Image Cytometry: Current Applications and Future Trends

References

• Koss L. G., Czemiak B., Here F., et al. Flow cytometric measurements of DNA and other cell components in human tumors: a critical appraisal. Hum Pathol 1989; 20: 528–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley R. S. Cellular proliferation markers in the evaluation of human cancer. Clin Lab Med 1992; 12: 163–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz D. C., Peter J. B. DNA ploidy and cell-cycle analysis: tools for assessment of cancer prognosis. J Clin Lab Anal 1991; 5: 422–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellin W. Cytophotometry in tumor pathology. A critical review of methods and applications, and some results of DNA analysis. Pathol Res Pract 1990; 186: 37–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspersson T. Die quantitative Bestimmung von Thymonucleinsaure mittels fuchsinschwefliger Siiure. Biochem Z 1932; 253: 97–117
   Google Scholar
• Caspersson T. Quantitative cytochemical studies on normal, premalignant and atypical cell populations from the uterine cervix. Scand Arch Physiol 1936; 73: 8–45
   Google Scholar
• Feulgen R., Rossenbeck H. Microskopisch-chemischer Nachweis einer Nucleinsaure vom Typus der Thymonucleinsaure und die darauf geruhende elektive Farbung von Zellkemen in mikroskopischen Praparaten. Z Physiol Chemie 1924; 135: 203–8
   Google Scholar
• Koss L. G. Analytical and quantitative cytology: a historical perspective. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1982; 4: 251–56
   Google Scholar
• Koss L. G. High-resolution automated microscopy. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1985; 7: 2–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koss L. G. Automated cytology and histology: a historical perspective. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1987; 9: 369–74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Payne C. M., Bjore C. G., Cromey D. W., et al. A comparative mathematical evaluation of contour irregularity using form factor and PERBAS, a new analytical shape factor. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1989; 11: 341–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baak JPA, Oort J. A manual of morphometry in diagnostic pathology. Springer-Verlag, New York 1983; 2–13
   Google Scholar
• Nafe R. Planimetry in pathology – a method in its own right besides stereology and automatic image analysis. Exp Pathol 1991; 43: 239–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Resta L., Colucci G. A., Troia M., et al. Laryngeal intraepithelial neoplasia (LIN). An analytical morphometric approach. Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188: 517–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitmaker B., Kyzer S., Gegin L. R., et al. The value of nuclear morphometry in the management of patients with colorectal polyps that contain invasive adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol 1992; 51: 42–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio C A, Porwit-McDonald A. A method to quantitate the relative nuclear area of colorectal polyps by image analysis. Anal Quant Cytol Hisiol 1991; 13: 155–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamilton P. W., Wyatt J. I., Quirke P., et al. Morphometry of gastric carcinoma: its association with patient survival, tumour stage and DNA ploidy. J Pathol 1992; 168: 201–08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallari V., Maiorana A., Maiorana M. C., et al. A morphometric comparison of subcellular structures between primary breast tumors and their nodal metastases. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1991; 13: 123–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeBenedictis G., Ricco R., Lettini T., et al. Morphometrical investigation of medulloblastoma nuclei by S.A.M. (Shape Analytical Morphometry) software system. Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188: 576–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robutti F., Betta P. G., Donna A., et al. A morphometrically based classification rule for the diagnosis of primary mesotbelial lesions. J Pathol 1990; 162: 57–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertoni-Freddari C., Fattoretti P., Pieroni M., et al. Enlargement of synaptic size as a compensative reaction in aging and dementia. Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188: 612–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scelsi R. Morphometric analysis of skeletal muscle fibres and capillaries in mitochondrial myopathies. Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188: 607–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEachron D. L., Hess S., Knecht L. B., et al. Image processing for the rest of us: the potential utility of inexpensive computerized image analysis in clinical pathology and radiology. Comput Med Imaging Graph 1989; 13: 3–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis L. R. A microcomputer system for video image analysis and diagnostic microdensitom-etry. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1986; 8: 201–09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castlemen K. R. Spatial and photometric resolution and calibration requirements for cell image analysis instruments. Appl Optics 1987; 26: 3338–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton L. W. Computer-based image analysis of prostate cancer: comments with emphasis on use of commercially available systems. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 280–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wied G. L., Bartles P. H., Bibbo M., et al. Image analysis in quantitative cytopathology and histology. Hum Pathol 1989; 20: 549–71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dytch H. E., Wied G. L. Artificial neural networks and their use in quantitative pathology. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1990; 12: 379–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson A. E., Austin RE, Weinberg D. S. Nuclear grading of breast carcinoma by image analysis: classification by multivariate and neural network analysis. Am J Clin Pathol 1991; 95(Suppl 1)S29–S37
   Google Scholar
• De Meester U., Young I. T., Lindeman J., et al. Towards a quantitative grading of bladder tumors. Cytometry 1991; 12: 602–13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottlieg C., Kini S, Feingold M. Cytomorphometric analysis of small cell neoplasms of the lung from specimens obtained via bronchoscopy. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1992; 14: 41–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bahr G. F., Battels P. H., Dytch H. E., et al. Image analysis and its applications to cytology. Diagnostic cytology and its histopathologic bases, L. G. Koss. J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia 1992; 1572–612
   Google Scholar
• Linder J. The coming era of cytologic automation. Am J Clin Pathol 1991; 96: 293–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson ML, Cassin CM, Ball 3d. The efficacy of an automated preparation device for cervical cytology. Am J Clin Pathol 1991; 96: 300–05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Academy of Cytology Committee on Quantitative Morphology. Data on Automated cytology systems as submitted by their developers. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1991; 13: 300–06
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kisner H. J. Principles and clinical applications of image analysis. Clin Lab Med 1988; 8: 723–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auer G., Askensten U, Ahrens O. Cytophotometry. Hum Pathol 1989; 20: 518–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayall B. H. Current capabilities and clinical applications of image cytometry. Cytometry 1988; 3(suppl)78–84
   Google Scholar
• Askensten U., Moberger B, Auer G. Methodological aspects of cytochemical DNA assessment of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium by means of image and flow cytometry using conventionally formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens. Arch Geschwulstforsch 1990; 60: 209–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chatilain R., Willms A., Auffermann W., et al. Automated Feulgen staining with a temperature-controlled staining machine. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1989; 11: 211–17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ambros R. A. Reproducibility of nuclear morphometric measurements in benign human epithelial cells: simulation of variation in routine processing. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1992; 13: 407–10
   Google Scholar
• Becker RL, Jr, Mikel U. V. Interrelation of formalin fixatin, chromatin compactness and DNA values as measured by flow and image cytometry. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1990; 12: 333–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Leary J, Mikel UV, Becker R. L. Computer-assisted image interpretation: use of a neural network to differentiate tubular carcinoma from sclerosing adenosis. Mod Pathol 1992; 5: 402–05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris H. J., Bahr GF, Mikel U. V. A comparative morphometric and cytophotometric study of intraductal hyperplasia and intraductal carcinoma of the breast. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1988; 10: 1–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fu Y. S., Cheng L., Huang I., et al. DNA ploidy analysis of cervical condyloma and intraepithelial neoplasia in specimens obtained by punch biopsy. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1989; 11: 187–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weber J. E., Bartels P. H., Battels H. G., et al. Discrimination of DNA ploidy pattern by order statistics. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1987; 9: 60–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frost J. K. The cell in health and disease. An evaluation of cellular morphologic expression of biologic behavior. Monogr Clin Cytol 1986; 2: 2–10
   Google Scholar
• Ploem-Zaaijer J. J., Beyer-Boon ME, Leyte-Veldstra L., et al. Cytoflourometric and cytophotometric DNA measurements of cervical smears stained using a new bicolor method. Automation of cancer cytology and cell image analysis, N. J. Pressman, G. L. Wied. Tutorials of Cytology, Chicago 1979; 225–35
   Google Scholar
• Cornelisse C. J., van Driel-Kulker A. M. DNA image cytometry on machine-selected breast cancer cells and a comparison between flow cytometry and scanning cytophotometry. Cytometry 1985; 6: 471–77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee AKC, Dugan J., Hamilton W. M., et al. Quantitative DNA analysis in breast carcinomas: a comparison between image analysis and flow cytometry. Mod Pathol 1991; 4: 178–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghali V. S., Liau S., Teplitz C., et al. A comparative study of DNA ploidy in 115 fresh-frozen breast carcinomas by image analysis vs. flow cytometry. Cancer 1992; 70: 2668–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee AKC, Wiley B., Dugan J. M., et al. Quantitative DNA analysis and proliferation in breast carcinomas. A comparison between image analysis and flow cytometry. Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188: 428–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkmer U. G. Methodologic sources of errors in image and flow cytometric DNA assessments of the malignancy potential of prostatic carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 360–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nativ O., Winkler H. Z., Raz Y., et al. Stage C prostatic adenocarcinoma: flow cytometric nuclear DNA ploidy analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 1989; 64: 911–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallin G., Askensten U., Backdahl M., et al. Cytochemical assessments of the nuclear DNA distribution pattern by means of image and flow cytometry in thyroid neoplasms and in nonneoplastic thyroid lesions. A comparative methodological study. Acta Chir Scand 1989; 155: 251–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fausel R. E., Burleigh W, Kaminsky D. B. DNA quantification in colorectal carcinoma using flow and image analysis cytometry. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1990; 12: 21–27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kowal-Vem A., Walloch J., Chou P., et al. Flow and image cytometric DNA analysis in Ewing's sarcoma. Mod Pathol 1992; 5: 56–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijken A., Dekker A., Taylor S., et al. Diagnostic value of DNA analysis in effusions by flow cytometry and image analysis. A prospective study on 102 patients as compared with cytologic examination. Am J Clin Pathol 1991; 95: 6–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gururangan S., Sorman A., Ball R., et al. DNA quantitation of Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma) using flow cytometry and image analysis. J Clin Pathol 1992; 45: 498–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribotta M., Donna A., Betta P-G, et al. Quantitative analysis of nucleoli and nucleolar organizer regions in cultured primary human normal, reactive and malignant mesothelial cells. Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188: 536–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koss L. G., Wersto R. P., Simmons D. A., et al. Predictive value of DNA measurements in bladder washings. Comparison of flow cytometry, image cytophotometry, and cytology in patients with a past history of urothelial tumors. Cancer 1989; 64: 916–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auer G. U., Caspersson T, Wallgren A. DNA content and survival in mammary carcinoma. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1980; 3: 161–65
   Google Scholar
• Crissman I. D., Visscher DW, Kubus J. Image cytophotometric DNA analysis of atypical hyperplasias and intraductal carcinoma of the breast. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990; 114: 1249–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallis L., Skoog L., Falkmer U., et al. The DNA profile of breast cancer. in situ. Eur J Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 108–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmelpenning H., Eriksson E. T., Pallis L., et al. Immunohistochemical c-erbB-2proto-oncogene expression and nuclear DNA content in human mammary carcinoma. in situ. Am J Clin Pathol 1992; 97(Suppl 1)S48–S52
   Google Scholar
• Auffermann W., Bocking A. Early detection of precancerous lesions in dysplasias of the lung by rapid DNA image cytometry. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1985; 7: 218–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munck-Wikland E., Kuylenstiema R., Lindholm J., et al. Image cytometry DNA analysis of dysplastic squamous epithelial lesions in the larynx. Anticancer Res 1991; 11: 597–600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crissman J. D., Zarbo R. J. Quantitation of DNA ploidy in squamous intraepithelial neoplasia of the laryngeal glottis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991; 117: 182–88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanselaar A. G., Booijs G. P., Mayall B. H., et al. DNA changes in progressive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Anal Cell Pathol 1992; 4: 315–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariuzzi G., Santinelli A., Valli M., et al. Cytometric evidence that cervical intraepithelial neoplasias I and II are dysplasias rather than true neoplasms. An image analysis study of factors involved in the progression of cervical lesions. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1992; 14: 137–47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Camargo R. S., Scafuri A. G., de Tolosa E. M., et al. DNA image cytometric analysis of differentiated thyroid adenocarcinoma specimens. Am J Surg 1992; 164: 640–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashyap V., Kaushik N., Bhambhani S., et al. Supportive role of image analysis and DNA ploidy pattern in the diagnosis of thyroid tumors. Diagn Cytopathol 1992; 8: 228–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint A., Davenport R. D., Lloyd R. V., et al. Cytophotometric measurements of Hurthle cell tumors of the thyroid gland. Correlation with pathologic features and clinical behavior. Cancer 1988; 61: 110–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearzi I., Ranaldi R., Santinelli A., et al. Epithelial dysplasia of the gastric mucosa. A morpho-metric and ploidy pattern study. Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188: 550–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deinlein E., Schmidt H., Riemann J. F., et al. DNA flow cytometric measurements in inflammatory and malignant human gastric lesions. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1983; 402: 185–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Veloso J. D., Solis O. G., Barada J. H., et al. DNA ploidy of oncocytic-granular renal cell carcinomas and renal oncocytomas by image analysis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1992; 116: 154–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• vandenHoute K., Kiss R., de Prez C., et al. Use of computerized cell image analysis to characterize cell nucleus populations from normal and neoplastic renal tissues. Eur Urol 1991; 19: 155–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salmon I., Gasperin P, Pasteels J. L. Relationship between histopathologic typing and morphonuclear assessments of 238 thyroid lesions. Digital cell image analysis performed on Feulgen-stained nuclei from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded materials. Am J Clin Pathol 1992; 97: 776–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simony J., Pujol J. L., Radal M., et al. In situ evaluation of growth fraction determined by monoclonal antibody Ki-67 and ploidy in surgically resected non-small cell lung cancers. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 4382–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coon J. S., Deitch A. D., de Vere, White R. W., et al. Check samples for laboratory self-assessment in DNA flow cytometry. Cancer 1989; 63: 1592–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montironi R., Sisti S., Scarpelli M., et al. Reproducibility of DNA measurements in imprints of thyroid adenoma. Variation sources. Appl Pathol, 7: 171–78
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis R. O., Boyers S. P. The role of digital image analysis in reproductive biology and medicine. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1992; 116: 351–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkin N. B. The clinical usefulness of determining ploidy patterns in human tumors as measured by slide-based Feulgen microspectrophotometry. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1991; 13: 75–79
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shapiro H. M. Flow cytometry of DNA content and other indicators of proliferative activity. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989; 113: 591–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seckinger D., Sugarbaker E, Frankfurt O. DNA content in human cancer: applications in pathology and clinical medicine. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989; 113: 619–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dressier L. G., Bartow S. A. DNA flow cytometry in solid tumors: practical aspects and clinical applications. Semin Diagn Pathol 1989; 6: 55–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seckinger D., Sugarbaker E, Frankfurt O. DNA content in human cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989; 113: 619–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz D. C. Quantitation of estrogen and progesterone receptors by immunocytochemical and image analysis. Am J Clin Pathol 1992; 98: 105–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maudelonde T., Brouillet J. P., Roger P., et al. Immunostaining of cathepsin D in breast cancer: quantification by computerized image analysis and correlation with cytosolic assay. Eur J Cancer. 1992; 28A: 1868–91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A. K., Wiley B., Loda M., et al. DNA ploidy, proliferation, and neu-oncogene protein overexpression in breast carcinoma. Mod Pathol 1992; 5: 61–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czemiak B., Herz F., Wersto R. P., et al. Quantitation of oncogene products by computer-assisted image analysis and flow cytometry. J Histochem Cytochem 1990; 38: 463–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böcking A., Chatelain R., Bisterfeld S., et al. DNA grading of malignancy in breast cancer: prognostic validity, reproducibility and comparison with other classifications. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1989; 11: 73–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stenkvist B., Westman-Naeser S., Vegelius J., et al. Analysis of reproducibility of subjective grading systems for breast carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 1979; 32: 979–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baak JPA. Mitosis counting in tumors. Hum Pathol 1990; 21: 683–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom HJG, Richardson W. W. Histological grading and prognosis in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1957; 11: 359–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies B. W., Geller D., Goldhirsch A., et al. Prognostic significance of tumor grade in clinical trials of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer with axillary lymph node metastases. Cancer 1986; 58: 2662–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeDoussal V., Tubiana-Hulin M., Friedman S., et al. Prognostic value of histologic grade nuclear components of Scarff-Bloom Richardson (SBR). An improved score modification based on a multivariate analysis of 1262 invasive ductal breast carcinomas. Cancer 1989; 64: 1914–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire W. L., Tandon A. K., Allred D. C., et al. Commentaries: how to use prognostic factors in axillary node-negative breast cancer patients. JNCJ 1990; 82: 1006–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacus S. S., Ruby S. G. Application of image analysis to the evaluation of cellular prognostic factors in breast carcinoma. Pathol Annu 1993; 28(Part 1)179–204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dressier L. G., Seamer L., Owens M. A., et al. DNA flow cytometry and prognostic factors in 1331 frozen breast cancer specimens. Cancer 1988; 61: 420–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auer G., Eriksson E., Azavedo E., et al. Prognostic significance of nuclear DNA content in mammary adenocarcinomas in humans. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 394–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire W. L., Dressier L. G. Emerging impact of flow cytometry in predicting recurrence and survival in breast cancer. JNCI 1985; 75: 405–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark G. M., Dressier L. G., Owens M. A., et al. Prediction of relapse or survival in patients with node-negative breast cancer by DNA flow cytometry. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 627–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosari S., Wiley B. D., Hamilton W. M., et al. DNA measurement by image analysis of paraffin-embedded breast carcinoma tissue. A comparative investigation. Am J Clin Pathol 1991; 96: 698–703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mir R., Johnson H., Margolis M., et al. Prognostic significance of DNA measurement determined by image analysis in human breast carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 1992; 50: 168–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewers S-B, Langstrom E., Baldetorp B., et al. Flow cytometric DNA analysis in primary breast carcinomas and'clinicopathologic correlations. Cytometry 1984; 5: 408–19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kallioniemi O-P, Blanco G., Alavaikko M., et al. Improving the prognostic value of DNA flow cytometry in breast cancer by combining DNA index and S-phase fraction. Cancer 1988; 62: 2183–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouzubar N., Walker K. J., Griffiths K., et al. Ki-67 immunostaining in primary breast cancer: pathological and clinical associations. Br J Cancer 1989; 59: 943–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pence J. C., Kizilbash A. M., Kerns B-JM, et al. Proliferation index in various stages of breast cancer determined by Ki-67 immunostaining. J Surg Oncol 1991; 48: 11–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnard N. J., Hall P. A., Lemoine N. R., et al. Proliferative index in breast carcinoma determined in situ by Ki-67 immunostaining and its relationship to clinical and pathological variables. J Pathol 1987; 152: 287–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy J. C., El-Badawy N., DeRose P. B., et al. Comparison of cell proliferation in breast carcinoma using image analysis (Ki-67) and flow cytometric systems. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1992; 14: 304–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baldetorp G., Ferno M., Fallenius A., et al. Image cytometric DNA analysis in human breast cancer analysis may add prognostic information in diploid cases with low S-phase fraction by flow cytometry. Cytometry 1992; 13: 577–85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pertschuk L. P., Kim D. S., Nayer K., et al. Immunocytochemical estrogen and progestin receptor assays in breast cancer with monoclonal antibodies. Cancer 1990; 66: 1663–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Badawy N., Cohen C., Derose P. B., et al. Immunohistochemical progesterone receptor assay. Measurement by image analysis. Am J Clin Pathol 1991; 96: 404–10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pertschuk L. P., Kim D. S., Hayer K., et al. Immunocytochemical estrogen and progestin receptor assays in breast cancer with monoclonal antibodies. Histopathologic, demographic, and biochemical correlations and relationship to endocrine response and survival. Cancer 1990; 66: 1663–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz D. S., Katz R. L., Patel S., et al. Comparison of visual and CAS-200 quantitation of immunocytochemical staining in breast carcinoma samples. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1992; 14: 35–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santeusanio G., Mauriello A., Schiaroli S., et al. Densitometric and morphometric study of immunocytochemical estrogen receptors detection in breast carcinomas. Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188: 478–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandon A. K., Clark G. M., Chamness G. C., et al. Cathepsin D and prognosis in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 297–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spyratos F., Maudelonde T., Brouillet J. P., et al. Cathepsin D: an independent prognostic factor for metastasis of breast cancer. Lancet 1989; 2: 1115–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slamon D. J., Clark G. M., Wong S. G., et al. Human breast cancer correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/rcfu oncogene. Science 1987; 235: 177–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou D., Battifora H., Yokota J., et al. Association of multiple copies of the c-erb-2oncogene with spread of breast cancer. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 6123–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacus S. S., Goldschmidt R., Chin D., et al. Biological grading of breast cancer using antibodies to proliferating cells and other markers. Am J Pathol 1989; 135: 783–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teplitz R. L., Butler B. B., Tesluk H., et al. Quantitative DNA patterns in human preneoplastic breast lesions. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1990; 12: 98–102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Briffod M., Spyratos F., Hacene K., et al. Evaluation of breast carcinoma chemosensitivity by flow cytometric DNA analysis and computer-assisted image analysis. Cytometry 1992; 13: 250–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amberson J. B., Laino J. P. Image cytometric deoxyribonucleic acid analysis of urine specimens as an adjunct to visual cytology in the detection of urothelial cell carcinoma. J Urol 1993; 149: 42–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemstreet GP, 3rd, Rollins S., Jones P., et al. Identification of a high-risk subgroup of grade 1 transitional cell carcinoma using image analysis based on deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy analysis of tumor tissue. J Urol 1991; 146: 1525–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Péel HG, van Caubergh R. D., Boon M. E., et al. Karyometry in recurrent superficial transitional cell tumors of the bladder. Urol Res 1992; 20: 375–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blomjous E. C., Schipper N. W., Baak J. P., et al. The value of morphometry and DNA flow cytometry in addition to classic prognosticators in superficial urinary bladder carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 1989; 91: 243–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipponen P. K., Eskelinen M. J., Jauhiainen K., et al. Prediction of superficial bladder cancer by nuclear image analysis. Eur J Cancer. 1992; 29A: 61–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribukait B. Flow cytometry in assessing the clinical aggressiveness of genito-urinary neoplasms. World J Urol 1987; 5: 108–22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein J. I., Pizov G., Steinberg G. D., et al. Correlation of prostate cancer nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid, size, shape and Gleason grade with pathological stage at radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1991; 148: 87–91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucar E., Haake G., Dalton L., et al. The area of cancer in transurethral resection specimens as a prognostic indicator in carcinoma of the prostate. A computer-assisted morphometric study. Hum Pathol 1990; 21: 586–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallioniemi O. P., Punnonen R., Mattila J., et al. Prognostic significance of DNA index, multiploidy and S-phase fraction in ovarian cancer. Cancer 1988; 61: 334–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlander M. L., Taylor I. W., Russell P., et al. Ploidy as a prognostic factor in ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1983; 2: 55–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlander M. L., Russell P., Taylor I. W., et al. Flow cytometric analysis of cellular DNA content as an adjunct to the diagnosis of ovarian tumors of borderline malignancy. Pathology 1984; 16: 301–06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlander Ml, Hedley D. W., Taylor I. W., et al. Influence of cellular DNA content on survival in advanced ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 397–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volm M., Bruggemann A., Gunther M., et al. Prognostic relevance of ploidy, proliferation and resistance predictive tests. Cancer Res 1985; 45: 5180–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berchuk A., Boente M. P., Kerns B. J., et al. Ploidy analysis of epithelial ovarian cancers using image cytometry. Gynecol Oncol 1992; 44: 61–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolley R. C., Schreiber D., Koss L. G., et al. DNA distribution in human colon carcinomas and its relationship to clinical behavior. JNCI 1982; 69: 15–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frankfun O. S., Arbuck S. G., Chin J. L., et al. Prognostic applications of DNA flow cytometry for human solid tumors. Ann MY Acad Sci 1986; 468: 272–90
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albe X., Vassilakos P., Helfer-Guamori K., et al. Independent prognostic value of ploidy in colorectal cancer. A prospective study using image cytometry. Cancer 1990; 66: 1168–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosari S., Lee A. K., Wiley B. D., et al. DNA quantitation by image analysis of paraffin-embedded colorectal adenocarcinomas and its prognostic value. Mod Pathol 1992; 5: 324–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weeks S. C., Beroukas D., Jarvis L. R., et al. Video image analysis of AgNOR distribution in the normal and adenomatous colorectum. J Pathol 1992; 166: 139–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder J. W., Offerhaus G. J., de Feyter E. P., et al. The relationship of quantitative nuclear morphology to molecular genetic alterations in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of the large bowel. Am J Pathol 1992; 141: 797–804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bibbo M., Michelassi F., Battels P. H., et al. Karyometric marker features in normal-appearing glands adjacent to human colonic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 147–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman P. V., Bint M. H., Hawson GAT, et al. Ploidy as prognostic determinant in surgically treated lung cancer. Lancet 1987; 2: 530–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thunnissen FBJM, Diegenbach P. C., van Hattum A. H., et al. Further evaluation of quantitative nuclear image features for classification of lung carcinomas. Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188: 531–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsimont D., Kiss R., deLaunoit Y., et al. Characterization of the morphonuclear features and DN A ploidy of typical and atypical carcinoids and small cell carcinomas of the lung. Am J Clin Pathol 1990; 94: 378–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W. R., Che D. Y., Bao H. F., et al. An image analysis of pathological changes in pulmonary articles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Tongji Med Univ 1992; 12: 17–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bottger T. C., Gabbert H., Stockle T. C., et al. DNA image cytometry in stomach carcinoma. Its relation to histomorphologic parameters and its influence on prognosis. Cancer 1992; 70: 1819–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haroske G., Kunze KD, Theissig F. Prognostic significance of image cytometry DNA parameters in tissue sections from breast and gastric cancers. Anal Cell Pathol 1991; 3: 11–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameiro F., Moutinho-Riberio M., David L., et al. Signet ring cell carcinoma of the stomach: a morphometric, ultrastructural, and DNA cytometric study. Ultrastruct Pathol 1992; 16: 603–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki O., Soejima K, Haraguchi Y. Intra-tumor DNA ploidy distribution pattern and its relation to histologic type in gastric carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188: 545–549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio C. A., Porwit-McDonald A., Rodensjo M., et al. A method of quantitating Paneth cell metaplasia of the stomach by image analysis. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 1989; 11: 115–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burgio D. L., Jacobs J. R., Maciorowski Z., et al. DNA ploidy of primary and metastatic squamous cell head and neck cancers. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992; 118: 185–87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kearsley J. H., Bruson G., Battistutta D., et al. Prognostic importance of cellular DNA content in head-and-neck squamous-cell cancers. A comparison of retrospective and prospective series. lnt J Cancer 1991; 47: 31–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon I., Kiss R., Franc B., et al. Comparison of morphonuclear features in normal, benign and neoplastic thyroid tissue by digital cell image analysis. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1992; 14: 47–54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montironi R., Santinelli A., Scarpelli M., et al. Cytologic diagnosis of non-oxyphil follicular neoplasias of the thyroid. Multivariate classification procedure based on quantitative nucleolar features. Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188: 504–09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bibbo M., Montag A. G., Lerma-Puertas E., et al. Karyometric marker features in tissue adjacent to invasive cervical carcinomas. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1989; 11: 281–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montag A. G., Bartels P. H., Lerma-Puertas E., et al. Karyometric marker features in tissue adjacent to in situ cervical carcinomas. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1989; 11: 275–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris H. J., Becker RL, Mikel U. V. A comparative morphometric and cytophotometric study of endometrial hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, and endometrial carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1989; 20: 219–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carcangiu M. L., Chambers J. T., Voynick I. M., et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of estrogen and progesterone receptor content in 183 patients with endometrial carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 1990; 94: 247–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosie M. J., Murphy C. R., Rogers P. A., et al. Morphometric comparison of uterine glandular epithelium in the early secretory phase from patients treated with different superovulatory drugs on an in vitro fertilization programme. Acta Anat (Basel) 1991; 142: 174–78
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Banner B. F., Ernstoff M. S., Bahnson RR, et al. Quantitative DNA analysis of small renal cortical neoplasms. Hum Pathol 1991; 22: 247–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banner B. F., Brancazio L., Bahnson R. R., et al. DNA analysis of multiple synchronous renal cell carcinomas. Cancer 1990; 66: 2180–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanigan D. J., McLean P. A., Murphy D. M., et al. Image analysis in the determination of ploidy and prognosis in renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 1992; 22: 228–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caulet S., Lesty C., Raphael M., et al. Comparative quantitative study of Ki-67 antibody staining in 78 B and T cell malignant lymphoma (ML) using two image analyser systems. Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188: 490–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link N. G., Nathwani BN, Preston K, Jr. Subclassification of follicular lymphomas by computerized image processing. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1989; 11: 119–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmann M., Heyn H., Muller-Hermelink H. K., et al. Automated recognition of cell images in high grade malignant lymphoma and reactive follicular hyperplasia. Anal Cell Pathol 1990; 2: 83–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt T., Stolz W., Braun-Falco O., et al. Prognostic significance of DNA cytometry in cutaneous malignant lymphomas. Cancer 1991; 68: 1095–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolz W., Vogt T., Braun-Falco O., et al. Differentiation between lymphomas and pseudolymphomas of the skin by computerized DNA-image cytometry. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 94: 254–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianotti R., Montaperto C. Morphometric study of primary cutaneous germinal center cell lymphomas. Cancer 1992; 70: 1905–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen C., Walker B. F., Solomon A. R., et al. DNA ploidy and cell cycle analysis in ear malignant melanoma by flow and image cytometry. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1992; 14: 81–88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sangueza O. P., Hyder D. M., White CR, Jr, et al. Comparison of image analysis with flow cytometry for DNA content analysis in pigmented lesions of the skin. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1992; 14: 55–59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soyer H. P. Ki-67 immunostaining in melanocytic skin tumors. Correlation with histologic parameters. J Cutan Pathol 1991; 18: 264–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolle J., Soyer H. P., Hofmann-Wellenhof R., et al. Vascular architecture of melanocytic skin tumors. A quantitative immunohistochemical study using automated image analysis. Pathol Res Prac 1989; 185: 740–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolle J., Soyer H. P., Smolle-Juettner F. M., et al. Computer simulation analysis of morphological patterns in human melanocytic skin tumors. Pathol Res Pract. 1991; 187: 986–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjomhagen V., Erhardt K., Lagerlof B., et al. Comparison of nuclear DNA content in primary and metastatic malignant melanoma. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1991; 13: 343–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar