Preparation and use of Liposomes in the Treatment of Microbial Infections

References

• Cullis P. R., DeKruyff B. Lipid polymorphism and the functional roles of lipids in biological membranes. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1979; 559: 399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangham A. D., Standish M. M., Watkins J. C. Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. J. Mol. Biol. 1965; 13: 238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sessa G., Weissmann G. J. Formation of artificial lysosome in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 1969; 48: 76a
   Google Scholar
• Gregoriadis G., Leathwood P. D., Ryman B. E. Enzyme entrapment in liposomes. FEBS Lett 1971; 14: 95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szoka F., Papahadjopoulous D. Comparative properties and methods of preparation of lipid vesicles (liposomes). Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 1980; 9: 467
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deamer D. W., Uster P. S. Liposome preparation: methods and mechanisms. Liposomes, M. J. Ostro. Marcel Dekker, New York 1983; 27
   Google Scholar
• Liposome Technology, G. Gregoriadis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. 1984; Vol. 1
   Google Scholar
• Yatvin M. B., Lelkes P. I. Clinical prospects for liposomes. Med. Phys. 1982; 9: 149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope M. J., Bally M. B., Mayer L. D., Janoff A. S., Cullis P. R. Generation of multilamellar and unilamellar phospholipid vesicles. Chem. Phys. Lipids 1986; 40: 89
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer L. D., Bally M. B., Hope M. J., Cullis P. R. Techniques for encapsulating bioactive agents into liposomes. Chem. Phys. Lipids 1986; 40: 333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deamer D., Bangham A. D. Large volume liposomes by an ether vaporization method. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1976; 443: 629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deamer D. W. Preparation and properties of ether injection liposomes. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1978; 308: 250
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szoka F., Jr., Papahadjopoulous D. A new procedure for preparation of liposomes with large internal aqueous space and high capture by reverse phase evaporation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1978; 75: 4194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruner S. M., Lenk R. P., Janoff A. S., Ostro M. J. Novel multi-layered lipid vesicles: comparison of physical characteristics of multilamellar liposomes and stable plurilamellar vesicles. Biochemistry 1985; 24: 2833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razin S. Reconstitution of biological membranes. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1972; 265: 241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohsawa T., Miura H., Harada K. Evaluation of a new liposome preparation techinque, the freeze-thawing method, using l-asparaginase as a model drug. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985; 33: 2816
   Google Scholar
• Mayer L. D., Hope M. J., Cullis P. R., Janoff A. S. Solute distributions and trapping efficiencies observed in freeze-thawed multilamellar vesicles. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1985; 817: 193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milsmann M. H., Schwendener R. A., Wedner H. G. The preparation of large single bilayer liposomes by a fast and controlled dialysis. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1978; 512: 147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krener J. M. H., Esker M. W. J., Pathmamanoharan C., Wiersema P. H. Vesicles of variable diameter prepared by a modified injection method. Biochemistry 1977; 16: 3932
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang C. H. Studies of phosphatidylcholine vesicles: formation and physical characteristics. Biochemistry 1969; 8: 344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barenholtz Y., Gibbes D., Litman B. J., Goll J., Thompson T. E., Carlson F. D. A simple method for the preparation of homogeneous phospholipid vesicles. Biochemistry 1977; 16: 2806
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olson F., Hunt C. A., Szoka F., Jr., Vail W. J., Papahadjopoulos D. Preparation of liposomes of defined size distribution by extrusion through polycarbonate membranes. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1979; 557: 9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope M. J., Bally M. B., Webb G., Cullis P. R. Production of large unilamellar vesicles by a rapid extrusion procedure: characterization of size, trapped volume and ability to maintain a membrane potential. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1985; 812: 55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherphof G., Roerdink F., Waite M., Parks J. Disintegration of phosphatidylcholine liposomes in plasma as a result of interaction with high-density lipoproteins. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1978; 543: 296
   Google Scholar
• Damon J., Regts J., Scherphof G. Transfer and exchange of phospholipid between small unilamellar liposomes and rat plasma high density lipoproteins. Dependence on cholesterol content and phospholipid composition. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1981; 665: 538
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Senior J., Gregoriadis G. Stability of small unilamellar liposomes in serum and clearance from the circulation: the effect of phospholipid and cholesterol components. Life Sci. 1982; 30: 2123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen T. M. A study of phospholipid interactions between high-density lipoproteins and small unilamellar vesicles. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1981; 640: 385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poste G. Liposome targeting in vivo: problems and opportunities. Biol. Cell 1983; 47: 19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altura B. M. Reticuloendothelial cells and host defense. Adv. Microcir. 1980; 9: 252
   Google Scholar
• Kao Y. J., Juliano R. L. Interactions of liposomes with the reticuloendothelial system. Effects of reticuloendothelial blockade on the clearance of large unilamellar vesicles. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1981; 6787: 453
   Google Scholar
• Allen T. M., Murray L., Mackeigan S., Shah M. Chronic liposome administration in mice: effects on reticuloendothelial function and tissue distribution. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1984; 229: 267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidler I. J., Rax A., Fogler W. E., Kirsh R., Bugelski P., Poste G. Design of liposomes to improve delivery of macrophage-augmenting agents to alveolar macrophages. Cancer Res. 1980; 40: 4460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abra R. M., Hunt C. A., Lau D. T. Liposome disposition in vivo. VI. Delivery to the lung. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 1983; 73: 203
   Google Scholar
• Caldecourt M. A., Cole A. W. G., Kingaby R. O., Palmer T. N. Liposome accumulation in chronic ischemia is dependent on tissue necrosis. Biosci. Rep. 1984; 4: 327
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan J. R., Williams K. E., Davies R. L., Leach K., Thomson M., Williams L. A. P. Localization of experimental staphylococcal abscesses by 99TC-technetium-labelled liposomes. J. Med. Microbiol. 1981; 14: 213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellens H., Morselt H., Scherphof G. In vivo fate of large unilamellar sphingomyelin-cholesterol liposomes after intraperitoneal and intravenous injection into rats. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1981; 674: 10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker A. Effect of liposome-encapsulation of a fluorescent dye on its uptake by the lymphatics of the rat. Pharmacology 1983; 23: 128
   Google Scholar
• Hirano K., Hunt C. A. Lymphatic transport of liposome-encapsulated agents: effects of liposome size following intraperitoneal administration. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 1985; 74: 915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeffer H. E., Krohn D. L. Liposomes in topical drug delivery. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1982; 22: 220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh K., Mezei M. Liposomal ophthalmic drug delivery system. II. Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate. Int. J. Pharm. 1984; 19: 263
   Google Scholar
• Padmanalohan R. V., Gudapaty R., Liener I. E., Schwartz B. A., Hoidal J. R. Protection against pulmonary oxygen toxicity in rats by the intratracheal administration of liposome-encapsulated superoxide dismutase or catalase. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1985; 132: 164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dingle J. T., Gordon J. L., Hazleman B. L., Knight C. G., Thomas Page D. P., Phillips N. C., Shaw I. H., Fildes F. J. T., Oliver J. E., Jones G., Turner E. H., Lowe J. S. Novel treatment for joint inflammation. Nature (London) 1978; 271: 372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel H. M., Ryman B. E. Systemic and oral administration of liposomes, chap. 15. Liposomes: From Physical Structure to Therapeutic Applications, C. Knight. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam 1981
   Google Scholar
• Alving C. R., Swartz G. M., Jr. Preparation of liposomes for use as drug carriers in the treatment of leishmaniasis, chap. 4. Liposome Technology, G. Gregoriadis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. 1984; Vol. 3
   Google Scholar
• Argast M., Beck C. F. Tetracycline diffusion through phospholipid bilayers and binding to phospholipids. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1984; 26: 263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi A., Hiruma R., Sawai T. Phospholipid bilayer permeability of β-lactam antibiotics. J. Antibiot. 1982; 25: 1692
   Google Scholar
• Alexander A. M., Gonda I., Harpur E. S., Kayes J. B. Interaction of aminoglycoside antibiotics with phospholipid liposomes studied by microelectrophoresis. J. Antibiot. 1979; 21: 504
   Google Scholar
• Richardson V. J. Liposomes in antimicrobiol chemotherapy. J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1983; 12: 532
   Google Scholar
• Gregoriadis G. Liposomes for drugs and vaccines. Trends Biotechnol. 1985; 3: 235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker-Woudenberg A. J. M., Roerdink F. H. Antimicrobial chemotherapy directed by liposomes. J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1986; 17: 547
   Google Scholar
• Shek P. N., Barber R. F. Liposomes: a new generation of drug and vaccine carriers. Mod. Med. Can. 1986; 41: 314
   Google Scholar
• Poste G. Drug Targeting in cancer therapy. Receptor-Mediated Targeting of Drugs, G. Gregoriadis, G. Poste, J. Senior, A. Trouet. Plenum Press, New York 1983; 424
   Google Scholar
• Poste G., Kirsch R., Koestler T. The challenge of liposome targeting in vivo. Liposome Technology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. 1984; Vol. 3: 1
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein J. Liposomes as drug carriers in cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Treat. Rep. 1984; 68: 127
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peil A. Targeting of the reticuloendothelial system by liposomes: therapeutic aims and requirements for their realization. Drug Targeting, P. Guri, A. Gumma. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985; 135
   Google Scholar
• Ross E. M., Gilman A. G. Pharmacodynamics: mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, A. G. Gilman, L. S. Goodman, T. W. Rail, F. Murad. Macmillan, New York 1985; 35
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz M. Phagocytosis of microorganisms. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1982; 4: 104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edelson P. J. Intracellular parasites and phagocytic cells. Cell biology and pathophysiology. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1982
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rous P., Jones F. S. The protection of pathogenic microorganisms by living tissue cells. J. Exp. Med. 1916; 23: 601
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tulkens P. The design of antibiotics capable of an intracellular action: aims, potentialities, and problems. Drug Targeting, P. Buri, A. Gumma. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam 1985; 179
   Google Scholar
• Mackaness G. B. The action of drugs on intracellular tubercle bacilli. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 1952; 64: 429
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaffer J. M., Kucera C. J., Spink W. W. The protection of intracellular Brucella against therapeutic agents and the bactericidal action of serum. J. Exp. Med. 1953; 97: 77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holmes B., Quie P. G., Windhorst D. B., Pollara B., Good R. A. Protection of phagocytized bacteria from the killing action of antibiotics. Nature (London) 1966; 210: 1131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander J. W., Good R. A. Effect of antibiotics on the bactericidal activity of human leukocytes. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1968; 71: 971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandell G. L., Vest T. K. Killing of intraleukocytic Staphyloccocus aureus by rifampin: in vitro and in vivo studies. J. Infect. Dis. 1972; 125: 486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo M. C., Mandell G. L. The effect of antibiotics on Escherichia coli ingested by macrophages. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1973; 142: 1048
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solberg C. O. Protection of phagocytized bacteria against antibiotics. Acta Med. Scand. 1972; 191: 383
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonventre P. F., Imhoff J. G. Uptake of H-dihydrostreptomycin by macrophages in culture. Infect. Immun. 1970; 2: 89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prokesch R., Hand W. L. Antibiotic entry into human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1982; 21: 373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hand W. L., King-Thompson N., Steinberg T. Interactions of antibiotics and phagocytes. J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1983; 12(Suppl. C)1
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs R., Wilson C., Laxton J., Hass J., Smith A. Cellular uptake and intracellular activity of antibiotics against Haemophilus influenzae Type B. J. Infect. Dis. 1982; 145: 152
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klempner M., Styrt B. Clindamycin uptake by human neutrophils. J. Infect. Dis. 1981; 144: 472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson J., Hand W., Francis J., King-Thompson N., Corwin R. Antibiotic uptake by alveolar macrophages. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1980; 95: 429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin J., Johnson P., Miller M. Uptake accumulation, and egress of erythromycin by tissue culture cells of human origin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1985; 27: 314
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Duve C., De Barsy T., Poole B., Trouet A., Tulkens P., Van Hoof F. Lysosomotropic agents. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1974; 23: 2495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulkens P., Trouet A. The uptake and intracellular accumulation of aminoglycoside antibiotics in lysosomes of cultured rat fibroblasts. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1978; 27: 415
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaudaux P., Waldvogel F. Gentamicin antibacterial activity in the presence of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1979; 16: 743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam C., Mathison G. E. Effect of low intraphagolysosomal pH on antimicrobial activity of antibiotics against ingested staphylococci. J. Med. Microbiol. 1983; 16: 309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Duve C., Trouet A., Campeneere D., Baurain R. Liposomes as lysosomotropic carriers. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1978; 308: 226
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gregoriadis G. The carrier potential of liposomes in biology and medicine. N. Engl. J. Med. 1976; 295: 765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander J., Vickerman K. Fusion of host cell secondary lysosomes with the parasitophorous vacuoles of Leishmania mexicana-infected macrophages. J. Protozool. 1975; 22: 502
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang K., Dwyer D. M. Multiplication of a human parasite (Leishmania donovani) in phagolysosomes of hamster macrophages in vitro. Science 1976; 193: 678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peason R. D., Sousa A. Leishmania species. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, G. Mandell, R. G. Douglas, J. E. Bennett. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1985
   Google Scholar
• Webster L. T., Jr. Drugs used in the chemotherapy of protozoal infections. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, A. Gilman, L. S. Goodman, T. W. Rall, F. Murad. Macmillan, New York 1985; 1029
   Google Scholar
• Alving C. R., Steck E. A., Chapman W. L., Jr., Waits V. B., Hendricks L. D., Swartz G. M., Jr., Hanson W. L. Therapy of leishmaniasis: superior efficacies of liposome-encapsulated drugs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1978; 75: 2959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alving C. R., Steck E. A., Hanson W. L., Loizeaux P. S., Chapman W. L., Jr., Waits V. B. Improved therapy of experimental leishmaniasis by use of a liposome-encapsulated antimonial drug. Life Sci. 1978; 22: 1021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alving C. R., Steck E. A., Chapman W. L., Jr., Waits V. B., Hendricks L. D., Swartz G. M., Jr., Hanson W. L. Liposomes in leishmaniasis: therapeutic effects of antimonial drugs, 8-amino-quionolines, and tetracycline. Life Sci. 1980; 26: 2231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alving C. R., Swartz G. M., Jr., Hendricks L. D., Chapman W. L., Jr., Waite V. B., Hanson W. L. Liposomes in leishmaniasis: effects of parasite virulence on treatment of experimental leishmaniasis in hamsters. Ann. Trop. Med. Parisitol. 1984; 78: 279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New R. R. C., Chance M. L., Thomas S. C., Peters W. Antileishmanial activity of antimonials entrapped in liposomes. Nature (London) 1978; 272: 55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New R. R. C., Chance M. L., Heath S. Antileishmanial activity of amphotericin and other antifungal agents entrapped in liposomes. J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1981; 8: 371
   Google Scholar
• Black C. D. V., Watson G. J., Ward R. J. The use of Pentostam liposomes in the chemotherapy of experimental leishmaniasis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1977; 71: 550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alving C. R., Steck E. A. The use of liposome-encapsulated drugs in leishmaniasis. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1979; 4: 175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steck E. A. The chemotherapy of protozoal infections: whither. J. Protozool. 1981; 28: 30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alving C. R., Veldeon J. S., Munell J. F., Hanson W. L. Liposomes in leishmaniasis: the lysosome connection. Receptor-Mediated Targeting of Drugs, G. Gregoriadis, J. Senior, A. Trouet. Plenum Press, New York 1984; 317
   Google Scholar
• Alving C. R. Therapeutic potential of liposomes as drug carriers in leishmaniasis, malaria and vaccines. Targeting of Drugs, G. Gregoriadis, J. Senior, A. Trouet. Plenum Press, New York 1982; 337
   Google Scholar
• Chapman W. L., Hanson W. L., Alving C. R., Hendricks L. D. Antileishmanial activity of liposome-encapsulated meglumine antimoniate in the dog. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1984; 45: 1028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman J. D., Hanson W. L., Chapman W. L., Alving C. R., Lopez-Berestein G. Antileishmanial activity of liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B in hamsters and monkeys. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1986; 30: 847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath S., Chance M. L., New R. R. C. Quantitative and ultrastructural studies on the uptake of drug loaded liposomes by mononuclear phagocytes infected with Leishmania donovani. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1984; 12: 49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weldon J. S., Munnell J. F., Hanson W. L., Alving C. R. Liposomal chemotherapy in visceral leishmaniasis: an ultrastructural study of an intracellular pathway. Z. Parasitenkd. 1983; 69: 415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhave J. P., Meuwissen J. H., Goplenser J. The dual role of macrophages in sporozite-induced malaria-a hypothesis. Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol. 1980; 7: 149
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinden R. E., Smith J. E. The role of the Kupffer cell in the infection of rodents by sporozites of Plasmodium: uptake of sporozites by perfused liver and the establishment of infection in vivo. Acta Trop. 1982; 39: 11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirson P., Steiger R. F., Trouet A., Gillet J., Herman F. Primaquine liposomes in the chemotherapy of experimental murine malaria. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1980; 74: 383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith J. E., Pirson P., Sinden R. E. Studies on the kinetics of uptake and distribution of free and liposome-entrapped primaquine and sporozites by isolated perfused rat liver. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1983; 778: 379
   Google Scholar
• Bonventre P., Gregoriadis G. Killing of intraphagocytic Staphylococcus aureus by dihydrostreptomycin entrapped within liposomes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1978; 13: 1049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson M., Baillie A., Richards R. Enhanced activity of streptomycin and chloramphenicol against intracellular Escherichia coli in the J7774 macrophage cell line mediated by liposome delivery. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1983; 24: 742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desiderio J., Campbell S. Intraphagocytic killing of Salmonella typhimuriuum by liposome-encapsulated cephalothin. J. Infect. Dis. 1983; 148: 563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desiderio J., Campbell S. Liposome-encapsulated cephalothin in the treatment of experimental murine salmonellosis. J. Reticuloendothelial Soc. 1983; 34: 279
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tadakuma T., Ikewaki N., Yasuda T., Tsutsumi M., Saito S., Saito K. Treatment of experimental salmonellosis in mice with streptomycin entrapped in liposomes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1985; 28: 28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fountain M. W., Dees M., Schultz C. R. Enhanced intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus by canine monocytes treated with liposomes containing amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin and tobramycin. Curr. Microbiol. 1981; 6: 373
   Google Scholar
• Fountain M. W., Weiss S. K., Fountain A. G., Shen A., Lenk R. P. Treatment of Brucella canis and Brucella abortus in vitro and in vivo by stable plurilamellar vesicle-encapsulated aminoglycosides. J. Infect. Dis. 1985; 152: 529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dees C., Fountain M. W., Taylor J. R., Schultz R. D. Enhanced intraphagocytic killing of Brucella abortus in bovine mononuclear cells by liposomes containing gentamicin. Vet. Immum. Immunopathol. 1985; 8: 171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker-Woudenberg I. A. J. M., Lokerse A., Roerdink F., Regts D., Michel M. Free versus liposome-entrapped ampicillin in treatment of infection due to Listeria monocytogenes in normal and athymic (nude) mice. J. Infect. Dis. 1985; 151: 917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker-Woudenberg I. A. J. M., Lokerse A. F., van den Berg J. C. V., Roerdink F. H., Michel M. F. Effect of liposome-entrapped ampicillin on survival of Listeria monocytogenes in murine peritoneal macrophages. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1986; 30: 295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vladmirsky M. A., Ladigina G. A. Antibacterial activity of liposome-entrapped streptomycin in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomedicine 1982; 36: 375
   Google Scholar
• Kende M., Alving C., Rill W., Swartz G., Canonico P. Enhanced efficacy of liposome-encapsulated ribavirin against Rift Valley Fever Virus infection in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1985; 27: 903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New R. R. C., Chance M. L., Heath S. The treatment of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis with liposome-entrapped Pentostam. Parasitology 1981; 83: 519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New R. R. C., Chance M. L. Treatment of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis by liposome-entrapped Pentostam. Acta Trop. 1980; 37: 253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang K. J., Mauk M. R. Fate of lipid vesicles in vivo: gamma-ray perturbed angular correlation study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1977; 74: 4991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauk M. R., Gamble R. C. Stability of lipid vesicles in tissues of the mouse: an X-ray perturbed angular correlation study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1979; 76: 765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang K. J., Luk K. S., Beaumier P. L. Volume of distribution and transcapillary passage of small unilamellar vesicles. Life Sci. 1982; 31: 949
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poste G., Bucana C., Raz A., Bugelski P. I., Kirsh R., Fidler I. Analysis of the fate of systemically administered liposomes and implications for their use in drug delivery. Cancer Res. 1982; 42: 1412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deysine M., Chuam A., Gerboth A. Selective delivery of antibiotics to experimental infection by autologous white “Blood Cells”. Surg. Forum 1979; 30: 38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan J., Williams L., Howard C. Technetium-labelled liposome imaging for deep-seated infection. Br. J. Radiol. 1985; 57: 35
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Berestein G., Mehta R., Hopfer R., Mills K., Kasi L., Mehta K., Fainstein V., Luna M., Hersh E., Juliano R. Treatment and prophylaxis of disseminated infection due to Candida albicans in mice with liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B. J. Infect. Dis. 1983; 147: 939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Berestein G., Rosenblum M. G., Mehta R. Altered tissue distribution of amphotericin B by liposomal encapsulation. Cancer Drug Delivery 1984; 3: 199
   Google Scholar
• Graybill J., Craven P., Taylor R., Williams D., Magee W. Treatment of murine cryptococcosis with liposome-associated amphotericin B. J. Infect. Dis. 1982; 145: 748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Berestein G., Hopfer R. L., Mehta R., Mehta K., Hersh E. M., Juliano R. L. Liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B for treatment of disseminated candidiasis in neutropenic mice. J. Infect. Dis. 1984; 150: 278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Berestein G., Hopfer R., Mehta R., Mehta K., Hersh E., Juliano R. L. Prophylaxis of Candida Albicans infection in neurtropenic mice with liposome-encapsulated amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1984; 25: 366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg R., Mitilenes G., Lenk R. P. 1986, unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• Norley S. G., Huang L., Rouse B. T. Targeting of drug-loaded immunoliposomes to herpes simplex virus-infected corneal cells: an effective means of inhibiting virus replication in vitro. J. Immunol. 1986; 136: 681
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sunamoto J., Goto M., Iida T., Hara K., Saito A., Tomonaga A. Unexpected tissue distribution of liposomes coated with amylopectin derivatives and successful use in the treatment of experimental Legionnaires Diseases. Receptor-Mediated Targeting of Drugs, G. Gregoriadis, G. Poste, J. Senior, A. Trouet. Plenum Press, New York 1983; 359
   Google Scholar
• Alving C. R., Schneider I., Swart G. M., Jr., Steck E. A. Sporozite-induced malaria: therapeutic effects of glycolipids in liposomes. Science 1979; 205: 1142
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juliano R. L., Lopez-Berestein G., Hopfer R., Mehta R., Mehta K., Mills K. Selective toxicity and enhanced therapeutic index of liposomal polyene antibiotics in systemic fungal infections. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1985; 446: 390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta R., Lopez-Berestein G., Hopfer R., Mills K., Juliano R. L. Liposomal amphotericin B is toxic to fungal cells but not to mammalian cells. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1984; 770: 230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta R., Mehta K., Lopez-Berestein G., Juiiano R. L. Effect of liposomal amphotericin B on murine macrophages and lymphocytes. Infect. Immun. 1985; 47: 429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopfer R., Mills K., Mehta R., Lopez-Berestein B., Fainstein V., Juliano R. L. In vitro antifungal activity of Amphotericin B and liposome-encapsulated Amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1984; 25: 387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay C., Barza M., Fiore C., Szoka F. Efficacy of liposome-intercalated amphotericin B in the treatment of systemic candidiasis in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1984; 26: 170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrens J., Graybill J., Craven P., Taylor R. Treatment of experimental murine candidasis with liposome-associated amphotericin B. Sabouraudia 1984; 22: 263
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Beresteín G., Fainstein V., Hopfer R., Mehta K., Sullivan M., Keating M., Rosenblum M., Mehta R., Luna M., Hersh E., Reuben J., Juliano R., Bodey G. Liposomal amphotericin B for the treatment of systemic fungal infections in patients with cancer: a preliminary study. J. Infect. Dis. 1983; 151: 704
   Google Scholar
• Pierson P., Steiger R., Trouet A. The disposition of free and liposomally encapsulated antimalarial primaquine in mice. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1982; 31: 3501
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Price K. Aminoglycoside research 1975–1985: prospects for development of improved agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1986; 29: 543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tauber M. G., Zak O., Scheld W. M., Hengotler B., Sande M. A. The post-antibiotic effect in the therapy of experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits. J. Infect. Dis. 1984; 149: 575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating M. J., Bodey G. P., Valdiviseo M., Rodriquex V. A randomized comparative trial of three aminoglycosides-comparison of continuous infusions of gentamicin, amikacin and sisomicin combined with carbenicillin in the treatment of infections in neutropenic patients with malignancies. Medicine (Baltimore) 1979; 58: 159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber A. U., Craig W. A., Brugger H. P., Feller C., Vastola A. P., Brandel J. Impact of dosing intervals on activity of gentamicin and ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in granulocytopenic mice. J. Infect. Dis. 1983; 147: 910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokay B. A. Antibiotic fever grips drug makers again. Chem. Bus. 1985; 6: 40
   Google Scholar
• Bushby S. R. M. The chemotherapy of leprosy. Pharmacol. Rev. 1958; 10: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eidus L., Hodgkin M. M., Hsu A. E., Schaefer O. Pharmacokinetic studies with an isoniazid slow-releasing matrix preparation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1974; 110: 34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gusmao H. H., Juarez E. A trial of Cl-564 (Dapolar) a repository antimalarial for prophylaxis in Amapa, Brazil. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1970; 19: 394
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silver P. S. Trial of sustained-release tetracycline in the treatment of gonorrhea. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1975; 51: 48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lim C. C., Presbury D. G. C., Adamson J. A sustained-release tetracycline preparation for acne vulgaris. Practitioner 1974; 212: 728
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cardinal J. R. Controlled drug delivery: veterinary applications. J. Controlled Release 1985; 2: 393
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki H., Kakutani T., Hashida M., Sezaki H. Liposomes as vehicles for the local release of drugs. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 1985; 49: 99
   Google Scholar
• Patel H. M., Ryuman B. E. Systemic and oral administration of liposomes. Liposomes: From Physical Structure to Therapeutic Applications, C. G. Knight. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam 1981; 409
   Google Scholar
• Weiner A. L., Carpenter-Green S. S., Soehngen E. C., Lenk R. P., Popescu M. C. Liposome-collagen gel matrix: a novel sustained drug delivery system. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 1985; 74: 922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolin G., Okumoto M., Feiler S., Condon D. Indoxuridine-liposome therapy for herpes simplex keratitis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1981; 91: 220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barza M., Baum J., Szoka F. Pharmacokinetics of subconjunctival liposome-encapsulated gentamicin in normal rabbit eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1984; 25: 486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefler H. E., Breitfeller J. M., Krohn D. L. Lectin-medicated attachment of liposomes to cornea: influence on transcomeal drug flux. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1982; 23: 530
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujisawa. Japanese Patent. JA74110818, 1974, Pharra. Ind. Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Schreir H., Mihalko P. A liposome-based I.M. sustained release delivery system for gentamicin. Pharm. Res. 1986; 3: 90s
   Google Scholar
• Nacucchio M. C., Gatton-Bellora M. J., Sordelli D. O., D'Aguino M. Enhanced liposome-mediated activity of piperacillin against staphylococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1985; 27: 137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nacucchio M. C., Gatton-Bellora M. J., Sordelli D. O., D'Aquino M. Liposome-mediated antibacterial activity of gentamicin and piperacillin against gram-negative bacilli in vitro. Abstr, Ann. Mtg. ASM. 1986
   Google Scholar
• Chowdhury M. K. R., Goswami R., Chakrabarti P. Liposome-trapped penicillins in growth inhibition of some penicillin-resistant bacteria. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1981; 51: 223
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hodges N. A., Mounajed R., Olliff C. J., Padfield J. M. The enhancement of neomycin activity on Eschericia coli by entrapment in liposomes. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1979; 31: 85P, (Suppl.)
   Google Scholar
• Jones N. C., Osborn M. J. Interaction of Salmonella typhimurium with phospholipid vesicles: incorporation of exogenous lipids into intact cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1977; 252: 7398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein J. N., Leserman L. D. Liposomes as drug carriers in cancer chemotherapy. Pharmacol. Ther. 1984; 24: 207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson M., Baillie A. J., Richards R. M. E. Antibacterial activity of liposome-entrapped chloramphenicol. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1983; 33: 31P, Suppl.
   Google Scholar
• Vakirtzi-Lemonias C., Gregoriadis G. Uptake of liposome-entrapped agents by the trypanosome Crithidia faciculata. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1978; 6: 1241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Onaga I. C., Baillie A. C. The toxicity of liposomal chloramphenicol for Tetrahymena pyriformis. Int. J. Pharm. 1980; 7: 89
   Google Scholar
• Kabara J. J. Fatty acids and derivatives as antimicrobial agents. The Pharmacologic Effect of Lipids, J. J. Kabara. American Oli Chemists' Society, Champaign, Ill. 1978; 1
   Google Scholar
• Freese E., Sheu C. W., Galliers E. Function of lipophilic acids as antimicrobial food additives. Nature (London) 1973; 241: 321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabara J. J. Lipids as safe and effective antimicrobial agents for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Cosmet. Perfum. 1975; 90: 21
   Google Scholar
• Yeda Research and Development Co., Ltd. U.S. Patent. 4, 474, 773, 1984, Lipid Fraction for Treating Disease
   Google Scholar
• The Pharmacologic Effect of Lipids, J. J. Kabara. American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, Ill. 1978
   Google Scholar
• Shimura H., Kimura G. Phospholipid liposomes enhance the infectivity of purified simian virus 40 virions. Virology 1985; 144: 268
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarin P. S., Gallo R. C., Scheer D. I., Crews F., Lippa A. S. Effects of a novel compound (AL 721) on HTLV-111 infectivity in vitro. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 313: 1289
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liposome Company, Inc. World Patent. WO85/00515, 1985, Enhancement of Antimicrobial Activity by Incorporating Mixture of Antimicrobial Agents into Lipid Vesicles
   Google Scholar
• Koff W. C., Fidler I. J. The potential use of liposome-mediated antiviral therapy. Antiviral Res. 1985; 5: 179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroit A. J., Hart I. R., Madsen J., Fidler I. J. Selective delivery of drugs encapsulated in liposomes: natural targeting to macrophages involved in various disease states. J. Biol. Respir. Med. 1983; 2: 97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nayar R., Fidler I. J. The systemic activation of macrophages by liposomes containing immunomodulators. Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 1985; 8: 413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Talmadge J. E., Chirigos M. A. Comparison of immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic properties of biologic response modifiers. Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 1985; 8: 429
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sone S., Fidler I. J. In vitro activation of tumoricidal properties in rat alveolar macrophages by synthetic muramyl dipeptide encapsulated in liposomes. Cell. Immunol. 1981; 57: 42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chedid L., Audibert F. New approaches for control of infections using synthetic or semi-synthetic constructs containing MDP. Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 1985; 8: 401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fidler I. J., Fogler W. E., Tarcsey L., Schumann G., Braun D. G., Schroit A. J. Systemic activation of macrophages and treatment of cancer metastases by liposomes containing hydrophilic or lipophilic muramyl dipeptide. Advances in Immunopharmacology, J. W. Hadden. Pergamon Press, New York 1983; Vol. 2: 235
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Berestein G., Mehta R., Juliano R. L., Hersh E. M. The activation of human monocytes by liposome-encapsulated muramyl dipeptide analogues. J. Immunol. 1983; 130: 1500
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Philips N. C., Mores M. L., Chedid L., LeFrancier J. M. Activation of alveolar macrophage tumorcidal activity and eradication of experimental metastases by freeze-dried liposomes containing a new lipophilic muramyl depeptide derivative. Cancer Res. 1985; 45: 128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adinolfi L. E., Bonventre P. F., Pas Vander M., Eppstein D. A. Synergistic effect of Glucantime and a liposome-encapsulated muramyl dipeptide analogue in therapy of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Infect. Immun. 1985; 48: 409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroit A. J., Galligioni E., Fidler I. J. Factors influencing the in situ activation of macrophages by liposomes containing muramyl dipeptide. Biol. Cell. 1983; 47: 87
   Google Scholar
• Knudsen R. C., Card D. M., Hoffman W. W. Protection of guinea pigs against local and systemic foot and mouth disease after administration of synthetic lipid amine (Avridine) liposomes. Antiviral Res. 1986; 6: 123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LaBonnardiere C. Association of mouse interferon with liposomes. FEBS Lett. 1977; 77: 191
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LaBonnardiere C. Preliminary data on the protective effect of interferon coupled with liposomes in the mouse-virus model of murine hepatitis. Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur) 1978; 129A: 397
   Google Scholar
• Anderson P., Vilcek J., Weissman G. Entrapment of human leukocyte interferon in the aqueous interstices of liposomes. Infect. Immun. 1981; 31: 1099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eppstein D. A., Stewart W. E. II, Binding and capture of human interferon alpha by reverse evaporation vesicles, multilamellar vesicles and small unilamellar vesicles. J. Interferon Res. 1981; 1: 495
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gurari-Rotman D., Lelkes P. I. Encapsulation of human fibroblast interferon activity in liposomes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1982; 107: 136
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eppstein D. A., Marsh Y. V., Pas Vander M., Feigner P. L., Schreiber A. B. Biological activity of liposome-encapsulated murine interferon gamma is mediated by a cell membrane receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1985; 82: 3688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koff W. C., Showalter S. C., Seniff D. A., Hampar B. Lysis of herpes-virus infected cells by macrophages activated with free or liposome-encapsulated lymphokine produced by a murine T cell hybridoma. Infect. Immun. 1983; 42: 1067
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koff W. C., Fidler I. J., Showalter S. D., Chakrabarti M. W., Hampar B., Ceccorulli L. M., Kleinerman E. S. Human monocytes activated by immunomodulators in liposomes lyse herpes virus-infected but not normal cells. Science 1984; 224: 1007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koff W. C., Showalter S. D., Chakrabarti M. L. K., Hampar B., Ceccorulli L. M., Kleinerman E. S. Human monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against herpes simplex virus-infected cells: activation of cytototoxic monocytes by free and Iiposome-encapsulated lymphokines. J. Leukocyte Biol. 1985; 37: 461
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koff W. C., Showalter S. D., Hampar B., Fidler I. J. Protection of mice against fatal herpes simplex type 2 infection by liposomes containing muramyl tripeptide. Science 1985; 228: 495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kende M., Schroit A. J., Rill W., Canonico P. Treatment of Rift Valley Fever Virus infected swiss mice with liposome encapsulated muramyl dipeptide. ICAAC Abstr. (Las Vegas, Nev.) 1983; 108
   Google Scholar
• Knudsen R. C. Adjuvant effects of two formulations of CP20961, a synthetic lipid amine, for foot and mouth disease virus vaccine in guinea pigs. Proc. 16th Conf. FMDV Comm., ParisFrance, Sept., 1982, 1
   Google Scholar
• Fraser-Smith E. B., Eppstein D. A., Larsen M. A., Matthews T. R. Protective effect of muramyl dipeptide analogue encapsulated in or mixed with liposomes against Candida albicans infection. Infect. Immun. 1983; 39: 172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehta R. T., Lopez-Berestein G., Hopfer R. L., Mehta K., White R. A., Juliana R. L. Prophylaxis of murine candidiasis via application of liposome encapsulated amphotericin B and muramyl dipeptide analogue, alone and in combination. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1985; 28: 511
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reed S. G., Barral-Netto M., Inverso J. A. Treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis with lymphokine encapsulated in liposomes. J. Immunol. 1984; 132: 3116
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osada Y., Mitsuyama M., Matsumoto K., Une T., Otani T., Ogawa H., Nomoto K. Stimulation of resistance of immunocompromised mice by a muramyl dipeptide analog. Infect. Immun. 1982; 37: 1285
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morahan P. S., Demsey W. L., Volkman A., Connor J. Antimicrobial activity of various immunomodulators: independence from normal levels of circulating monocytes and natural killer cells. Infect. Immun. 1986; 51: 87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Talmadge J. E., Schneider M., Collins M., Phillips M., Heberman R. B., Wiltrout R. H. Augmentation of NK cell activity in tissue specific sites by liposomes incorporating MTP-PE. J. Immunol. 1985; 135: 1477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidler I. J., Sone S., Fogler W. E., Barnes Z. L. Eradication of spontaneous metastases and activation of alveolar macrophages by intravenous injection of liposomes containing muramyl dipeptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1981; 78: 1680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchmuller T., Mauel J. Studies on the mechanism of macrophage activation. II. Parasite destruction in macrophages activated by supernatants from concanavalin A stimulated lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 1979; 150: 359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang K. P., Chiao J. W. Cellular immunity of mice to Leishmania donovani in vitro: lymphokine-mediated killing of intracellular parasites in macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1981; 78: 7083
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nacy C. A., Meltzer M. S., Leonard E. J., Wyler D. J. Intracellular replication and lymphokine-induced destruction of Leishmania tropica in C3H/HeN mouse macrophages. J. Immunol. 1981; 127: 2381
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilberath M. J., Nacy C. A., Hoover D. L., Alving C. R., Swartz G. M., Jr., Meltzer M. S. Macrophage activation for microbicidal activity against Leishmania major: inhibition of lymphokine activation by phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylserine liposomes. J. Immunol. 1985; 134: 3420
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilbreath M. J., Swartz G. M., Alving C. R., Nacy C. A., Hoover D. L., Meltzer M. S. Differential inhibition of macrophage microbicidal activity by liposomes. Infect. Immun. 1985; 47: 567
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roa L. S. Preparation of liposomes on the industrial scale: problems and perspectives, chap. 18. Liposome Technology, G. Gregoriadia. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. 1984; Vol. 1
   Google Scholar
• Rao L. S. Liposomal dosage form development — some practical considerations. J. Parenteral Sci. Technol. 1983; 37: 72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fildes F. J. T. Liposomes: the industrial viewpoint, chap. 17. Liposomes: From Physical Structure to Therapeutic Applications, G. Knight. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam 1981
   Google Scholar
• Freise J. The preparation of sterile drug-containing liposomes, chap. 10. Liposome Technology, G. Gregoriadis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. 1984; Vol. 1
   Google Scholar
• Hunt C. A., Tsang S. a-Tocopherol retards auto-oxidation and prolongs the shelf-life of liposomes. Int. J. Pharm. 1981; 8: 101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne N. I., Timmins P., Ambrose C. V., Ward M. D., Ridgway R. Proliposomes: a novel solution to an old problem. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 1986; 75: 325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden T. D., Bally M. B., Hope M. J., Cullis P. R., Schieren H. P., Janoff A. S. Protection of large unilamellar vesicles by trehalose during dehydration: retention of vesicle contents. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1985; 817: 67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart I. R., Fogler W. E., Poste G., Fidler I. J. Toxicity studies of liposome encapsulated immunomodulators administered intravenously to dogs and mice. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1981; 10: 157
   Google Scholar
• Abra R. M., Hunt C. A. Liposome distribution in vivo. III. Dose and vesicle size effects. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1981; 666: 493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellens H., Mayhew E., Rustum Y. M. Reversible depression of the reticuloendothelial system by liposomes. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1982; 714: 479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merion R. M. Measurements of reticuloendothelial system phagocytic activity in the rat after treatment with silica, liposomes and cyclosporine. Transplantation 1985; 40: 86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poste G. Liposomes as a drug delivery system in cancer therapy. Novel Approaches to Cancer Chemotherapy, P. Sunkara. Academic Press, Orlando, Fla. 1983
   Google Scholar
• Nuzzo F., Sala F., Biondi O., Casati A., Cestaro B., DeCarli L. Lipsomes induce chromosomal aberrations in human cultured cells. Exp. Cell. Res. 1985; 157: 397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rustum Y., Dave C., Mayhew E., Papahadjopoulous D. Role of liposome type and route of administration in the anti-tumor activity of liposome-entrapped 1-B-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine against mouse L1210 leukemia. Cancer Res. 1979; 39: 1390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphrey G. B., Allen L. V., Blackstock R., Comp P. C., DeBault L. E., Esmon C. T., Harriman A., Holloway F. A., Krous H. F., Mojarad M., Stone H. L., Wierimaa R. Thrombogenic potential of phosphatidylserine containing liposomes. Receptor-Mediated Targeting of Drugs, G. Gregoriadis, G. Poste, J. Senior, A. Trouet. Plenum Press, New York 1983; 333
   Google Scholar
• Allen T. M., McCallister L., Mausolf G., Gyorffy E. Liposome-cell interactions: a study of the interaction of liposomes containing entrapped anti-cancer drugs with the EMT6, S49, and AE1 (transport deficient) cell lines. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1981; 643: 346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams D. A., Joyce G., Richardson V. J., Ryman B. E., Wisniewski H. M. Liposome toxicity in the mouse central nervous system. J. Neurol. Sci. 1977; 31: 173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weereratne E. A. H., Gregoriadis G., Crow J. Toxicity of sphingomyelin containing liposomes after chronic injection into mice. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1983; 64: 670
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen T. M., Smuckler E. A. Liver pathology accompanying chronic liposome administration in mice. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1985; 50: 281
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlier M. B., Laurent G., Claes P. J., Vanderhaeghe H. J., Tulkens P. M. Inhibition of lysosomal phospholipases by aminoglycoside antibiotics: in vitro comparative studies. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1983; 23: 440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman H. J., Lewis J. H. Hepatic toxicity of antimicrobial agents, chap. 7. New Dimensions in Antimicrobial Therapy, R. K. Root, M. A. Sande. Churchill Livingston, New York 1984
   Google Scholar
• Blagoi Y. P., Tsyganenko A. Y., Zimoglyad B. N., Leont'ev V. S., Vasil'chenko V. N., Shkorbatov A. G. Cryoresistance and structure of liposomes containing rifampicin and tetracycline. Kriobiologiya 1986; 1: 11
   Google Scholar
• de Haan P., Claassen E., van Rooijen N. Liposomes as carrier for antibiotics: a comparative study on the immune response against liposome-encapsulated penicillin and other penicill in preparations. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 1986; 81: 186
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayhew E., Lazo R., Vail W. J. Preparation of liposomes entrapping cancer chemotherapeutic agents for experimental in vivo and in vitro studies, chap. 2. Liposome Technology, G. Gregoriadis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. 1984; Vol. 2
   Google Scholar
• Milward F. W., Nicoletti P., Hoffman E. Effectiveness of various therapeutic regimens for bovine brucellosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1984; 45: 1825
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gregoriadis G. Drug entrapment in liposomes. FEBS Lett. 1973; 36: 296
   Google Scholar
• Morgan J. R., Williams K. E. Preparation and properties of liposome-associated gentamicin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1980; 17: 544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar