Post-traumatic apallic syndrome following head injury. Part 1: Clinical characteristics

References

• Frowein R. A., auf der Haar K., Terhaag D. Assessment of coma reliability of prognosis. Neurosurgical Review 1980; 3: 67–74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teasdale G., Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974; 2: 81–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braakman R., Jennett W. B., Minderhoud J. M. Prognosis of the posttraumatic vegetative state. Ada Neurochirurgica Wien 1988; 95: 49–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin H. S., Eisenberg H. M. Management of head injury. Neurobehav-ioral outcome. Neurosurgery of Clinics of North America 1991; 2: 457–472
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aichner F., Gerstenbrand F., Binder H. [Rare primitive motor patterns of the oral sense (author's transi.)]. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 1982; 94: 120–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aichner F., Gerstenbrand F., Poewe W. Primitive motor patterns and stereotyped movements. A comparison of findings in early childhood and in the apallic syndrome. InternationalJoumal of Neurology 1982; 16–17: 21–29
   Google Scholar
• Danze F., Brule J. F., Haddad K. Chronic vegetative state after severe head injury: clinical study; electrophysiological investigations and CT scan in 15 cases. Neurosurgical Review 1989; 12(Suppl. 1)477–499
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oka N., Kodama N., Suzuki J. [Sleep in vegetative state patients and recuperated cases from vegetative states (author's transi.)]. Neurological Surgery 1982; 10: 157–165
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rumpl E., Lorenzi E., Hackl J. M., Gerstenbrand F., Hengl W. The EEG at different stages of acute secondary traumatic midbrain and bulbar brain syndromes. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiol-ogy 1979; 46: 487–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peters U. H., Gerstenbrand F. Clinical pictures and problems in terminology. The Apallic Syndrome, G. Dalle Ore, F. Gerstenbrand, C. H. Luecking, G. Peters, U. H. Peters. Springer, Berlin 1977; 8–13
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblath W. Über einen bemerkenswerten Fall von Hirnerschuet-terung (aus dem Landeskrankenhaus Cassel). Deutsches Archiv für klinische Medizin 1899; 64: 406–424
   Google Scholar
• Kretschmer E. Das appallische Syndrom. Zeitschrift für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1940; 169: 576–579
   Google Scholar
• Gerstenbrand F. Das traumatische apallische Syndrom. Springer, Vienna 1967
   Google Scholar
• Jennet B., Plum F. Persistent vegetative state after brain damage: syndrome in search of a name. Lancet 1972; 1: 734–737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strich S. J. Diffuse degeneration of the cerebral white matter in severe dementia following head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry 1956; 19: 163–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell B. J., Keenan J. E. The Western Neuro Sensory Stimulation Profile: a tool for assessing slow-to-recover head-injured patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1989; 70: 104–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg H. M., Levin H. S. The devastated head injury patient. Clinical Neurosurgery 1988; 34: 572–586
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giacino J. T., Kezmarsky M. A., DeLuca J., Cicerone K. D. Monitoring rate of recovery to predict outcome in minimally responsive patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1991; 72: 897–901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plum F., Kotsoris H. O. Coma. Encyclopaedia of Neuroscience, G. Adelman. Birkhäuser, Boston 1987; 268–269
   Google Scholar
• Luecking C. H., Wallesch C. W. Bewusstseinstoerungen und koma. Neurologie in Praxis und Klinik, C. Hopf, K. Poeck, H. Schliack. Thieme, Stuttgart 1993
   Google Scholar
• Sazbon L., Groswasser Z. Prolonged coma, vegetative state, post-comatose unawareness: semantics or better understanding? [editorial]. Brain Injury 1991; 5: 1–2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bricolo A., Turazzi S., Feriotti G. Prolonged posttraumatic unconsciousness: therapeutic assets and liabilities. Journal of Neurosurgery 1980; 52: 625–634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo U. E., Fontanarosa P. B. Locked-in syndrome: report of a case. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 1989; 7: 581–583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plum F., Posner J. B. The Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma first edition. F. A. Davis, Philadelphia 1966
   Google Scholar
• Todorow S. [Abnormal reactions of children after severe brain trauma during the recovery at the intensive care unit]. Fortschritte der Neurologie, Psychiatrie und ihrer Grenzgebiete 1973; 41: 606–621
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bauer G., Gerstenbrand F., Aichner F. [Locked-in syndrome: pseudocoma from pons sections]. Psychiatrie, Neurologie und medizinische Psychologie, Beiheft 1983; 29: 139–145
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Todorow S. Hirntrauma und Erlebnis. Hans Huber, Bern 1978; 1–142
   Google Scholar
• Cairns H., Oldfield R. C., Pennybacker J. B., Whitteridge D. Akinetic mutism with an epidermoid cyst of the third ventricle. Brain 1941; 64: 273–290
   Google Scholar
• Young R. S., Phelan K. W., Lehmann R. A., Depenbusch J. W., Weidner W. A. Computed tomographic findings in akinetic mutism. American Journal of Diseases in Childhood 1984; 138: 166–167
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berrol S. The coma-emerging patient. Persistent vegetative state. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: State of the Arts Review 1990; 4: 559–568
