Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychiatry: A Review

References

• Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, Appel S, Wilkey S, Van Rompay M, Kessler RC: Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA 1998; 280:1569–1575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulla J. Singer AJ: Use of Alternative therapies among emer-gency department patients. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 35:226–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astin JA: Why patients use alternative medicine: results of a national study. JAMA 1998; 279:1548–1553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B: Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation 1993; 88(2):523–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, Pera A, Boschi S, Miglioli M: Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn's disease. N Eng J Med 1996; 334(24):1557–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremer JM, Lawrence DA, Petrillo OF, Litts LL, Mullaly PM, Rynes RI, Stocker RP, Parhami N, Greenstein NS, Fuchs BR: Effects of high dose fish oil on rheumatoid arthritis after stopping nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38(8):1107–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broughton KS, Johnson CS, Pace BK, Liebman M, Klep-pinger KM: Reduced asthma symptoms with n-3 fatty acid ingestion are related to 5-series leukotriene production. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65(4):1011–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siscovick DS, Raghunathun TE, King I, Weinmann S, Wicklund KG, Albright J, Bovbjerg V. Arbogast P, Smith H, Rushi LH: Dietary intake and cell membrane levels and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. JAMA 1996; 275(11):836–7
   Google Scholar
• Gartside PS, Wang P, Glueck CJ: Prospective assessment of coronary heart disease risk factors: the NHANES I epidemio-logic follow-up study (NHEFS) 16-year follow-up. J Am Coll Nutr 1998; 17:263–269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremoli E, Maderna P, Marangoni F, Colli S, Eligini S, Cata-lano I, Angeli MT, Pazzucconi F, Gianfranceschi G, Davi G: Prolonged inhibition of platelet aggregation after n-3 fatty acid ethyl ester ingestion by healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61(3):607–13
   Google Scholar
• Ambrosone CB, Freudenheim JL, Sinha R, Graham S, Mar-shall JR, Vena JE, Laughlin R, Nemoto T, Shields PG: Breast cancer risk, meat consumption and N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) genetic polymorphisms. Int J Cancer 1998; 16:825–830
   Google Scholar
• Veierod MB, Laake P, Thelle DS: Dietary fat intake and risk of lung cancer: a prospective study of 51,452 Norwegian men and women. Eur J Cancer Prey 1997; 6:540–549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman RT, Johnson SB, Ogburn PL: Deficiency of essential fatty acids and membrane fluidity during pregnancy and lacta-tion. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1991; 88:4835–4839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbeln JR: Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet 1998; 351:1213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peet M, Murphy B, Shay J, Horrobin D: Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43:315–319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes M, Smith R, Christophe A, Cosyns P, Desnyder R, Meltzer H: Fatty acid composition in major depression: de-creased omega-3 fractions idn cholesteryl esters and increased C20:4 omega 6/C20:5 omega 3 ratio in cholesteryl esters and phospholipids. J Affect Disord 1996; 38:35–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams PB, Lawson S, Sanigorski A, Sinclair AJ: Arachadonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ration in blood correlates posi-tively with clinical symptoms of depression. Lipids 1996; 31 suppl:S157–S161
   Google Scholar
• Edwards R, Peet M, Shay J, Horrobin D: Omega-3 polyunsat-urated fatty acids in the diet and in the red blood cell mem-branes of depressed patients. J Affect Disord 1998; 48:149–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbeln JR, Linnoila M, Umhau JC, Rawlings R, George DT, Salem N Jr: Essential fatty acids predict metabolites of serotonin and dopamine in cerebrospinal fluid among healthy control subjects, and early- and late-onset alcoholics. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44:235–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbeln JR, Umhau JC, Linnoila M, George DT, Ragan PW, Shoaf SE, Vaughan MR, Rawlings R, Salem N Jr: A replica-tion study of violent and nonviolent subjects: cerebrospinal fluid metabolites of serotonin and dopamine are predicted by plasma essential fatty acids. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44:243–249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes M, Stevens WJ, Declerck LS, Bridts CH, Peeters D, Schotte C, Cosyns P: Significantly increased expression of T-cell activation markers (interleukin-2 and HLA-DR) in de-pression: further evidence for an inflammatory process during that illness. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1993; 17:241–255
   Google Scholar
• Maes M, Meltzer H, Jacobs J, Suy E, Calabrese J, Minner B, Raus J: Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993; 87:160–166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RS: The macrophage theory of depression. Med Hypotheses 1991; 35:298–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes M, Bosmans E, Calabrese J, Smith R, Meltzer HY: Interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 in schizophrenia and mania: effects of neuroleptics and mood stabilizers. J Psychiatr Res 1995; 29:141–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes M, Delange J, Ranjan R, Meltzer HY, Desnyder R, Cooremans W, Scharpe S: Acute phase proteins in schizophre-nia, mania, and major depression: modulation by psychotropic drugs. Psychiatry Res 1997; 66:1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song C, Lin A, Bonaccorso S, Heide C, Verkerk R, Kenis G, Bosmans E, Sharpe S, Whelan A, Cosyns P, de Jongh R, Maes M: The inflammatory response system and the availabil-ity of plasma tryptophan in patients with primary sleep disor-ders and major depression. J Affect Disord 1998; 49:211–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes M, Verkerk R, Vandoolaeghe E, Van Hunsel F, NeeIs H, Wauters A, Demedts P. Scharpe S: Serotonin-immune interactions in major depression: lower serum tryptophan as a marker of an immune-inflammatory response. Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 1997; 247:154–161
   Google Scholar
• Meydani SN: Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cytokine production and their biologic function. Nutrition 1996; 12:S8–S14
   Google Scholar
• Endres S: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and human cytokine synthesis. Lipids 1996; 31:S329–S242
   Google Scholar
• Calder PC: N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cytokine pro-duction in health and disease. Ann Nutr Metab 1997; 41: 203–234
   Google Scholar
• Khalfoun B, Thibault F, Watier H, Bardos P, Lebranchu Y: Docosahexanoic and eicosapentaenoic acids inhibit in vitro human endothelial cell production of interleukin-6. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 400B:589–597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita N, Maruyama M, Yamazaki K, Harnazaki T, Yano S: Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on natural killer cell activity in human peripheral blood lympho-cytes. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1991; 59:335–345
   Google Scholar
• Stoll AL: Mood Stabilizers: Shared mechanisms of action at post-synaptic processes. ACNP Abstracts of Annual Meet-ing, 1995
   Google Scholar
• Kelly VE, Ferretti A, Izui S: A fish oil diet rich in eicosapenta-noic acid reduces cyclooxygenase metabolites, and suppresses lupus in MPL-1pr mice. J Immunol. 1985134:1914-1919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie CA, Gonnerman WA, Ullman MD: Dietary fish oil modulates macrophage fatty acids and decreases susceptibility in mice. J Exp Med. 1985; 162:1336–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsella JE: Lipids, membrane receptors, and enzymes: Ef-fects of dietary fatty acids. J Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 1990; 14:200s–217s
   Google Scholar
• Stoll AL, Severus E, Freeman MP, Rueter S, Zboyan HA, Diamond E, Cress KK, Marangell LB: Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:407–412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen 0, Christensen E: Fat consumption and schizo-phrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 78:587–591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peet M, Laugharne J, Rangarajan N, Horrobin D, Reynolds G: Depleted red cell membrane essential fatty acids in drug-treated schizophrenic patients. I Psychiatr Res 1995; 29: 227–232
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peet M, Laugharne JDE, Mellor J, Ramchand CN: Essential fatty acid deficiency in erythrocyte membranes from chronic schizophrenic patients, and the clinical effects of dietary sup-plementation. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 1996,55; 71–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peet M, Laugharne JDE, Mellor J, Ramchand CN: Essential fatty acid deficiency in erythrocyte membranes from chronic schizophrenic patients, and the clinical effects of dietary sup-plementation. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 1996,55; 71–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolkin A, Jordan B, Peselow E, Rubinstein M, Retrosen J: Essential fatty acid supplementation in tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatr 1986; 143:912–914
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaddadi KS, Courtney P, Gilleard CJ, Manku MS, Horrobin DF: A double-blind trial of essential fatty acid supplementa-tion in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Psychiatr Res 1989; 27:313–323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glen AT, Glen EM, Horrobin DF, Vaddadi KS, Spellman M, Morse-Fisher N, Ellis K, Skinner FS: A red cell membrane abnormality in a subgroup of schizophrenic patients: evidence for two diseases. Schizophr Res 1994; 12:53–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes M, Bosmans E, Calabrese J, Smith R, Meltzer HY: Interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 in schizophrenia and mania: effects of neuroleptics and mood stabilizers. J Psychiatr Res 1995; 29:141–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes M, Delange J, Ranjan R, Meltzer HY, Desnyder R, Cooremans W, Scharpe S: Acute phase proteins in schizophre-nia, mania, and major depression: modulation by psychotropic drugs. Psychiatry Res 1997; 66:1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes M, Bosmans E, Ranjan R, Vandoolaeghe E, Meltzer HY, De Ley M, Berghmans R, Stans G, Desnyder R: Lower plasma CC16, a natural anti-inflammatory protein, and in-creased plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in schizo-phrenia: effects of antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Res 1996; 21:39–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meydani SN: Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cytokine production and their biologic function. Nutrition 1996; 12:S8–S14
   Google Scholar
• Endres S: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and human cytokine synthesis. Lipids 1996; 31:S329–S242
   Google Scholar
• Calder PC: N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cytokine pro-duction in health and disease. Ann Nutr Metab 1997; 41:203–234
   Google Scholar
• Khalfoun B, Thibault F, Watier H, Bardos P, Lebranchu Y: Docosahexanoic and eicosapentaenoic acids inhibit in vitro human endothelial cell production of interleukin-6. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 400B:589–597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita N, Maruyama M, Yamazaki K, Hamazaki T, Yano S: Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on natural killer cell activity in human peripheral blood lympho-cytes. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1991; 59:335–345
   Google Scholar
• Yao JK, van Kammen DP, Welker JA: Red blood cell mem-brane dynamics in schizophrenia. II. Fatty acid composition. Schizophr Res 1994; 13:217–226
   Google Scholar
• Puri BK, Steiner R, Richardson AJ: Sustained Remission of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia following treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:188–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad MR, Lovell MA, Yatin M, H Dhillon, Markesbery WR: Regional membrane phospholipid altercations in Alzhei-mer's disease. Neurochem Research 1998; 23:81–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan FM, Horrobin DF, Skinner ER, Besson JAO, Cooper MB: Abnormal content of n-6 and n-3 long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in the phosphoglycerides and choles-terol esters of parahippocampal cortex from Alzheimer's dis-ease patients and its relationship to acetyl CoA content. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1998; 30:197–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmijn S, Launer LJ, Ott A, Witteman IC, Hofman A, Bret-eler MM: Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam study. Ann Neurol 1997; 42:776–782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peers RJ: Alzheimer's disease and omega-3 fatty acids: hy-pothesis. Med J Australia 1990; 153:563–564
   Google Scholar
• Otto SJ, Van Houwelingen AC, Antal M, Manninen A, God-frey K, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Hornstra 0: Maternal and neonatal essential fatty acid status in phospholipids: an international comparative study. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51:232–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornstra G, Al DM, Van Houwelingen AC, Foreman-van Drongelen M: Essential fatty acids in pregnancy and early human development. Eur J Obstet Gyn Reprod Biol 1995; 61:57–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbeln JR: Privileged communication
   Google Scholar
• Hibbeln JR: Polyunsaturated fatty acids in depression and related conditions. In: Peet M, Glen I, Horrobin DF, eds. Phospholipid Spectrum Disorders in Psychiatry. Lancashire, England: Marius Press; 1999:202
   Google Scholar
• Araya J. Rojas M, Fernandez P, Matenluna A: Essential fatty acid content of maternal erythrocyte phospholipids. A study in pertern and full-term human newborns. Rev Med Chil 1998; 126:391–396
   Google Scholar
• Olsen SF, Sorensen JD, Secher NJ, Hedegaard M, Henriksen TB, Hansen HS, Grant A: Randomised controlled trial of effect of fish oil supplementation on pregnancy duration. Lan-cet 1992; 339:1003–1004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams MA, Zingham RW, King IB, Zebelman AM: Omega-3 fatty acids in maternal erythrocytes and risk of pre-eclampsia. Epidemiology 1995; 6:232–237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petridou E, Koussouri M, Toupadaki N. Youroukos S, Papa-vassiliou A, Pantelakis S, Olsen J, Trichopoulos D: Diet during pregnancy and the risk of cerebral palsy. Br J Nutr 1998; 79:407–412
   Google Scholar
• Nettleton JA: Are n-3 fatty acids essential nutrients for fetal and infant development? J Am Diet Assoc 1993; 93: 58–64
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman DR, Uauy R: Essentiality of dietary n-3 fatty acids for premature infants: plasma and red blood cell fatty acid composition. Lipids 1992; 27:886–895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foreman-Van Drongelen M, Van Houwelingen AC, Kester ADM, Blanco CE, Hasaart THM, Hornstra G: Influence of feeding artificial-formula milks containing docohexaenoic and arachidonic acids on the postnatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status of healthy preterm infants. Br J Nutr 1996; 76:649–667
   Google Scholar
• Harris WS, Connor WE, Linsey S: Will dietary omega-3 fatty acids change the composition of breast milk? Am J Nutr 1984; 40:780–785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harker LA, Kelly AB, Hanson SR, Krupski W, Bass A, Ost-erud B, Fitzgerald GA, Goodnight SC, Connor WE. Interrup-tion of vascular thrombus formation and vascular lesion for-mation by dietary omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil in nonhuman primates. Circulation 1993; 87:1017–29
   Google Scholar
• Nordoy A, Hatcher L, Goodnight S, Fitzgerald DA, Conner WE. Effects of dietary fat content, saturated fatty acids, and fish oil on eicosanoid production and hemostatic parameters in normal men. J Lab Clin Med 1994; 123:914–20
   Google Scholar
• Thorngren M, Shafi S, Born GVR. Delay in primary hemosta-sis produced by a fish diet without change in local thrombox-ane A2. Br J Haematology 1984; 58:567–578
   Google Scholar
• Mergler D, Belanger S, Larribe F, Panisset M, Bowler R, Baldwin M, Lebel J, Hudnell K: Preliminary evidence of neu-rotoxicity associated with eating fish from the upper St. Law-rence River Lakes. Neurotoxicology 1998; 19:691–702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson HA, Falk C, Hanrahan L, Olson J, Burse VW, Needham L, Paschal D, Patterson D Jr, Hill RH Jr.: Profiles of Great Lakes critical pollutants: a sentinal analysis of human blood and urine. The Great Lakes Consortium. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106:279–89
   Google Scholar