Comorbid Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Patients with Generalized Anxiety and Major Depression

References

• Thompson WG, Heaton KW: Functional bowel dis-ease in apparently healthy people. Gastroenterology 79:283–288, 1980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsner JB, Palmer WL: The irritable colon. Gastro-enterology 34:491–501, 1958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson A, Sircus W, Eastwood MA: Frequency of "functional" gastrointestinal disorder. Lancet 2:613–614, 1977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielding JF: A year in out-patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. Jr J Med Sci 146:162–166, 1977
   Google Scholar
• Switz DM: What the gastroenterologist does all day. Gastroenterology 70:1048–1050, 1976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendeloff Al: Epidemiology of the irritable bowel syn-drome. Pract Gastroenterol 3:12–18, 1979
   Google Scholar
• Latimer PR: Irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosomat-ics 24:205–218, 1983
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young SJ, Alpers DH, Norland CC, et al: Psychiatric illness and the irritable bowel syndrome: Practical complications for the primary physician. Gastroen-terology 70:162–166, 1976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liss JL, Alpers DH, Woodruff RA: The irritable colon syndrome and psychiatric illness. Dis Nerv Syst 34:151–157, 1973
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Consensus Conference for the Revision of the Anxiety Disorders Section of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. Rye, New York, October 5, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Sta-tistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. rev. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, William JBW, Gibbon M: Structured Clin-ical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID, 7/1/85 Revision). Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton M: The assessment of anxiety states by rat-ing. Br J Med Psychol 32:50–55, 1959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskin A, Schulterbrandt J, Reitig N, et al: Replication of factors of psychopathology in interview, ward be-havior, and self-report ratings of hospitalized de-pressed patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 22:87–98, 1969
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton MA: Rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosur Psychiatry 23:56–62, 1960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unruly guts. Editorial. Lancet i:960-961, 1972
   Google Scholar
• Richter JR: Psychological comparison of patients with nutcracker esophagus and irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Disord 31:131–138, 1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhary NA, Truelove SC: The irritable colon syn-drome. Q J Med 31:307–322, 1962
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lancaster-Smith MJ, Prout BJ, Pinto T, Anderson JA, Schiff AA: Influence of drug tratment on the irritable bowel syndrome and its interaction with psychoneu-rotic morbidity. Acta Psychiatr Scand 66:33–41, 1982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford MJ, Miller PM, Eastwood J, et al: Life events, psychiatric illness, and the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 28:160–165, 1987
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salim AS: The hypothalamus and gastric mucosal in-juries: Origin of stress-induced injury? J Psychiatr Res 22:35–42, 1988
   Google Scholar
• Ferri GL, Adrian TE, Scimero L, et al: Regulatory pep-tide distribution in separated layers of the human je-junum. Digestion 37:15–21, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Coillis RA, Quest JA, Pagnant FD, et al: Control cen-ters in the central nervous system for regulating gas-trointestinal motility. In Handbook of Physiology. New York, Oxford University Press, in press
   Google Scholar
• Snape WJ, Carlson GM, Matarazzo SA, et al: Evidence that abnormal myoelectric activity produces colonic motor dysfunction in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 72:383–387, 1977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell AM, Jones FA, Rowlands EN: Motility of the pelvic colon, Part IV, Abdominal pain associated with colonic hyperactivity after meals. Gut 6:105–112, 1965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiman EM, Raichle ME, Robins E, et al: The appli-cation of positron emission tomography to the study of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 143:469–477, 1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson THE: Peripheral, autonomic regulation of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in brain: Pu-tative implications for psychiatry and psychophar-macology. Psychopharmacology 92:1–5, 1987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker EA, Roy-Byrne P, Katon WJ: Irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric illness. Am J Psychiatry 147:565–572, 1990
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindner AD (ed): Emotional Factors in Gastrointes-tinal Illness. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1973
   Google Scholar
• McKegney FP: Psychiatric syndromes associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Clin Gastroenterol 6:675–88, 1977
   Google Scholar
• Schwab JJ, Brown JM, Holzer CE: Depression in med-ical patients with gastrointestinal diseases. Am J Gas-troenterol 49:146–52, 1968
   Google Scholar
• Wender PH, Ka1m M: Prevalence of attention deficit disorder, residual type, and other psychiatric disor-ders in patients with irritable colon syndromes. Am J Psychiatry 140:1579–1582, 1983
   Google Scholar
• Latimer PR, Sarna SK, Campbell D, et al: Colonic mo-tor and myoelectrical activity. A comparative study of normal subjects, psychoneurotic patients, and pa-tients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Gastro-enterology 80:893–901, 1981
   Google Scholar
• Fava GA, Pavan L: Large bowel disorders: II: psycho-pathology and alexithymia. Psychother Psychosom 27:100–105, 1976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab JJ, Brown JM, Holzer CE: Depression in med-ical patients with gastrointestinal diseases. Am J Gas-troenterol 49:146–52, 1968
   Google Scholar
• McKegney FP: Psychiatric syndromes associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Clin Gastroenterol 6:675–88, 1977
   Google Scholar
• Magni G, diMario F, Bernasconi G, and Mastropaolo G: DSM-III diagnoses associated with dyspepsia of unknown cause. Am J. Psychiatry 144:1222–1223, 1987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clouse RE, Tustman PJ: Psychiatric illness and con-traction abnormalities of the esophagus. N Engl J Med 309:1337–1342, 1983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson WC, Sullivan SN, Corke M, et al: Globus and headache: Common symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome. Can Med Assoc J 118:387–388, 1978
   Google Scholar
• Lotus F, Heerlein A: Content category analysis of af-fective expression in irritable bowel, duodenal ulcer, and anxiety disorder patients. Psychopathology 19:309–316, 1986
   Google Scholar
• Lydiard RB, Garcia MT, Howell EF, Ballenger JC: Can panic disorder present as irritable bowel syndrome? J Clin Psychiatry 47:470–473, 1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar