5,418
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Muddy waters?: Reassessing the dimensions of the normalisation thesis in twenty-first century Britain

Pages 190-201 | Received 23 Jun 2015, Accepted 24 Jan 2016, Published online: 30 Mar 2016

References

  • Abdulrahim, D., Bowden-Jones, O. (2015). Guidance on the management of acute and chronic harms of club drugs and novel psychoactive substances. London: Novel Psychoactive Treatment UK Network (NEPTUNE)
  • ACPO. (2012). UK National Problem Profile Commercial Cultivation of Cannabis 2012. London: ACPO
  • Aldridge, J. (2008). Decline but no fall? New millennium trends in young people’s use of illegal and illicit drugs in Britain. Health Education, 108, 189–206
  • Aldridge, J., Decary-Hetu, D. (2014). Not an ‘Ebay for Drugs': The cryptomarket ‘Silk Road' as a paradigm shifting criminal innovation, social science research network. Retrieved from: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=2436643. Accessed 15th May 2015
  • Aldridge, J., Measham, F., & Williams, L. (2011). Illegal leisure revisited: Changing patterns of alcohol and drug use in adolescents and young adults. London: Routledge
  • Aldridge, J., Parker, H.J., & Measham, F. (1999). Drug trying and drug use across adolescence: A longitudinal study of young people's drug taking in two regions of Northern England. London: Drugs Prevention Advisory Service
  • Askew, R. (2013). Negotiating the criminality and deviance associated with illicit substance use: A discourse analysis of interviews with adult recreational drug users. Unpublished thesis, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
  • Bealum, N. (2015). Durham has ‘decriminalised’ cannabis. About time too. The Guardian. 2nd July 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/24/durham-decriminalised-cannabis-california-colorado-legalisation. Accessed 25th November 2015
  • Cheung, N.W., & Cheung, Y.W. (2006). Is Hong Kong experiencing normalization of adolescent drug use?: Some reflections on the normalization thesis. Substance Use and Misuse, 41, 1967–1990
  • Coomber, R., Moyle, L., & South, N. (2015). The normalisation of social supply: The social supply of drugs as the “other side” of the history of normalisation. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy. [Epub ahead of print]. DOI: 10.3109/09687637.2015.1110565
  • Daly, M. (2009). Commercial breakdown, Druglink, September/October, 4–7
  • Dhani, A. (2014). Seizures of drugs in England and Wales, 2013/2014. London: Home Office
  • Duff, C. (2005). Party drugs and party people: Examining the ‘normalization’ of recreational drug use in Melbourne, Australia. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16, 161–170
  • Duff, C. (2003). Drugs and youth cultures: Is Australia experiencing the normalization’ of adolescent drug use? Journal of Youth Studies, 6, 433–446
  • EMCDDA-Europol. (2014). EMCDDA–Europol 2013 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. Lisbon: EMCDDA
  • Di Forti, M., Marconi, A., Carra, E., Fraietta, S., Trotta, A., Bonomo, M. … Murray, R.M. (2015). Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: A case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry. Retrieved from: http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/pdfs/14TLP0454_Di%20Forti.pdf Accessed 18th May 2015
  • Gallup. (2011). Youth attitudes on drugs: Analytical report, flash eurobarometer 330. Brussels: European Commission
  • Goddard, E., Higgins, V. (1999). Smoking, drinking and drug use among young teenagers in 1998: Volume 1. London: HM Stationery Office
  • Goffman E. (1963). Stigma. London: Penguin
  • HSCIC. (2013). Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 2013. London: HSCIC
  • HSCIC. (2014). Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 2014. London: HSCIC
  • Hammersley, R., Marsland, L., & Reid, M. (2003). Substance use by young offenders: The impact of the normalisation of drug use in the early years of the 21st century. London: Home Office
  • Hammond, D., Fong, G.T., Zanna, M.P., Thrasher, J.F., & Borland, R. (2006). Tobacco denormalization and industry beliefs among smokers from four countries. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 31, 225–232
  • Hathaway, A., Comeau, N.C., & Erickson, P.G. (2011). Cannabis normalization and stigma: Contemporary practices of moral regulation. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 11, 451–469
  • Home Office. (2015). Drug driving. Retrieved from: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/drug-driving#table-of-drugs-and-limits. Accessed 20th May 2015
  • Home Office. (2013). Drug misuse: Findings from the 2012/13/ crime survey for England and Wales. London: Home Office
  • Home Office. (2014). Drug misuse declared: Findings from the 2013/14 crime survey for England and Wales. London: Home Office
  • Home Office and London Drugs Policy Forum. (2002). Safer clubbing: Guidance for licensing authorities, club managers and promoters. London: Home Office and London Drugs Policy Forum
  • Jarvinen, M., & Demant, J. (2011). The normalization of cannabis use young people – symbolic boundary work in focus groups. Health, Risk and Society, 13, 2
  • Johnston, L.D., O'Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., & Schulenberg, J.E. (2013). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2012. Volume II: College students and adults ages 19–50. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan
  • Lader, D. (2015). Drug misuse: Findings from the 2014/15 crime survey for England and Wales (Second Edition). London: Home Office
  • MacDonald, R., & Marsh, J. (2002). Crossing the Rubicon: Youth transitions, poverty, drugs and social exclusion. International Journal of Drug Policy, 13, 27–38
  • Macleod, J., Robertson, R., Copeland, L., McKenzie, J., Elton, R., & Reid, P. (2015). Cannabis, tobacco smoking and lung function: A cross-sectional observational study in a general practice population. British Journal of General Practice. DOI: 10.3399/bjgp15X683521
  • Manning, P. (2007). Drugs and popular culture: Drugs, media and identity in contemporary society. Cullumpton, Devon: Willan
  • Martin, J. (2014). Drugs on the Dark Net: How cryptomarkets are transforming the global trade in illicit drugs. London: Palgrave
  • Measham, F. (2008). The turning tides of intoxication: Young people’s drinking in Britain in the 2000s. Health Education, 108, 207–222
  • Measham, F. (2004). The decline of ecstasy, the rise of “binge” drinking and the persistence of pleasure. Probation Journal Special Edition: Rethinking Drugs and Crime, 51, 309–326
  • Measham, F., Williams, L., & Aldridge, J. (2011). ‘Marriage, mortgage, motherhood: What longitudinal studies can tell us about gender, drug ‘careers’ and the normalization of adult ‘recreational’ drug use’. International Journal of Drug Policy, 22, 420–427
  • Measham, F., & Shiner, M. (2009). The legacy of ‘normalisation’: The role of classical and contemporary criminological theory in understanding young people’s drug use. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20, 502–508
  • Measham, F., Aldridge, J., & Parker, H. (2001). Dancing on drugs: Risk, health and hedonism in the British club scene. London: Free Association Books
  • Measham, F., Newcombe, R., & Parker, H. (1994). The normalisation of recreational drug use amongst young people in north-west England. British Journal of Sociology, 45, 287–312
  • Morgan, C., & Curran, H. (2008). Effects of cannabidiol on schizophrenia-like symptoms in people who use cannabis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 306–307
  • Moyle, L. (2013). An exploration of how the social supply and user-dealer supply of illicit drugs differs to conventional notions of drug dealing and consideration of the consequences of this for sentencing policy. Unpublished thesis, Plymouth University
  • Moyle, L., Coomber, R., & Lowther, J. (2013). Crushing a walnut with a sledge hammer? Analysing the penal response to the social supply of illicit drugs. Social and Legal Studies, 22, 553–573
  • Notley, C. (2005). Four groups of illicit substance users amongst the adult ‘hidden’ non-problematic community. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 12, 279–290
  • Nutt, D. (2009). Estimating drug harms: A risky business? Eve Saville Lecture 2009, Briefing 10. London: Centre for Crime and Justice Studies
  • ONS. (2014). Adult Smoking Habits in Great Britain, 2013. London: ONS
  • ONS. (2014a). UK Trade in Goods by Classification of Product by Activity CPA (08), Quarter 3 2014. London: ONS
  • Osborne, G., Fogel, C. (2008). Understanding the motivations for recreational marijuana use among adult Canadians. Substance Use and Misuse, 43, 539–572
  • Parker, H. (2005). Normalization as a barometer: Recreational drug use and the consumption of leisure by younger Britons. Addiction, Research and Theory, 13, 205–210
  • Parker, H., Aldridge, J., & Measham, F. (1998). Illegal leisure: The normalization of recreational drug use. London: Routledge
  • Parker, H., Williams, L., & Aldridge, J. (2002). The normalization of ‘sensible’ recreational drug use: Further evidence from the North West England Longitudinal Study. Sociology, 36, 941–964
  • Parker, H., Measham, F., & Aldridge, J. (1995). Drugs futures: Changing patterns of drug use amongst English youth. London: Institute for the Study of Drug Dependency
  • Pearson, G. (1987). The new heroin users. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
  • Pearson, G. (2001). Normal drug use: Ethnographic fieldwork among an adult network of recreational drug users in inner London. Substance Use and Misuse, 36, 167–200
  • Pennay, A., & Moore, D. (2010). Exploring the micro-politics of normalisation: Narratives of pleasure, self-control and desire in a sample of young Australian “party drug” users. Addiction Research and Theory, 18, 557–571
  • Potter, G.R. (2009). Exploring retail-level drug distribution: Social supply, “real” dealers and the user/dealer interface. In Demetrovics, Z., Fountain, J., Kraus L. (Eds.). Old and new policies, theories, research methods and drug users across Europe. Lengerich, Germany: Pabst Science Publishers
  • Ralphs, R. (2013). Bop ‘til you drop, Druglink, November/December, 16–17
  • Redhead, S. (Ed.). (1993). Rave off: Politics and deviance in contemporary youth culture (Vol. 1). Aldershot: Avebury
  • Rodner-Sznitman, S. (2008). Drug normalization and the case of Sweden, contemporary drug problems. June-September, 35, 447–480
  • Sandberg, S. (2012). Is cannabis use normalized, celebrated or neutralized? Analysing talk as action. Addiction Research and Theory, 20, 372–381
  • Sharp, C., Baker, P., Goulden, C., Ramsay, M., & Sondhi, A. (2001). Drug misuse declared in 2000: Key results from the British crime survey. London: Home Office
  • Shildrick. T. (2002). Young people, illicit drug use and the question of normalization. Journal of Youth Studies, 5, 35–48
  • Shiner, M. (2009). Drug use and social change: The distortion of history. London: Palgrave
  • Shiner, M., & Newburn, T. (1997). Definitely, maybe not: The normalisation of recreational drug use amongst young people. Sociology, 31, 1–19
  • Shiner, M., & Newburn, T. (1999). Taking tea with Noel: The place and meaning of drug use in everyday life. In South N. (Ed.). Drugs, controls and everyday life. London: Sage
  • Silverman, J. (2010). Addicted to distortion: The media and UK drugs policy. Safer Communities, 9, 26–31
  • Smith, K., & Flatley, J. (2011). Drug misuse declared: Findings from the 2010/11 British crime survey. London: Home Office
  • Stratford, N. (2005). The measurement of changing public attitudes towards illegal drugs in Britain, ESRC Full Research Report. Swindon: ESRC
  • TNS Political and Social. (2014). Young people and drugs, Flash Eurobarometer 401. Brussels: European Commission
  • The New Psychoactive Substances Review. (2014). Report of the expert panel. London: Home Office
  • UNODC. (2013). World drug report 2013. New York: United Nations
  • Van Hout, M.C., Bingham, T. (2013). ‘Surfing the Silk Road’: A study of users’ experiences. International Journal of Drug Policy, 24, 524–529
  • Williams, L. (2013). Changing lives, changing drug journeys: Drug taking decisions from adolescence to adulthood. Abingdon: Routledge
  • Williams, L., & Askew, R. (forthcoming) Maturing on a high: An analysis of trends, prevalence and patterns of recreational drug use in middle and older adulthood. In Kolind, T., Thom, B., Hunt, G. (Eds). The SAGE handbook of drug and alcohol studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Williams, L., & Parker, H. (2001). Alcohol, cannabis, ecstasy and cocaine: Drugs of reasoned choice amongst young adult recreational drug users in England. International Journal of Drug Policy, 12, 397–413
  • Winick, C. (1962). Maturing out of narcotic addiction. Bulletin on Narcotics, 14, 1–7
  • Wolff, K., & Johnston, A. (2014). Cannabis use: A perspective in relation to the proposed UK drug driving legislation. Drug Testing Analysis, 6, 143–154
  • Wolfensberger, W. (1972). Normalisation. Toronto: Institute for Mental Retardation

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.