   Google Scholar
• Zasler N. D., Kreutzer J. S., Taylor D. Coma stimulation and coma recovery: a critical review. Neuro Rehabilitation 1991; 1: 33–40
   Google Scholar
• Biniek R., Ferbert A., Rimpel J., et al. The complete apallic syndrome—a case report. Intensive Care Medicine 1989; 15: 212–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiss W. D. Cerebral blood flow reduction after severe head injury and its relationship to the extent of brain damage in apallic syndrome. The Apallic Syndrome, G. Dalle Ore, F. Gerstenbrand, C. H. Luecking, G. Peters, U. H. Peters. Springer, Berlin 1977; 168–173
   Google Scholar
• Jellinger K. Pathology and pathogenesis of apallic syndromes following closed head injuries. The Apallic Syndrome, G. Dalle Ore, F. Gerstenbrand, C. H. Luecking, G. Peters, U. H. Peters. Springer, Berlin 1977; 88–103
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann H. J. Apallic syndromes in diseases of cerebral white matter. The Apallic Syndrome, G. Dalle Ore, F. Gerstenbrand, C. H. Luecking, G. Peters, U. H. Peters. Springer, Berlin 1977; 57–58
   Google Scholar
• Kraus J. F., Fife D., Conroy C. Pédiatrie brain injuries: the nature, clinical course, and early outcomes in a defined United States' population. Pediatrics 1987; 79: 501–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay L. E., Bernstein B. A., Chapman P. E., Morgan A. S., Milazzo L. S. Early intervention in severe head injury: long-term benefits of a formalized program. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1992; 73: 635–641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer K. Hirnverletzungen und Hirnerkrankung. Notwendigkeit und Bedeutung der Fruehrehabilitation. Arzt & Krankenhaus 1993; 1: 9–13
   Google Scholar
• Levin H. S. Neurobehavioral recovery. Neurotrauma 1992; 9(Suppl. 1)S359–S373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller J. D. Head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry 1993; 56: 440–447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braakman R., Gelpke G. J., Habbema J. D., Maas A. I., Minderhoud J. M. Systematic selection of prognostic features in patients with severe head injury. Neurosurgery 1980; 6: 362–370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sazbon L., Groswasser Z. Outcome in 134 patients with prolonged posttraumatic unawareness. Part 1: Parameters determining late recovery of consciousness. Journal of Neurosurgery 1990; 72: 75–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sazbon L., Fuchs C., Costeff H. Prognosis for recovery from prolonged posttraumatic unawareness: logistic analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry 1991; 54: 149–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sazbon L., Groswasser Z. Medical complications and mortality of patients in the postcomatose unawareness (PC-U) state. Ada Neuro-chirurgica Wien 1991; 112: 110–112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sazbon L., Costeff H., Groswasser Z. Epidemiological findings in traumatic post-comatose unawareness. Brain Injury 1992; 6: 359–362
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Higashi K., Sakata Y., Hatano M. Epidemiological studies on patients with a persistent vegetative state. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry 1977; 40: 876–885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashi K., Hatono M., Abiko S. Five year follow-up study of patients with peristent vegetative state. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry 1981; 44: 552–554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade D. T. Measurement in Neurological Rehabilitation. Oxford, London 1992
   Google Scholar
• Rivara F., Tanaguchi D., Parish R. A., Stimac G. K., Mueller B. Poor prediction of positive computed tomographic scans by clinical criteria in symptomatic pédiatrie head trauma. Pediatrics 1987; 80: 579–584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson A. J., Kermode A. G., MacManus D. G., et al. Patterns of disease activity in multiple sclerosis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study [see comments]. Bangladesh Medical Journal 1990; 300: 631–634
   Google Scholar
• Martin J. H., Brust J. C., Hilal S. Imaging the living brain. Principles of Neural Science, E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz, T. M. Jesell. Elsevier, New York 1991; 309–324
   Google Scholar
• Meyers C. A., Levin H. S., Eisenberg H. M., Guinto F. C. J. Early versus late lateral ventricular enlargement following closed head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry 1983; 46: 1092–1097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reider-Groswasser I., Cohen M., Costeff H., Groswasser Z. Late CT findings in brain trauma: relationship to cognitive and behavioral sequelae and to vocational outcome. American Journal of Roentgen-ology 1993; 160: 147–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dongen K. J., Braakman R., Gelpke G. J. The prognostic value of computerized tomography in comatose head-injured patients. Journal of Neurosurgery 1983; 59: 951–957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel Dayem H. M., Sadek S. A., Kouris K., et al. Changes in cerebral perfusion after acute head injury: comparison of CT with Tc-99m HM-PAO SPECT [published erratum appears in Radiology 1988 May; 167(2):582]. Radiology 1987; 165: 221–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy D. E., Sidtis J. J., Rottenberg D. A., et al. Differences in cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization in vegetative versus locked-in patients. Annals of Neurology 1987; 22: 673–682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry L. R., Godersky J. C., Thompson B. H. Traumatic brain stem injury: MR imaging. Radiology 1989; 171: 177–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton A., Johnson D. A. Social adjustment and interaction after severe head injury. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1985; 24: 225–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilberger J. E. J., Deeb Z., Rothfus W. Magnetic resonance imaging in cases of severe head injury. Neurosurgery 1987; 20: 571–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Born J. D., Albert A., Hans P., Bonnel J. Relative prognostic value of best motor response and brain stem reflexes in patients with severe head injury. Neurosurgery 1985; 16: 595–601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller Jensen A., Neunzig H. P., Emskotter T. Outcome prediction in comatose patients: significance of reflex eye movement analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry 1987; 50: 389–392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy D. E., Knill-Jones R. P., Plum F. The vegetative state and its prognosis following nontraumatic coma. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1978; 315: 293–306
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy D. E., Plum F. Outcome prediction in comatose patients: significance of reflex eye movement analysis [letter]. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry 1988; 51: 318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmalohr D., Linke D. B. The blink reflex in cerebral coma: correlations to clinical findings and outcome. Electromvography and Neurophysiol-ogy 1988; 28: 233–244
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sazbon L., Solzi P., Steinvil Y., Becker E. Blink reflex in patients in prolonged comatose state. Electromyography and Neurophysiology 1988; 28: 151–158
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rumpl E., Gerstenbrand F., Hackl J. M., Prugger M. Some observations on the blink reflex in posttraumatic coma. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1982; 54: 406–417
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis R. A., Davis L. Decerebrate rigidity in humans. Neurosurgery 1982; 10: 635–642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis R. A. Traumatic decerebrate rigidity and neurological recovery: a case report. Neurosurgery 1983; 12: 569–571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies J. D., Seshia S. S. Vegetative state following coma in childhood: evolution and outcome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1980; 22: 642–648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstenbrand F., Luecking C. H. Die akuten traumatischen Hirstamm-schaeden. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenheilkunde 1970; 213: 264–281
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiappa K. H., Ropper A. H. Evoked potentials in clinical medicine (second of two parts). New England Journal of Medicine 1982; 306: 1205–1211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiappa K. H., Ropper A. H. Evoked potentials in clinical medicine (first of two parts). New England Journal of Medicine 1982; 306: 1140–1150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson D. C., Bundlie S., Rockswold G. L. Multimodality evoked potentials in closed head trauma. Archives of Neurology 1984; 41: 369–374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houlden D. A., Li C., Schwartz M. L., Katie M. Median nerve somatosen-sory evoked potentials and the Glasgow Coma Scale as predictors of outcome in comatose patients with head injuries. Neurosurgery 1990; 27: 701–707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayan R. K., Greenberg R. P., Miller J. D., et al. Improved confidence of outcome prediction in severe head injury. A comparative analysis of the clinical examination, multimodality evoked potentials, CT scanning, and intracranial pressure. Journal of Neurosurgery 1981; 54: 751–762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Meirleir L. J., Taylor M. J. Prognostic utility of SEPs in comatose children. Pédiatrie Neurology 1987; 3: 78–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Meirleir L. J., Taylor M. J. Evoked potentials in comatose children: auditory brainstem responses. Pédiatrie Neurology 1986; 2: 31–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmed I. Use of somatosensory evoked responses in the prediction of outcome from coma. Clinical Electroencephalography 1988; 19: 78–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frank L. M., Furgiuele T. L., Etheridge J. E. J. Prediction of chronic vegetative state in children using evoked potentials. Neurology 1985; 35: 931–934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansotia P. L. Persistent vegetative state. Review and report of electrodiagnostic studies in eight cases. Archives of Neurology 1985; 42: 1048–1052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judson J. A., Cant B. R., Shaw N. A. Early prediction of outcome from cerebral trauma by somatosensory evoked potentials. Critical Care Medicine 1990; 18: 363–368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luccas F. J., Lopes J. A., Piastino F. R., Knobel E. [Neurophysiological evaluation using multimodal sensory evoked potentials in patients in coma: general aspects]. Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria 1990; 48: 320–328
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsubokawa T., Yamamoto T., Katayama Y. Prediction of outcome of prolonged coma caused by brain damage. Brain Injury 1990; 4: 329–337
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raimondi A. J., Hirschauer J. Head injury in the infant and toddler. Coma scoring and outcome scale. Childs Brain 1984; 11: 12–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reilly P. L., Simpson D. A., Sprod R., Thomas L. Assessing the conscious level in infants and young children: a paediatric version of the Glasgow Coma Scale. Childs Nervous System 1988; 4: 30–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langfitt T. W. Comment. Neurosurgery 1979; 4: 288–289
   Google Scholar
• Salcman M., Schepp R. S., Ducker T. B. Calculated recovery rates in severe head trauma. Neurosurgery 1981; 8: 301–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin H. S., Gary H. E. J., Eisenberg H. M. Duration of impaired consciousness in relation to side of lesion after severe head injury. NIH Traumatic Coma Data Bank Research Group. Lancet 1989; 1: 1001–1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker D. P. Comment. Neurosurgery 1979; 4: 289
   Google Scholar
• Benzer A., Mitterschiffthaler G., Morosi M., et al. Prediction of non-survival after trauma: Innsbruck Coma Scale. Lancet 1991; 338: 977–978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennett B., Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 1975; 1: 480–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennett B., Snoek J., Bond M. R. Disability after severe head injury: observations on the use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry 1981; 44: 285–293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas A. I., Braakman R., Schouten H. J., Minderhoud J. M., van Zomeren A. H. Agreement between physicians on assessment of outcome following severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1983; 58: 321–325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Changaris D. G., McGraw C. P., Richardson J. D., Garretson H. D., Arpin E. J., Shields C. B. Correlation of cerebral perfusion pressure and Glasgow Coma Scale to outcome. Journal of Trauma 1987; 27: 1007–1013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiden J. S., Small R., Caton W., Weiss M., Kurze T. Severe head injury. Clinical assessment and outcome. Physical Therapy 1983; 63: 1946–1951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawahara N., Karima R., Natori J., et al. [Clinical significance of serial monitoring of short-latency somatosensory evoked potential in head injury with special reference to intracranial hypertension]. No Shinkei Geka 1988; 16: 1059–1066
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rumpl E., Prugger M., Bauer G., Gerstenbrand F., Hackl J. M., Pallua A. Incidence and prognostic value of spindles in post-traumatic coma. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1983; 56: 420–429
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reisecker F., Witzmann A., Loffler W., Leblhuber F., Deisenhammer E., Valencak E. [Value of early acoustic and somatosensory evoked potentials in monitoring and prognostic assessment of coma in barbiturate therapy—comparison with clinical aspects and EEG]. Zeitschrift für Elektroenzephalografie und Verwandte Gebiete 1987; 18: 36–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Born J. D. The Glagow-Liege Scale. Prognostic value and evolution of motor response and brain stem reflexes after severe head injury. Ada Neurochirurgica Wien 1988; 91: 1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Born J. D., Hans P., Albert A., Bonnal J. Interobserver agreement in assessment of motor response and brain stem reflexes. Neurosurgery 1987; 20: 513–517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starmark J. E., Lindgren S. Is it possible to define a general 'conscious level'?. Ada Neurochirurgica Suppl. Wien 1986; 36: 103–105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Starmark J. E., Stalhammar D., Holmgren E. The Reaction Level Scale (RLS85). Manual and guidelines. Ada Neurochirurgica Wien 1988; 91: 12–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starmark J. E., Holmgren E., Stalhammar D. Current reporting of responsiveness in acute cerebral disorders. A survey of the neurosurgi-cal literature. Journal of Neurosurgery 1988; 69: 692–698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starmark J. E., Stalhammar D., Holmgren E., Rosander B. A comparison of the Glasgow Coma Scale and the Reaction Level Scale (RLS85). Journal of Neurosurgery 1988; 69: 699–706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport M., Hall K. M., Hopkins K., Belleza T., Cope D. N. Disability rating scale for severe head trauma: coma to community. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1982; 63: 118–123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagan C., Malkmus D., Durham P. Levels of Cognitive Function, Rehabilitation of Head Injured Adults: Comprehensive Physical Management. Profession Staff Assoc. of Ranchos Los Amigos Hospital Inc., Downey CA 1979
   Google Scholar
• Rader M. A., Alston J. B., Ellis D. W. Sensory stimulation of severely brain-injured patients. Brain Injury 1989; 3: 141–147
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood R. L., Winkowski T., Miller J. Sensory regulation as a method to promote recovery in patients with altered states of consciousness. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 1993; 3: 177–190
   Google Scholar
• Wade D. T., Collins C. The Barthel ADL index: a standard measure of physical disability. International Disability Studies (früheres International Rehabilitation Medicine) 1988; 10: 647–672
   Google Scholar
• Schlaegel W., Heck G., Feller G., Mertin J. Die FIM Skala: Ein geeignetes Instrument zur Therapieevaluation in der neurologischen Fruehrehabilitation. Praeventive-Rehabilitation 1993; 5: 35–44
   Google Scholar
• Gouvier W. D., Blanton P. D., LaPorte K. K., Nepomuceno C. Reliability and validity of the Disability Rating Scale and the Levels of Cognitive Functioning Scale in monitoring recovery from severe head injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1987; 68: 94–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft medizinisch-beruflicher Rehabilitationszentren. Phase II. Empfehlungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neurolog-ische-Neurochirurgische Fruehrehabilitation. Heft 8. Bundesarbeitsministerium, Bonn 1993
   Google Scholar
• Eliason M. R., Top B. W. Predictive validity of Rappaport's Disability Rating Scale in subjects with acute brain dysfunction. Physical Therapy 1984; 64: 1357–1360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall K., Cope D. N., Rappaport M. Glasgow Outcome Scale and Disability Rating Scale: comparative usefulness in following recovery in traumatic head injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1985; 66: 35–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamberti G., Geyer M., Hausmann E., Niebergall G., Remschmidt H. Untersuchungen zum Lern- und Leistungsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Zustand nach appallischem Sydrom. Zeitschrift fiter Kinder und Jugendpsychiatrie 1978; 6: 329–347
   Google Scholar
• Täte R. L., Broe G. A., Lulham J. M. Psychosocial outcome for the survivors of severe blunt head injury: the results from a consecutive study of 100 patients. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry 1989; 52: 1128–1134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Täte R. L., Broe G. A., Lulham J. M. Impairment after severe blunt head injury: the results from a consecutive series of 100 patients. Ada Neurologica Scandinavia 1989; 79: 97–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallo M. M., Kay T., Ezrachi O. Problems and changes after traumatic brain injury: differing perceptions within and between families. Brain Injury 1992; 6: 327–335
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faust C. Das klinische Bild nach Hirnverletzung. Thieme, Stuttgart 1956
   Google Scholar
• Faust C. Die psychischen Stoerungen nach Hirntraumen: Traumatische Psychosen und Dauerschaeden. Psychiatrie der Gegenwart, Klinische Psychiatrie Band 11/2. Springer, Berlin 1972; 148
   Google Scholar
• Faust C. Die Bedeutung der psychiatrischen Spaetsymptomatiek fuer die Wiedereingliederung Schaedelverletzter. Die Prognose und Rehabilitation des Schaedelhirntraumas, C. Faust, E. Mueller. Thieme, Stuttgart 1980; 65
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs H. E., Muir C. A., Cline J. D. Family reactions to persistent vegetative state. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1986; 1: 55–62
   Google Scholar
• Stern J. M., Sazbon L., Becker E., Costeff H. Severe behavioural disturbance in families of patients with prolonged coma. Brain Injury 1988; 2: 259–262
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tresch D. D., Sims F. H., Duthie E. H. J., Goldstein M. D. Patients in a persistent vegetative state attitudes and reactions of family members. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1991; 39: 17–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond M., Brooks D. Understanding the process of recovery as a basis for the investigation of rehabilitation for the brain injured. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1976; 8: 127–133
   Google Scholar
• Braakman R. Early prediction of outcome in severe head injury. Ada Neurochirurgica Wien 1992; 116: 161–163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi S. C., Muizelaar J. P., Barnes T. Y., Marmarou A., Brooks D. M., Young H. F. Prediction tree for severely head-injured patients. Journal of Neurosurgery 1991; 75: 251–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi S. C., Narayan R. K., Anderson R. L., Ward J. D. Enhanced specificity of prognosis in severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1988; 69: 381–385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi S. C., Ward J. D., Becker D. P. Chart for outcome prediction in severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1983; 59: 294–297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facco E., Zuccarello M., Pittoni G., et al. Early outcome prediction in severe head injury: comparison between children and adults. Childs Nervous System 1986; 2: 67–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagel K. H. [Prognosis and rehabilitation after severe craniocerebral trauma (author's transi.)). Unfallheilkunde 1982; 85: 192–200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wieck H. H., Rettelbach R., Heerklotz B., Fluegel K. A. Courses of protracted states of coma. The Apallic Syndrome, G. Dalle Ore, F. Gerstenbrand, C. H. Luecking, G. Peters, U. H. Peters. Springer, Berlin 1977; 50–55
   Google Scholar
• Levati A., Farina M. L., Vecchi G., Rossanda M., Marrubini M. B. Prognosis of severe head injuries. Journal of Neurosurgery 1982; 57: 779–783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin H. S., Aldrich E. F., Saydjari C., et al. Severe head injury in children: experience of the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Neurosurgery 1992; 31: 435–443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall L. F., Becker D. P., Bowers S. A., et al. The National Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Part 1 : Design, purpose, goals and results. Journal of Neurosurgery 1983; 59: 276–284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall L. F., Marshall S. B., Klauber M. R., et al. The diagnosis of head injury requires a classification based on computed axial tomography. Journal of Neurotrauma 1992; 9(Suppl. 1)S287–S292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller J. D., Butterworth J. F., Gudeman S. K., et al. Further experience in the management of severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1981; 54: 289–299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neunzig H. P., Kunze K. [Clinical aspects and prognosis following severe craniocerebral trauma]. Fortschritte der Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1987; 55: 223–230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oder W., Binder H., Goldenberg G., Hufgard J., Deecke L. [Prognosis and documentation of the disease course in severe craniocerebral injuries]. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 1988; 100: 675–680
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oder W., Goldenberg G., Deecke L. [Prognostic factors in rehabilitation after severe craniocerebral injuries]. Fortschritte der Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1991; 59: 376–386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oder W., Goldenberg G., Podreka I., Deecke L. HM-PAO-SPECT in persistent vegetative state after head injury: prognostic indicator of the likelihood of recovery?. Intensive Care Medicine 1991; 17: 149–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagni C. A., Giovanelli M., Tomei G., Zavanone M., Signoroni G., Cappricci E. Long-term results in 62 cases of post-traumatic complete apallic syndrome. Ada Neurochirurgia Wien 1977; 36: 37–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson V. W. Outcome prediction after severe closed head injury in adults. Bulletin of Clinical Neurosciences 1987; 52: 47–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayes S. D., Pelco L. E., Campbell C. J. Relationships among pre- and post-injury intelligence, length of coma and age in individuals with severe closed-head injuries. Brain Injury 1989; 3: 301–313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams J. M., Gomes F., Drudge O. W., Kessler M. Predicting outcome from closed head injury by early assessment of trauma severity. Journal of Neurosurgery 1984; 61: 581–585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jane J. A., Rimel R. W. Prognosis in head injury. Clinical Neurosurgerv 1982; 29: 346–352
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levin H. S., Gary H. E. J., Eisenberg H. M., et al. Neurobehavioral outcome 1 year after severe head injury. Experience of the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Journal of Neurosurgery 1990; 73: 699–709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young B., Rapp R. P., Norton J. A., Haack D., Tibbs P. A., Bean J. R. Early prediction of outcome in head-injured patients. Journal of Neurosurgery 1981; 54: 300–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexandre A., Colombo F., Nertempi P., Benedetti A. Cognitive outcome and early indices of severity of head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1983; 59: 751–761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyle D. M., Pierce J. P., Freeman E. A., et al. Clinical course and outcome of severe head injury in Australia. Journal of Neurosurgery 1986; 65: 15–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiskanen O., Sipponen P. Prognosis of severe head injury. Ada Neurologica Scandinavia 1970; 46: 343–348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao N., Jellinek H. M., Harberg J. K., Fryback D. G. The art of medicine: subjective measures as predictors of outcome in stroke and traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1988; 69: 179–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriel R. L., Krach L. E., Sheehan M. Pédiatrie closed head injury: outcome following prolonged unconsciousness. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1988; 69: 678–681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard K. E., Frowein R. A., Hashimoto T. Prognose traumatischer Mittelhirnsndrome bei Kindern und Juegenlichen. Das traumatische Mittelhimsyndrom und die Rehabilitation schwerer Schaedelhimtraumen, E. Mueller. Springer, Berlin 1982; 23–30
   Google Scholar
• Lange Cosack H., Riebel U., Gramme T., Schlesener H. J. Possibilities and limitations of rehabilitation after traumatic apallic syndrome in children and adolescents. Neuropediatrics 1981; 12: 337–365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin H. S., Saydjari C., Eisenberg H. M., et al. Vegetative state after closed-head injury. A Traumatic Coma Data Bank Report. Archives of Neurology 1991; 48: 580–585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusumano S., Paolin A., Di Paola F., et al. Assessing brain function in post-traumatic coma by means of bit-mapped SEPs, BAEPs, CT, SPET and clinical scores. Prognostic implications. Eledroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1992; 84: 499–514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackey Hargadine J. R., Hall J. W. Sensory evoked responses in head injury. Central Nervous System Trauma 1985; 2: 187–206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maier Ch. Korrelation von computertomographischen Befunden und testpsychologischen Ergebnissen bei Patienten mit Schaedel-Hirn-Trauma. Fortschritte der Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1984; 52: 346–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi S., Nakazawa S., Otsuka T. Clinical value of serial computed tomography with severe head injury. Surgical Neurology 1983; 20: 25–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facco E., Baratto F., Munari M., et al. Sensorimotor central conduction time in comatose patients. Eledroencephalography and Neurophysiology 1991; 80: 469–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facco E., Munari M., Dona B., et al. Spatial mapping of SEP in comatose patients: improved outcome prediction by combined parietal N20 and frontal N30 analysis. Brain Topography 1991; 3: 447–455
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaufmann M., Scheidegger D., Strebel S. [Outcome prognosis in severe craniocerebral trauma: important predictors in the early phase]. Zeitschrift für Unfallchirurgie und Versicherungsmedizin 1991; 84: 95–100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rao N., Jellinek H. M., Harvey R. F., Flynn M. M. Computerized tomography head scans as predictors of rehabilitation outcome. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1984; 65: 18–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry L. R., Godersky J. C., Thompson B. MR imaging of head trauma: review of the distribution and radiopathologic features of traumatic lesions. American Journal of Roentgenology 1988; 150: 663–672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry L. R., Godersky J. C., Thompson B., Dunn V. D. Prospective comparative study of intermediate-field MR and CT in the evaluation of closed head trauma. American Journal of Roentgenology 1988; 150: 673–682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin H. S., Williams D., Crofford M. J., et al. Relationship of depth of brain lesions to consciousness and outcome after closed head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1988; 69: 861–866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overgaard J., Tweed W. A. Cerebral circulation after head injury. Part 4: Functional anatomy and boundary-zone flow deprivation in the first week of traumatic coma. Journal of Neurosurgery 1983; 59: 439–446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiss W. D., Gerstenbrand F., Prosenz P., Roszuczky A. The prognostic value of cerebral blood flow measurement in patients with apallic syndrome. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 1972; 16: 372–382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingvar D. H. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in complete apallic syndromes, in states of severe dementia, and in akinetic mutism. Acta Neurologica Scandinavia 1973; 49: 233–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaggi J. L., Obrist W. D., Gennarelli T. A., Langfitt T. W. Relationship of early cerebral blood flow and metabolism to outcome in acute head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1990; 72: 176–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dusser A., Navelet Y., Devictor D., Landrieu P. Short- and long-term prognostic value of the electroencephalogram in children with severe head injury. Electroencephalography Clinical Neurophysiology 1989; 73: 85–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Häkkinen V. K., Kaukinen S., Heikkila H. The correlation of EEG compressed spectral array to Glasgow Coma Scale in traumatic coma patients. International Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 1988; 5: 97–101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moulton R. J., Marmarou A., Ronen J., et al. Spectral analysis of the EEG in craniocerebral trauma. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1988; 15: 82–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatcher R. W., Cantor D. S., McAlaster R., Geisler F., Krause P. Comprehensive predictions of outcome in closed head-injured patients. The development of prognostic equations. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1991; 620: 82–101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cant B. R., Hume A. L., Judson J. A., Shaw N. A. The assessment of severe head injury by short-latency somatosensory and brain-stem auditory evoked potentials. Electroencephalography Clinical Neurophysiology 1986; 65: 188–195
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenberg R. P., Newlon P. G., Hyatt M. S., Narayan R. K., Becker D. P. Prognostic implications of early multimodality evoked potentials in severely head-injured patients. A prospective study. Journal of Neurosurgery 1981; 55: 227–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aminoff M. J. The use of somatosensory evoked potentials in the evaluation of the central nervous system. Neurologic Clinics 1988; 6: 809–823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donchin Y., Constantini S., Szold A., Byrne E. A., Porges S. W. Cardiac vagal tone predicts outcome in neurosurgical patients. Critical Care Medicine 1992; 20: 942–949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leipzig T. J., Lowensohn R. I. Heart rate variability in neurosurgical patients. Neurosurgery 1986; 19: 356–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhlnickel B. [The value of heart rate variability in the prognostic evaluation of patients with severe cerebral injuries. 2. Clinical applications]. Anaesthesiology and Reanimation 1991; 16: 37–48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwarz G., Pfurtscheller G., Litscher G., List W. F. Quantification of autonomie activity in the brainstem in normal, comatose and brain dead subjects using heart rate variability. Functional Neurology 1987; 2: 149–154
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimomura C., Matsuzaka T., Koide E., et al. [Spectral analysis of heart rate variability in the dysfunction of the brainstem]. No To Hattatsu 1991; 23: 26–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bjornaes H., et al. Plasticity and reactivity in unconscious patients. Neuropsychologia 1977; 15: 451–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuri U., Von Cramon D. Electrodermal responses to auditory stimuli with different significance in neurological patients. Psychophysiology 1981; 18: 248–251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowein R. A., Terhaag D., auf der Haar K., Richard K. E., Firsching R. Rehabilitation after severe head injury. Acta Neurochirurgia Suppl. Wien 1992; 55: 72–74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldstein L. H., Oakley D. A. Expected and actual behavioural capacity after diffuse reduction in cerebral cortex: a review and suggestions for rehabilitative techniques with the mentally handicapped and head injured. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1985; 24: 13–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhardt V., Gerhard L., Nau H. E., Nahser H. C. [Craniocerebral injuries in childhood]. Neurochirurgia Stuttgart 1983; 26: 177–180
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frowein R. A., Steinmann H. W., Terhaag D., auf der Haar K. Koma-Einteilung und Verlaufsbeobachtung. Unfallheilkunde 1978; 41: 187–196
   Google Scholar
• Prigatano G. P., Fordyce D. J., Zeiner H. K., Roueche J. R., Pepping M., Wood B. C. Neuropsychological rehabilitation after closed head injury in young adults. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry 1984; 47: 505–513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennett B., Braakman R. Severe traumatic brain injury [letter]. Journal of Neurosurgery 1990; 73: 479–480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahapatra A. K., Tandon P. N. Brainstem auditory evoked response and vestibulo-ocular reflex in severe head injury patients. A prospective study of 60 cases. Acta Neurochirurgia Wien 1987; 87: 40–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin S. R., Friedman W. A., Bellefleur M. Is it time to use evoked potentials to predict outcome in comatose children and adults?. Critical Care Medicine 1991; 19: 518–524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulton R., Kresta P., Ramirez M., Tucker W. Continuous automated monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials in posttraumatic coma. Journal of Trauma 1991; 31: 676–683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riffel B., Stohr M., Trost E., Ullrich A., Graser W. [Early prognostic assessment using evoked potentials in severe craniocerebral trauma]. Zeitschrift für Elektroenzephalografie und Verwandte Gebiete 1987; 18: 192–199
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keren O., Groswasser Z., Sazbon L., Ring C. Somatosensory evoked potentials in prolonged postcomatose unawareness state following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 1991; 5: 233–240
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeitlhofer J., Steiner M., Oder W., Obergottsberger S., Mayr N., Deecke L. [The prognostic value of evoked potentials in early neurologic rehabilitation of patients with the apallic syndrome]. Zeitschrift für Elektroenzephalografie und Elektromyografie und Verwandte Gebiete 1991; 22: 10–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamill R. W., Woolf P. D., McDonald J. V., Lee L. A., Kelly M. Cate-cholamines predict outcome in traumatic brain injury. Annals of Neurology 1987; 21: 438–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf P. D., Cox C., Kelly M., Nichols D., McDonald J. V., Hamill R. W. The adrenocortical response to brain injury: correlation with the severity of neurologic dysfunction, effects of intoxication, and patient outcome. Alcoholism. Clinical and Experimental Research 1990; 14: 917–921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf P. D., Hamill R. W., Lee L. A., Cox C., McDonald J. V. The predictive value of catecholamines in assessing outcome in traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1987; 66: 875–882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams J. H., Graham D. I., Gennarelli T. A. Head injury in man and experimental animals: neuropathology. Acta Neurochirurgia Suppl. Wien 1983; 32: 15–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adams J. H., Graham D. I., Gennarelli T. A., Maxwell W. L. Diffuse axonal injury in non-missile head injury [editorial]. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry 1991; 54: 481–483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennarelli T. A., Spielman G. M., Langfitt T. W., et al. Influence of the type of intracranial lesion on outcome from severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1982; 56: 26–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennarelli T. A., Thibault L. E., Adams J. H., Graham D. I., Thompson C. J., Marcincin R. P. Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Annals of Neurology 1982; 12: 564–574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotapka M. J., Gennarelli T. A., Graham D. I., et al. Selective vulnerability of hippocampal neurons in acceleration-induced experimental head injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 1991; 8: 247–258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadley D. M., Teasdale G. M. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine. Journal of Neurology 1988; 235: 193–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale G., Teasdale E., Hadley D. Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging classification of head injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 1992; 9(Suppl. 1)S249–S257
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goncalves J. M., Vaz R., Cerejo A., et al. HM-PAO spect in head trauma. Acta Neurochirurgia Suppl. Wien 1992; 55: 11–13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Condon B. R. Multi-modality image combination: five techniques for simultaneous MR-SPECT display. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics 1991; 15: 311–318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell B. J. Slow-to-recover patients: rationale for treatment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1991; 34: 1017–1022
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shin D. Y., Ehrenberg B., Whyte J., Bach J., DeLisa J. A. Evoked potential assessment: utility in prognosis of chronic head injury. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation 1989; 70: 189–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar