understanding nervous system function. Muscle Nerve. 2003;28:144–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehgal N, McGuire JR. Beyond Ashworth. Electrophysiologic quantification of spasticity. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 1998;9:949–979. ix.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther. 1987;67:206–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JY, Kim SN, Lee IS, et al. Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on spasticity in patients after brain injury: a meta-analysis. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26:1641–1647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori L, Marinelli L, Pelosin E, et al. Shock waves in the treatment of muscle hypertonia and dystonia. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:637450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trompetto C, Marinelli L, Mori L, et al. Pathophysiology of Spasticity: Implications for Neurorehabilitation. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:354906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsay JW, Wessel MA, Buchanan TS, et al. Poststroke muscle architectural parameters of the tibialis anterior and the potential implications for rehabilitation of foot drop. Stroke Res Treat. 2014;2014:948475.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowden JL, Taylor JL, McNulty PA. Voluntary activation is reduced in both the more- and less-affected upper limbs after unilateral stroke. Front Neurol. 2014;5:239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troncati F, Paci M, Myftari T, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy reduces upper limb spasticity and improves motricity in patients with chronic hemiplegia: a case series. NeuroRehabilitation. 2013;33:399–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YW, Shin JC, Yoon JG, et al. Usefulness of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the spasticity of the subscapularis in patients with stroke: a pilot study. corporeal wave for spasticity the in with: pilot. Chin Med J. 2013;126:4638–4643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschbacher RM. Normal range for H-reflex recording from the calf muscles. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;78:S75–S79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer B, Sousa de Andrade V. The effects of slow stroking on spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis; a pilot study. Physiother Theory Pract. 1995;11:13–21.
   Google Scholar
• Pisano F, Miscio G, Del Conte C, et al. Quantitative measures of spasticity in poststroke patients. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000;111:1015–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voerman GE, Gregoric M, Hermens HJ. Neurophysiological methods for the assessment of spasticity: the Hoffmann reflex, the tendon reflex, and the stretch reflex. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27:33–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar