195
Views
156
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Role of Bacterial Surface Structures in Pathogenesis

, , &
Pages 303-338 | Published online: 25 Sep 2008

References

  • Bennett H. S. Morphological aspects of extracellular polysaccharides. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1963; 11: 14
  • Gasi C. G., Berwick L. Hale stain for sialic acid-containing mucins: adaptation to electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 1963; 19: 223
  • Roseman S. Complex carbohydrates and intercellular adhesion. Biology and Chemistry of Eukaryotic Cell Surfaces, E. Y. C. Lee, E. E. Smith. Academic Press, London 1974; Vol. 7: 317
  • Costerton J. W., Geesey G. G., Cheng K.-J. How bacteria stick. Sci. Am. 1978; 238: 86
  • Luft J. H. Ruthenium red and ruthenium violet. I. Chemistry, purification, methods of use for electron microscopy and mechanism of action. Anat. Rec 1971; 171: 347
  • Jones H. C., Roth I. L., Sanders W. M. HI, Electron microscopic study of a slime layer. J. Bacteriol. 1969; 99: 316
  • Singer S. J. The molecular organization of membrane. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1974; 43: 805
  • Marchesi V. T., Furthmayr H., Tomita M. Molecular orientation of erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins. Biology and Chemistry of Eukaryotic Cell Surfaces, E. Y. C. Lee, E. E. Smith. Academic Press, New York 1974; 273
  • Bornstein P., Duksin D., Ballan G., Davidson J. M., Crouch E. Organization of extracellular proteins on the connective tissue cell surface: relevance to cell-matrix interactions in vitro and in vivo. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Set 1978; 312: 93
  • Goodman S. R., Branton D. Spectrin binding and the control of membrane protein mobility. J. Supramolecul. Struct. 1978; 8: 455
  • Bennett H. S. The cell surface: components and configurations. Handbook of Molecular Cytology, A. Lima-de-Paria. North Holland, Amsterdam 1969; 1261
  • Ito S. The enteric surface coat on cat intestinal microvilli. J. Cell Biol. 1965; 27: 475
  • Jacobson K., Derzko Z., Wu E. S., Hou Y., Poste G. Measurement of the lateral mobility of cell surface components in single, living cells by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. J. Supramolecul. Struct. 1976; 5: 565
  • Schlessinger J., Koppel D. E., Axelrod D., Jacobson K., Webb W. W., Elson E. L. Lateral transport on cell membranes: mobility of concanavalin A receptors on myoblasts. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1976; 73: 2409
  • Shintzky M., Henkart P. Fluidity of cell membranes - current concepts and trends. Int. Rev. Cytol. 1979; 60: 121
  • Ben-Ze'ev A., Duerr A., Solomon F., Penman S. The outer boundary of the cytoskeleton: a lamina derived from plasma membrane proteins. Cell. 1979; 17: 859
  • Cronan J. E., Gelmann E. P. Physical properties of membrane lipids: biological relevance and regulation. Bacterial. Rev. 1975; 39: 232
  • Schindler M., Osborn M. J., Koppel D. E. Lateral mobility in reconstituted membranes—comparisons with diffusion in polymers. Nature 1980; 283: 346
  • Bornstein P., Ash J. F. Cell associated structural proteins in connective tissue cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1977; 74: 2480
  • Rambourg A., Hernandez W., Leblond C. P. Detection of complex carbohydrates in the golgi apparatus of rat cells. J. Cell Biol. 1967; 40: 395
  • Leblond C. P., Bennett G. Elaboration and turnover of cell coat proteins. 77te Cell Surface in Development, A. A. Moscona. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1974; 29
  • Dainty J., Hope A. B. Ionic relations of cells of Chara australis I. Ion exchange in the cell wall. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1959; 12: 395
  • Roth S., McGuire E. J., Roseman S. Evidence for cell-surface glycosyltransferases their potential role in cellular recognition. J. Cell Biol. 1971; 51: 536
  • Weiser M. M. Intestinal epithelial cell surface membrane glycoprotein synthesis. I. An indicator of cellular differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 1973; 248: 2536
  • Weiser M. M. Intestinal epithelial cell surface membrane glycoprotein synthesis. II. Glycosyltransferases and endogenous acceptors of the undifferentiated cell surface membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 1973; 248: 2542
  • Ceri H., Shadle P. J., Kobiler D., Barondes S. H. Extracellular lectin and its glycosaminogly-can inhibitor in chick muscle cultures. J. Supramol Struct. 1979; 11: 61
  • Chen L. B., Burridge K., Murray A., Walsh M. L., Copple C. D., Bushnell A., McDougalL J. K., Gallimore P. H. Modulation of cell surface glycocalyx: studies on large, external, transformation-sensitive protein. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1978; 312: 366
  • Chen L. B., Murray A., Segal R. A., Bushnell A., Walsh M. L. Studies on intercellular LETS glycoprotein matrices. Cell 1978; 14: 377
  • Hahn L.-H. E., Yamada K. M. Isolation and biological characterization of active fragments of the adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin. Cell 1979; 18: 1043
  • Juliano R. L. Adhesion and detachment characteristics of hamster cell membrane mutants. J. Cell Biol. 1976; 76: 43
  • Grinnell F. Cellular adhesiveness and extracellular substrata. Int. Rev. Cytol. 1978; 53: 65
  • Varied A., Alitalo K., Hedman K., Keski-Oja J., Kurkinen M., Wartiovaara J. Fibronectin and the pericellular matrix of normal and transformed adherent calls. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1978; 312: 343
  • Mosher D. F. Distribution of a major surface-associated glycoprotein, fibronectin, in cultures of adherent cells. J. Supramol., Struct. 1977; 6: 551
  • Moore E. G. Cell to substratum adhesion-promoting activity released by normal and virus-transformed cells in culture. J. Cell Biol. 1976; 70: 634
  • Heckman C. A., Vroman L., Pitlick A. The nature of substrate-attached materials in human fibroblast cultures: localization of cell and fetal calf serum components. Tiss. Cell 1977; 9: 317
  • Maroudas N. G. Adhesion and spreading of cells on charged surfaces. J. Theor. Biol 1975; 49: 417
  • Bell G. I. Models for the specific adhesion of cells to cells. A theoretical framework for adhesion mediated by reversible bonds between cell surface molecules. Science 1978; 200: 618
  • Frazier W., Glaser L. Surface components and cell recognition. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1979; 48: 491
  • Hynes R. O., Destree A. T., Perkins M. E., Wagner D. D. Cell surface fibronectin and oncogenic transformation. J. Supramol. Struc. 1979; 11: 95
  • Vaheri A., Kurkinen M., Lehto V.-P., Linder E., Timpel R. Codistribution of pericellular matrix proteins in cultured fibroblasts and loss in transformation: fibronectin and procollagen. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1978; 75: 4944
  • Parsons C. L., Mulholland S. G., Anwar H. Antibacterial activity of bladder surface mucin duplicated by exogenous glycosaminoglycan (heparin). Infect. Immun. 1979; 24: 552
  • Lindahl U., Hook M. Glycoasminoglycans and their binding to biological macromolecules. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1978; 47: 385
  • Cohen S., Porter R. R. Structure and biological activity of immunoglobulins. Adv. Immun. 1964; 4: 287
  • Vitetta E. S., Bianco C., Nssenzweig V., Uhr J. W. Cell surface immunoglobulin. IV. Distribution among thymocytes, bone marrow cells, and their derived populations. J. Exp. Med. 1972; 136: 81
  • Kerbel R. S., Davies A. J. S. The possible biological significance of Fc receptors on mammalian lymphocytes and tumor cells. Ceil 1974; 3: 105
  • Cooper S. M., Sambray Y. Characterization of the Fc receptors of the murine Leukemia L1210. J. Supramol. Struct. 1977; 6: 591
  • Davis W. C., Sandberg H. E., De Foor P. H. Distribution of transplantation antigens on cell surfaces. Biomembranes 1976; 8: 1
  • Krangel M. S., Orr H. T., Strominger J. L. Assembly and maturation of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens in vivo. Cell 1979; 18: 979
  • Sharom F. J., Grant C. W. M. Glycosphingolipids in membrane architecture. J. Supramol. Struct. 1977; 6: 249
  • Pardee A. B., Dubrow R., Hamlin J. L., Kletzien R. F. Animal Cell Cycle. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1978; 47: 715
  • Etzler M. E., Branstrator M. L. Differential localization of cell surface and secretory components in rat intestinal epithelium by use of lectins. J. Cell Biol. 1974; 62: 329
  • Farquhar M., Palade G. E. Junctional complexes in various epithelia. J. Cell Biol. 1965; 17: 375
  • Tice L. W., Carter R. L., Cahill M. B. Changes in tight junctions of rat intestinal crypt cells associated with changes in their mitotic activity. Tiss. Cell 1979; 11: 243
  • Tourville D. R., Adler R. H., Bienenstock J., Tomasi T. B. The human secretory immunoglobulin system: immunohistological localization of rA, secretory “piece”, and lactoferrin in normal human tissues. J. Exp. Med. 1969; 129: 411
  • Pierce N. F. Intestinal antibodies. J. Infect. Dis. 1978; 137: 661
  • Silverstein S. C., Steinman R. M., Cohn Z. A. Endocytosis. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1977; 46: 669
  • Sturgess J., Moscarello M., Schachter H. The structure and biosynthesis of membrane glycoproteins. Curr. Topics Mem. Transp. 1978; 11: 16
  • Northcote D. H. The involvement of the golgi apparatus in biosynthesis and secretion of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. Biomembranes 1979; 10: 51
  • Margolis L. B., Tikhonov A. M., Visilieva E. Y. Platelet adhesion to fluid and solid phospholipid membranes. Cell. 1980; 19: 189
  • Bosmann H. B. Cell surface enzymes: effects on mitotic activity and cell adhesion. Int. Rev. Cytol 1977; 50: 1
  • Geltosky J. E., Weseman J., Bakke A., Lerner R. A. Identification of a cell surface glycoprotein involved in cell aggregation in D. discoideum. Cell 1979; 18: 391
  • Bartles J. R., Frazier W. Preparation of 125I-Discoidin I and the properties of its binding to Dictyostelium discoideum cells. J Biol. Chem. 1980; 255: 30
  • Johanson W. G., Jr., Pierce A. K., Sanford J. P. Changing pharangeal bacterial flora of hospitalized patients. Emergence of gram-negative bacilli. N. Engl. J. Med. 1969; 281: 1137
  • Woods D. E., Straus D. C., Johanson W. G., Jr., Bass J. A. Factors influencing the adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to mammalian buccal epithelial cells. Rev. Infect. Dis., in press
  • Bae H. C., Cota-Robles E. H., Casida L. E., Jr. Microflora of soil as viewed by transmission electron microscopy. Appl. Microbiol. 1972; 23: 637
  • Geesey G. G., Richardson W. T., Yeomans H. G., Irvin R. T., Costerton J. W. Microscopic examination of natural sessile bacterial populations from an alpine stream. Can. J. Microbiol 1977; 23: 1733
  • Fletcher M., Floodgate G. D. An electron-microscopic demonstration of an acidic polysaccharide involved in the adhesion of a marine bacterium to solid surfaces. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1973; 74: 325
  • Cheng K.-J., Costerton J. W. infrastructure of cell envelopes of bacteria of the bovine rumen. Appl. Microbiol. 1973; 29: 841
  • Marrie T. J., Harding G. K. M., Ronald A. R., Dlkkema J., Lam J., Hoban S., Costerton J. W. Influence of mucoidy on antibody coating of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Infect. Dis. 1979; 139: 357
  • Lam J., Chan R., Lam K., Costerton J. W. Production of mucoid microcolonies by Psuedomonas aeruginosa within infected lungs in cystic fibrosis. Infect. Immun. 1980; 28: 46
  • Murray R. G. E. On the cell wall structure of Spirillum serpens. Can. J. Microbiol. 1963; 9: 381
  • Sleytr U. B. Regular array of macromolecules on bacterial cell walls: structure, chemistry, assembly, and function. Int. Rev. Cytol. 1978; 53: 1
  • Mackle E. B., Brown K. N., Lam J., Costerton J. W. Morphological stabilization of capsules of group B Streptococci types la, lb, II, and III with specific antibody. J. Bacterial. 1979; 138: 609
  • Brinton C. C. The structure, function, synthesis and genetic control of bacterial pili and a molecular model for DNA and RNA transport in gram negative bacteria. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1961; 21: 1003
  • Birdsell D. C., Doyle R. J., Morgenstern M. Organization of teichoic acid in the cell wall of Bacillus subtilus. J. Bacteriol. 1975; 121: 726
  • Bayer M. E., Thurow H. Polysaccharide capsule of Escherichia coli: microscopic study of its size, structure, and sites of synthesis. J. Bacteriol 1977; 130: 911
  • Morris E. R., Rees D. A., Thorn D., Welsh E. J. Conformation and intermodular interactions of carbohydrate chains. J. Supramol. Struct. 1977; 6: 259
  • Moorhouse R., Winter W. T., Arnott S., Bayer M. E. Conformation and molecular organization in fibers of the capsular polysaccharide from Escherichia coli M4I mutant. J. Mol. Biol 1977; 109: 373
  • Zobell C. E., Allen E. C. The significance of marine bacteria in the fouling of submerged surfaces. J. Bacteriol 1935; 29: 239
  • Roth I. L. Physical structure of surface carbohydrates. Surface Carbohydrates of the Prokaryotk Cell, I. W. Sutherland. Academic Press, London 1973; 5
  • Doggett R. G. Microbiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Clinical Manifestations of Infection and Current therapy, R. G. Doggett. Academic Press, New York 1979; 1
  • Wiley B. B. Capsules and pseudocapsules of Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococci, J. O. Cohen. Wiley Interscience, New York 1972; 4
  • Wilkinson J. F. The extracellular polysaccharides of bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 1968; 22: 46
  • Sutherland I. W. Bacterial exopolysaccharides—their nature and production. Surface Carbohydrates of the Prokaryotk Cell, I. W. Sutherland. Academic Press, London 1977; 25
  • Knox K. W., Wicken A. J. Immunological properties of teichoic acids. Bacteriol Rev. 1973; 37: 215
  • Duckworth M. Teichoic acids. Surface Carbohydrates of the Prokaryotk Cell, I. W. Sutherland. Academic Press. 1977; 177
  • Costerton J. W., Ingram J. M., Cheng K.-J. Structure and function of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 1974; 38: 87
  • Shands J. W. Localization of the somatic antigen of gram-negative bacteria by electron microscopy. J. Bacteriol 1965; 90: 545
  • Silverman M., Simon M. I. Bacterial flagella. Ann. Rev. Microbiol 1977; 31: 397
  • Easterbrook K. B., McGregor-Shaw J. B., McBride R. P. infrastructure of bacterial spines. Can. J. Microbiol 1973; 19: 995
  • Irvin R. T., To M., Costerton J. W. Mechanism of adhesion of Alysiella to glass surfaces. J. Bacteriol, submitted
  • Irvin R. T., To M., Costerton J. W. Isolation and preliminar characterization of a glycoprotein adhesin of Alysiella. J. Bacteriol, submitted
  • Bradley D. E. A study of pili on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genet. Res. 1972; 19: 39
  • Fyfe J. A. M., Govan J. R. W. Alginate synthesis in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a chromosomal locus involved in the control. J. Gen. Microbiol 1980; 119: 443
  • Know K. W., Vesk M., Work E. Relation between excreted lipopolysaccharide complexes and surface structures of a lysine-limited culture of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol 1966; 92: 1206
  • Chatterjee A. K., Ross H., Sanderson K. E. Leakage of periplasmic enzymes from lipopoly-saccharide-defective mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. Can. J. Microbiol 1979; 22: 1549
  • Chatterjee A. K., Sanderson K. E., Ross H., Schlecht S., Luderitz O. Influence of temperature on growth of lipopolysaccharide-deficient (rough) mutants of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella minnesota. Can. J. Microbiol. 1976; 22: 1540
  • Henrici A. T. Studies of freshwater bacteria I. a direct microscopic technique. J. Bacteriol 1972; 25: 277
  • Marshall K. C., Stout R., Mitchell R. Mechanism of the initial events in the sorption of marine bacteria to surfaces. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1971; 68: 337
  • Zobell C. E. The effect of solid surfaces on bacterial activity. J. Bacteriol. 1943; 46: 39
  • Baier R. E. Substrata influences an adhesion of microorganisms and their resultant new surface properties. Absorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces, G. Bitton, K. C. Marshall. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1980; 59
  • Corpe W. A. Microbial surface components involved in absorption of microorganisms onto surfaces. Absorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces, G. Bitton, K. C. Marshall. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1980; 105
  • Daniels S. L. Mechanisms involved in sorption of microorganisms to solid surfaces. Absorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces, G. Bitton, K. C. Marshall. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1980; 7
  • Marshall K. C. Absorption of microorganisms to soils and sediments. Absorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces, G. Bitton, K. C. Marshall. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1980; 317
  • Costerton J. W., Geesey G. G. Microbial contamination of surfaces. Surface Contamination, K. Mittal. Plenum Press, New York 1979; 211
  • Costerton J. W. Some techniques involved in study of absorption of microorganisms to surfaces. Absorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces, G. Bitton, K. C. Marshall. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1980; 403
  • Marshall K. C., Cruickshank R. H. Cell surface hydrophobicity and the orientation of certain bacteria at interfaces. Arch. Microbiol. 1973; 91: 29
  • Takakuwa S., Fujmori T., Iwasaki H. Some properties of cell-sulfur adhesion in Thiobacillus thiooxidans. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 1979; 25: 21
  • Hoover R. L., Lynch R. D., Karnovsky M. J. Decrease in adhesion of cells cultured in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Cell 1977; 12: 295
  • Geesey G. G., Mutch R., Costerton J. W., Green R. B. Sessile bacteria: an important component of the microbial population in small mountain streams. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1978; 23: 1214
  • Akin D. E., Amos H. E. Rumen bacterial degradation of forage cell walls investigated by electron microscopy. Appl. Microbiol. 1975; 29: 692
  • Patterson H., Irvin R., Costerton J. W., Cheng K.-J. infrastructure and adhesion properties of Ruminococcus albus. J. Bacteriol. 1975; 122: 278
  • Cheng K.-J., Akin D. E., Costerton J. W. Rumen bacteria: interaction with particulate dietary components and response to dietary variation. Ed. Proc 1977; 36: 193
  • Costerton J. W. Cell envelope as a barrier to antibiotics. Microbiology 1977; 151
  • Govan J. R. W., Fyffe J. A. M. Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cystic fibrosis: resistance of the mucoid form to carbenicillin, flucloxacillin and tobramycin and the isolation of mucoid variants in vitro. J. Antimicrob. Chemo. 1978; 4: 233
  • Wagman G. H., Bailey J. V., Weinstein M. J. Binding of aminoglycoside antibiotics to filtration materials. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1975; 7: 316
  • Bryant R. E., Hammond D. Interaction of purulent material with antibiotics used to treat Pseudomonas infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1974; 6: 702
  • Rabin H. R., Harley F. L., Bryan L. E., Elfring G. L. Evaluation of a high dose tobramycin and ticavicillin treatment protocol in cystic fibrosis based on improved susceptibility criteria and antibiotic pharmacokinetics; perspectives in cystic fibrosis. Proc. 8th Int. Cystic Fibrosis Congress, Toronto, 1980
  • Nikaido H. Outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium transmembrane diffusion of some hydrophobic substances. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1976; 433: 118
  • Govan J. R. W. Mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the influence of culture medium on the stability of mucus production. J Med. Microbiol. 1975; 8: 513
  • Sanderson K. E., Mac Alister T. J., Costerton J. W., Cheng K.-J. Permeability of lipopoly-saccharide deficient (rough) mutants of Salmonella typhimurium to antibiotics, lysozyme, and other agents. Can. J. Microbiol 1974; 20: 1135
  • Costerton J. W., Brown M. R. W., Sturgess J. M. The cell envelope: its role in infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Clinical Manifestations of Infection and Current Therapy, R. G. Doggett. Academic Press, New York 1979; 41
  • Wood W. B. Phagocytosis, with particular reference to encapsulated bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 1960; 24: 41
  • Schwarzmann S., Boring J. R. Antiphagocytic effect of slime from a mucoid strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect. Immun. 1971; 3: 762
  • Doggert R. G., Harrison G. M., Wallis E. S. Comparison of some properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from infections of persons with and without cystic fibrosis. J. Bacterid 1964; 87: 427
  • Cisar J. O., Vatter A. E. Surface fibrils (Fimbriae) of Actinomyces viscosus) T14V. Infect. Immun. 1979; 24: 523
  • Wheeler T. T., Clark W. B., Birdsell D. C. Adherence of Actinomyces viscosus T14V and T14AV to hydroxyapatite surfaces in vitro and human teeth in vivo. Infect. Immun. 1979; 25: 1066
  • Onderdonk A. B., Kasper D. L., Cisneros R. L. and Bartlett, J. G., The capsular polysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis as a virulence factor: comparison of the pathogenic potential of encapsulated and unencapsulated strains. J. Infect. Dis. 1977; 136: 82
  • Orskov F. Virulence factors of the bacterial cell surface. J. Infect. Dis. 1978; 137: 630
  • Montgomerie J. Z. Factors affecting virulence in Escherichia coli urinary tract infections. J. Infect. Dis. 1978; 137: 645
  • Aderson P., Smith D. H. Immunogenicity in weanling rabbits of a polyribophosphate complex from Haemophilus influenzae type b. J. Infect. Dis., 136: 563–570, (Suppl)
  • Peltola H., Käyhty H., Sivonen A., Mäkela P. H. Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide vaccine in children: a double-blind field study of 100, 000 vaccinees 3 months to 5 years of age in Finland. Pediatrics 1977; 60: 730
  • Gaine S., Tully J. G., Tlgertt W. D. Enhancement of the mouse virulence of a non-Vi variant of Salmonella lyphosa by Vi antigen. J. Immunol. 1961; 86: 543
  • Tannock G. W., Blumershine R. V. H., Savage D. C. Association of Salmonella typhimurium with, and its invasion of, the ileal mucosa in mice. Infect. Immun. 1975; 11: 365
  • Seastone C. V. Capsules in young cultures of Streptococcus hemolyticus. J. Bacteriol. 1934; 28: 481
  • Baker C. J., Kasper D. L. Immunological investigation of infants with septicemia or meningitis due to group B Streptococcus. J. Infect. Dis. 1977; 136: 598, (Suppl.)
  • Wilkinson B. J., Holmes K. M. Staphylococcus aureus cell surface: capsule as a barrier to bacteriophage absorption. Infect. Immun. 1979; 23: 549
  • Wilkinson B. J., Peterson P. K., Quie P. G. Cryptic peptidoglycan and the antiphagocytic effect of the Staphylococus aureus capsule: model for the antiphagocytic effect of the bacterial cell surface polymers. Infect. Immun. 1979; 23: 502
  • Smith H. Microbial surfaces in relation to pathogenicity. Bacteriol. Rev. 1977; 41: 475
  • Govan J. R. W., Fyfe J. A. M., McMillan G. The instability of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa: fluctuation test and improved stability of the mucoid form in shaken culture. J. Gen. Microbiol 1979; 10: 229
  • Costerton J. W., Geesey G. G. Which populations of aquatic bacteria should we enumerate?. Native Aquatic Bacteria, J. W. Costerton, R. R. Colwell. ASTM Press, Philadelphia 1979; 7
  • Cisar J. O., Kolenbrander P. E., McLntire F. C. Specificity of coaggregation reactions between human oral streptococci and strains of Actinomyces viscosus or Actinomyces naeslundii. Infect. Immun. 1979; 24: 742–752
  • Whittenberg R. Bacterial nutrition. Essays in Microbiology, J. R. Norriss, M. H. Richmond, 1978; 1
  • Duguid J. P., Gillies R. R. Fimbriae and adhesive properties in dysentery bacilli. J. Path. Bact. 1957; 74: 397
  • Duguid J. P. Fimbraie and adhesive properties in Klebsiella strains. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1959; 21: 271
  • Schweizer M., Hindennach I., Garten W., Henning U. Major proteins of the Escherichia coli outer cell envelope membrane. Interaction of protein II* with lipopolysaccharide. Eur. J. Biochem. 1978; 82: 211
  • Bradley D. E. Evidence for the retraction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa RNA phage pili. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1972; 47: 142
  • Henrichsen J. Bacterial suface translocation: a survey and a classification. Bacteriol. Rev. 1972; 36: 478
  • Dazzo F. B. Adsorption of microorganisms to roots and other plant surfaces. Absorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces, G. Bitton, K. C. Marshall. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1980; 253
  • Cheng K.-J., McCowan R. P., Costerton J. W. Adherent bacteria in ruminants and their roles in digestive trace function. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1979; 32: 139
  • Cheng K.-J., Costerton J. W. Adherent rumen bacteria: their role in the digestion of plant material, urea, and epithelial cells. Digestive Physiology and Metabolism of Ruminants, Y. Ruckebusch, P. Thivend. M. T. P. Press, Lancaster 1980; 224
  • Salit I. E., Gotschlich E. C. Type I Escherichia coli pili: characterization of binding to monkey kidney cells. J. Exp. Med. 1977; 146: 1182
  • Deneke C. F., Thorne G. M., Gorbach S. C. Attachment pili from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli pathogenic for humans. Infect. Immun. 1979; 26: 362
  • Evans D. G., Evans D. J., Clegg S., Pauley J. Purification and characterization of the CFA/I antigen of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 1979; 25: 738
  • Nagy B., Moon H. W., Isaacson R. E. Colonization of porcine small intestine by Escherichia coli: ileal colonization and adhesion by pig enteropathogens that lack K88 antigen and by some acapsular mutants. Infect. Immun. 1976; 13: 1214
  • Lee A. Normal flora of animal intestinal surfaces. Absorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces, G. Bitton, K. C. Marshall. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1980; 145
  • Paerl H. W. Attachment of microorganisms to living and detrital surfaces in fresh water systems. Absorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces, G. Britton, K. C. Marshall. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1980; 145
  • Savage D. C. Colonization by and survival of pathogenic bacteria on intestinal mucosal surfaces. Absorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces, G. Bitton, K. C. Marshall. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1980; 175
  • Ladd T. I., Costerton J. W., Geesey G. G. Determination of the heterotrophic potential activity of epilithic microbial populations. Native Aquatic Bacteria, J. W. Costerton, R. R. Colwell. ASTM Press, Philadelphia 1979; 180
  • McCowan R. P., Cheng K.-J., Bailey C. B. M., Costerton J. W., Costerton J. W. Adhesion of bacteria to epithelial cell surfaces within the reticulo-rumen of cattle. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1978; 35: 149
  • Salyers A. A., West S. E. H., Vercellotti J. R., Wilkins T. D. Fermentation of mucins and plant polysaccharides by anaerobic bacteria from the human colon. Appl. Envir. Microbiol 1977; 34: 529
  • Cheng K.-J., Fay J. P., Howarth R. E., Costerton J. W. Sequence of events in the digestion of bloat-causing and bloat-safe legumes by rumen bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., in press
  • Youmans G. P., Paterson P. Y., Sommers H. M. The Biological and Clinical Basis of Infectious Disease. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1975
  • Fuller R., Brooker B. E. Lactobacilli which attach to the crop epithelium of the fowl. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974; 21: 1305
  • Suegara N., Morotomi M., Watanabe T., Kawai Y., Mutai M. Behaviour of microflora in the rat stomach: adhesion of Lactobacilli to the keratinized epithelial cells of the rat stomach in vitro. Infect. Immun. 1975; 12: 178
  • Savage D. C. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Ann. Rev. Microbiol 1977; 31: 107
  • McCowan R. P., Cheng K.-J., Costerton J. W. Colonization of a portion of the bovine tongue by unusual filamentous bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 1979; 37: 1224
  • Marrie T. J., Lam J., Costerton J. W. Bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells—a morphological study. J. Infect. Dis., in press
  • Fubara E. S., Freter R. Protection against entertic bacterial infection by secretory IgA antibodies. J. Immunol 1973; 111: 395
  • Cheng K.-J., Bailey C. B. M., Hironaka R., Costerton J. W. Bloat in feedlot cattle: effects on rumen function of adding 4% sodium chloride to a concentrate diet. Can. J. Am. Sci. 1980; 737
  • Holdeman L. V., Good I. J., Moore W. E. C. Human fecal flora: variation in bacterial composition within individuals and a possible effect of emotional stress. Appl Envir. Microbiol 1976; 31: 359
  • Tannock G. W., Savage D. C. Influences of dietary and environmental stress on microbial populations in the murine gastrointestinal tract. Infect. Immun. 1974; 9: 591
  • Mayrand D., McBride B. C. Ecological relationships of bacteria involved in a simple mixed anaerobic infection. Infect. Immun. 1980; 27: 44
  • Costerton J. W., Lam J., Lam K., Chan R. The role of the microcolony mode of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in pathogenesis and the possible usefulness of the inhibition of its exopolysaccharide synthesis. J. Infect. Dis., in press
  • Reynolds B. L., Pruul H. Protective role of smooth lipopolysaccharide in the serum bactericidal reaction. Infect. Immun. 1971; 4: 764
  • Silverblah F. J., Dreyer J. S., Schauer S. Effect of pili on susceptibility of Escherichia coli to phagocytosis. Infect. Immun. 1979; 24: 218
  • Osada Y., Ogawa H. Phagocytosis stimulation by an extracellular product of virulent Shigella flexneri 2a. Microbiol. Immunol 1977; 21: 49
  • Osada Y., Ogawa H. A possible role of glycolipids in epithelial cell penetration by virulent Shigella flexneri 2a. Microbiol. Immunol. 1977; 21: 405
  • Hale T. L., Morris R. E., Bonventre P. F. Shigella infection of henle intestinal epithelial cells: role of the host cell. Infect. Immun. 1979; 24: 887
  • McLntire F. C., Vatter A. E., Baros J., Arnold J. Mechanism of coaggregation between Actinomyces viscosus T14V and Streptococcus sanguis 34. Infect. Immun. 1978; 21: 978
  • Fainstein V., Musher D. M. Bacterial adherence to pharyngeal cells in smokers, nonsmokers, and chronic bronchitics. Infect. Immun. 1979; 26: 178
  • Svejgaard A., Platz P., Ryder L. P. Nielsen, L. S., and Thomsen, M., HL-A and disease associations—a survey. Transplant Res. 1975; 22: 1
  • Zinkernagel R. M. Associations between major histocompatibility antigens and susceptibility to disease. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1979; 33: 201
  • Kllian M., Mesttcky J., Schrohenloher R. E. Pathogenic species of the genus Haemophilus, Streptococcus pneumoniae produce immunoglobulin A1 protease. Infect. Immun. 1979; 26: 143
  • Male C. J. Immunoglobulin A1 protease production by Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 1979; 26: 254
  • Forsgren A. Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. VI. Reaction with subunits from guinea pig V1—V2—globulin. J. Immunol. 1968; 100: 927
  • Hoiby N., Axelsen N. H. Identification and quantitation of precipitins against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis by means of crossed Immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 1973; 81: 298
  • Fang L. S. T., Tolkoff-Rubin N. E., Rubin R. H. Efficacy of single-dose and conventional amoxicillin therapy in urinary tract infection localized by the antibody-coated bacteria technique. N. Engl. J. Med. 1978; 298: 413
  • Hoiby N. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis: relationship between mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the humoral immune response. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 1974; 82: 551

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.