Tinea pedis: The etiology and global epidemiology of a common fungal infection

References

• Abdel-Rahman SM. (2008). Strain differentiation of dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 166:319–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abramsom C. (1981). Athlete’s foot caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Dermatol 1:14–24
   Google Scholar
• Adachi M, Watanabe S. (2007). Evaluation of combined deactivators-supplemented agar medium (CDSAM) for recovery of dermatophytes from patients with tinea pedis. Med Mycol 45:347–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hasan M, Fitzgerald SM, Saoudian M, Krishnaswamy G. (2004). Dermatology for the practicing allergist: tinea pedis and its complications. Clin Mol Allergy 2:5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Almeida SR. (2008). Immunology of dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia 166:277–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aly R. (1994). Ecology and epidemiology of dermatophyte infections. J Am Acad Dermatol 31:21–5
   Google Scholar
• Andrews MD, Burns M. (2008). Common tinea infections in children. Am Fam Physician 77:1415–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arabatzis M, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LES, Kuijper EJ, et al. (2007). Diagnosis of dermatophyte infection by a novel multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction detection/identification scheme. Br J Dermatol 157:681–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ates A, Ozcan K, Ilkit M. (2008). Diagnostic value of morphological, physiological and biochemical tests in distinguishing Trichophyton rubrum from Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex. Med Mycol 46:811–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attye A, Auger P, Joly J. (1990). Incidence of occult athlete’s foot in swimmers. Eur J Epidemiol 6:244–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auger P, Marquis G, Joly J, Attye A. (1993). Epidemiology of tinea pedis in marathon runners: prevalence of occult athlete’s foot. Mycoses 36:35–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddour LM, Bisno AL. (1985). Non-group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal cellulitis: association with venous and lymphatic compromise. Am J Med 79:155–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer RL, Rosenthal SA, Furnari D. (1955). Survival of dermatophytes applied on the feet. J Invest Dermatol 24:619–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beguin H, Pyck N, Hendrickx M, et al. (2012). The taxonomic status of Trichophyton quinckeanum and Trichophyton interdigitale revisited: a multigene phylogenetic approach. Med Mycol 50:871–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell-Syer SE, Khan SM, Torgerson DJ. (2012). Oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 17:10:CD003584
   Google Scholar
• Bergmans AMC, van der Ent M, Klaassen A, et al. (2010). Evaluation of a single-tube real-time PCR for detection and identification of 11 dermatophyte species in clinical material. Clin Microbiol Infect 16:704–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björnsdóttir S, Gottfredsson M, Thórisdóttir AS, et al. (2005). Risk factors for acute cellulitis of the lower limb: a prospective case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 41:1416–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonifaz A, Vázquez-González A, Hernández MA, et al. (2013). Dermatophyte isolation in the socks of patients with tinea pedis and onychomycosis. J Dermatol 40:504–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borman AM, Campbell CK, Fraser M, Johnson EM. (2007). Analysis of the dermatophyte species isolated in the British Isles between 1980 and 2005 and review of worldwide dermatophyte trends over the last three decades. Med Mycol 45:131–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasch J. (2009). Current knowledge of host response in human tinea. Mycoses 52:304–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasch J. (2010). Pathogenesis of tinea. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 8:780–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner IKM, Shek PN, Shepard RJ. (1994). Infection in athletes. Sports Med 17:86–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow IR, Spruce MC. (2009). Fungal foot infection, cellulitis and diabetes: a review. Diabet Med 26:548–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brlyd LE, Agner T, Menné T. (2003). Relation between vesicular eruptions on the hands and tinea pedis, atopic dermatitis and nickel allergy. Acta Derm Venereol 83:186–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brod C, Benedix F, Röcken M, Schaller M. (2007). Trichophytic Majocchi granuloma mimicking Kaposi sarcoma. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 5:591–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brooks KE, Bender JF. (1996). Tinea pedis: diagnosis and treatment. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 13:31–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caputo R, de Boulle K, del Rosso J, Nowicki R. (2001). Prevalence of superficial fungal infections among sports-active individuals: results from the Achilles survey, a review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 15:312–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellani A. (1910). Observation on a new species found in tinea cruris. Br J Dermatol 5:148–50
   Google Scholar
• Coppin E, Depuchy R, Arnaise S, Picard M. (1997). Mating types and sexual development in filamentous ascomycetes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61:411–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel CR, Gupta A, Daniel MP, Daniel CM. (1997). Two feet-one hand syndrome: a retrospective multicenter survey. Int J Dermatol 36:658–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daniel CR, Jellinck NJ. (2006). The pedal fungus resorvoir. Arch Dermatol 142:1344–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daniel CR, Lawson LA. (1987). Tinea unguium. Cutis 40:326–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day MR, Day RD, Harkless LB. (1996). Cellulitis secondary to web space dermatophytosis. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 13:759–66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Degreef H. (2008). Clinical forms of dermatophytosis (ringworm infection). Mycopathologia 166:257–65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Djélaleddin-Moukhtar. (1892). De la trichophytie des régions palmaire et plantaire [Trichophyte of the palm of the hand and the sole of the feet]. Ann Derm Syp Paris 3:885–915
   Google Scholar
• Döğen A, Ilkit M. (2013). Comparative evaluation of Borelli’s lactrimel agar and Lowenstein-Jensen agar for conidiation in the Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum complexes. Mycopathologia 175:135–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drakensjö IT, Chyrssanthou E. (2011). Epidemiology of dermatophyte infections in Stockholm, Sweden. A retrospective study from 2005–2009. Med Mycol 49:484–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durdu M, Seçkin D, Baba M. (2011). The Tzanck smear test: rediscovery of a practical diagnostic tool. Skinmed 9:23–32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• English MP, Gibson MD. (1959). Studies in the epidemiology of tinea pedis. I. Tinea pedis in school children. Br Med J 1:1442–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Falahati M, Akhlaghi L, Lari AR, Alaghehbandan R. (2003). Epidemiology of dermatophytoses in the area of Tehran, Iran. Mycopathologia 156:279–87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Field LA, Adams BB. (2008). Tinea pedis in athletes. Int J Dermatol 47:485–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher E. (1982). How long do dermatophytes survive in the water of indoor pools? Dermatologica 165:352–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedrich M. (2013). Inflammatory tinea pedis with bacterial superinfection effectively treated with isoconazole nitrate and diflucortolone valerate combination therapy. Mycoses 56:23–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz P, Beck-Jendroschek V, Brasch J. (2012). Inhibition of dermatophytes by the antimicrobial peptides human β-defensin-2, ribonuclease 7 and psoriasin. Med Mycol 50:579–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg J, Tilak R, Garg A, et al. (2009). Rapid detection of dermatophytes from skin and hair. BMC Res Notes 2:60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gentles JC. (1957). Athlete’s foot fungus on the floors of community bathing places. Br Med J 1:746–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Georg LK. (1954). The relationship between the downy and granular forms of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. J Invest Dermatol 23:123–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghannoum MA, Isham N, Long L. (2012). Optimization of an infected shoe model for the evaluation of an ultraviolet shoe sanitizer device. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102:309–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gip L. (1967). Estimation of incidence of dermatophytes on floor areas after barefoot walking with washed and unwashed feet. Acta Dermatol Venereol 47:89–93
   Google Scholar
• Glick ZR, Khachemoune A. (2012). Scaly pink plaques on the left foot: tinea incognito. J Emerg Med 43:483–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Götz H. (1952). Clinical and experimental investigations of the dermatomycoses of the Hamburg area 1948–1950. Arch Dermatol Syph 195:1–76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Götz H, Hantschke D. (1965). A glance at the epidemiology of dermatomycoses in the coal mining industry. Hautarzt 16:543–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gräser Y, de Hoog S, Summerbell RC. (2006). Dermatophytes: recognizing species of clonal fungi. Med Mycol 44:199–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gräser Y, Fröhlich J, Presber W, de Hoog GS. (2007). Microsatellite markers reveal geographic population differentiation in Trichophyton rubrum. J Med Microbiol 56:1058–65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gräser Y, Kuijpers AFA, El Fari M, et al. (2000b). Molecular and conventional taxonomy of the Microsporum canis complex. Med Mycol 38:143–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gräser Y, Kuijpers AF, Presber W, de Hoog GS. (1999a). Molecular taxonomy of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans. Med Mycol 37:315–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gräser Y, Kuijpers AFA, Presber W, de Hoog GS. (2000a). Molecular taxonomy of the Trichophyton rubrum complex. J Clin Microbiol 38:3329–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gräser Y, Kühnisch J, Presber W. (1999b). Molecular markers reveals exclusively clonal reproduction in Trichophyton rubrum. J Clin Microbiol 37:3713–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gräser Y, Scott J, Summerbell R. (2008). The new species concept in dermatophytes – a polyphasic approach. Mycopathologia 166:239–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigoriu D, Delacrétaz J, Borelli D. (1987). Medical mycology. Basel, Switzerland: Editiones Roche. Chapter 9, pp. 87–106
   Google Scholar
• Grumbt M, Monod M, Yamada T, et al. (2013). Keratin degradation by dermatophytes relies on cysteine dioxygenase and a sulfit efflux pump. J Invest Dermatol 133:1550–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarner J, Brandt ME. (2011). Histopathologic diagnosis of fungal infections in the 21st century. Clin Microbiol Rev 24:247–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guoling Y, Xiaohong Y, Jingrong L, et al. (2006). A study on stability of phenotype and genotype of Trichophyton rubrum. Mycopathologia 161:205–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta AK, Britnell WC. (2013). Sanitization of contaminated footwear from onychomycosis patients using ozone gas: a novel adjunct therapy for treating onychomycosis and tinea pedis? J Cutan Med Surg 17:243–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Kohli Y, Summerbell RC. (2001). Variation in restriction fragment length polymorphisms among serial isolates from patients with Trichophyton rubrum infection. J Clin Microbiol 39:3260–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta AK, Skinner AR, Cooper EA. (2005). Evaluation of the efficacy of ciclopirox 0.77% gel in the treatment of tinea pedis interdigitalis (dermatophytosis complex) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Dermatol 44:590–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gümral R, Döğen A, Durdu M, Ilkit M. (2013). The use of albino adult hair and blond prepubertal hair yields equivalent results in an in vitro hair perforation test to differentiate between different dermatophytic fungi. Mycopathologia 176:23–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammer TR, Mucha H, Hoefer D. (2011). Infection risk by dermatophytes during storage and after domestic laundry and their temperature-dependent inactivation. Mycopathologia 171:43–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer TR, Mucha H, Hoefer D. (2012). Dermatophyte susceptibility varies towards antimicrobial textiles. Mycoses 55:344–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamnerius N, Berglund J, Faergemann J. (2004). Pedal dermatophyte infection in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 150:1125–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havlickova B, Czaika VA, Friedrich M. (2008). Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide. Mycoses 51:2–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidemann S, Monod M, Gräser Y. (2010). Signature polymorphisms in the internal transcribed spacer region relevant for the differentiation of zoophilic and anthropophilic strains of Trichophyton interdigitale and other species of T. mentagrophytes sensu lato. Br J Dermatol 162:282–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ. (2000). Pustular tinea pedis. J Am Acad Dermatol 42:132–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ. (2012). Lower limb cellulitis and its mimics: part I. Lower limb cellulitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 67:163.e1–12
   Google Scholar
• Iglesias ME, España A, Idoate MA, Quintanilla E. (1994). Generalized skin reaction following tinea pedis (dermatophytids). J Dermatol 21:31–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ilkit M, Durdu M, Karakaş M. (2012a). Cutaneous id reactions: a comprehensive review of clinical manifestations, epidemiology and management. Crit Rev Microbiol 38:191–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilkit M, Durdu M, Karakaş M. (2012b). Majocchi's granuloma: a symptom complex caused by fungal pathogens. Med Mycol 50:449–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilkit M, Gümral R, Döğen A. (2012c). Borelli's lactritmel agar induces conidiation in rare-macroconidia producing dermatophytic fungi. Med Mycol 50:735–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilkit M, Tanır F, Hazar S, et al. (2005). Epidemiology of tinea pedis and toenail tinea unguium in worshippers in the mosques in Adana, Turkey. J Dermatol 32:698–704
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson CJ, Barton RC, Kelly SL, Evans EGV. (2000). Strain identification of Trichophyton rubrum by specific amplification of subrepeat elements in the ribosomal DNA nontranscribed spacer. J Clin Microbiol 38:4527–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson CJ, Mochizuki T, Barton RC. (2006). PCR fingerprinting of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale using polymorphic subrepeat loci in the rDNA nontranscribed spacer. J Med Microbiol 55:1349–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaaman T, Torssander T. (1983). Dermatophytid – a misdiagnosed entity? Acta Derm Venereol 63:404–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamihama T, Kimura T, Hosokawa JI, et al. (1997). Tinea pedis outbreak in swimming pools in Japan. Public Health 111:249–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanbe T. (2008). Molecular approaches in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia 166:307–17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kane J, Fischer JB. (1975). Occurrence of Trichophyton megninii in Ontario. Identification with a simple cultural procedure. J Clin Microbiol 2:111–14
   Google Scholar
• Kane J, Krajden S, Summerbell R, Sibbald RG. (1990). Infections caused by Trichophyton raubitschekii: clinical and epidemiological features. Mycoses 33:499–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane J, Summerbell RC, Sigler L, et al. (1997). Laboratory handbook of dermatophytes: a clinical guide and laboratory manual of dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi from skin, hair and nails. Belmont, CA: Star Publishing. pp. 1–3
   Google Scholar
• Klein PA, Clark RA, Nicol NH. (1999). Acute infection with Trichophyton rubrum associated with flares of atopic dermatitis. Cutis 63:171–2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lacroix C, Baspeyras M, de La Salmonière P, et al. (2002). Tinea pedis in European marathon runners. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 16:139–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Legge BS, Grady JF, Lacey AM. (2008). The incidence of tinea pedis in diabetic versus nondiabetic patients with interdigital macerations: a prospective study. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 98:353–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyden JJ. (1993). Progression of interdigital infections from simplex to complex. J Am Acad Dermatol 28:S7–11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyden JJ, Kligman AM. (1978). Interdigital athlete's foot. The interaction of dermatophytes and resident bacteria. Arch Dermatol 114:1466–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levitt JO, Levitt BH, Akhavan A, Yanofsky H. (2010). The sensitivity and specificity of potassium hydroxide smear and fungal culture results relative to clinical assessment in the evaluation of tinea pedis: a pooled analysis. Dermatol Res Pract 2010:764843
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li W, Metin B, White TC, Heitman J. (2010). Organization and evolutionary trajectory of the mating type (MAT) locus in dermatophyte and dimorphic fungal pathogens. Euk Cell 9:46–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lim CS, Lim SL. (2008). New contrast stain for the rapid diagnosis of dermatophytic and candidal dermatomycoses. Arch Dermatol 144:1228–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin JY, Shih YL, Ho HC. (2011). Foot bacterial intertrigo mimicking interdigital tinea pedis. Chang Gung Med J 34:44–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• L’Ollivier C, Cassagne C, Normand C, et al. (2013). A MALDI-TOF MS procedure for clinical dermatophyte species identification in the routine laboratory. Med Mycol 51:713–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-García B, Lee PH, Gallo RL. (2006). Expression and potential function of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides in dermatophytosis and tinea versicolor. J Antimicrob Chemother 57:877–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus R, Huzaira M Anderson RR, Gonzaléz S. (2001). A better potassium hydroxide preparation? In vivo diagnosis of tinea with confocal microscopy. Arch Dermatol 137:1076–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin SJ, Duvic M. (2012). Prevalence and treatment of palmoplantar keratoderma and tinea pedis in patients with Sézary syndrome. Int J Dermatol 51:1195–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez DA, Oliver BG, Gräser Y, et al. (2012). Comparative genome analysis of Trichophyton rubrum and related dermatophytes reveals candidate genes involved in infection. mBio 3:e00259–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matricciani L, Talbot K, Jones S. (2011). Safety and efficacy of tinea pedis and onychomycosis treatment in people with diabetes: a systematic review. J Foot Ankle Res 4:26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendez-Tovar LJ. (2010). Pathogenesis of dermatophytosis and tinea versicolor. Clin Dermatol 28:185–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlin K, Kilkenny M, Plunkett A, Marks R. (1999). The prevalence of common skin conditions in Australian school students: 4 Tinea pedis. Br J Dermatol 140:897–901
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mungan D, Bavbek S, Peksarı V, et al. (2001). Trichophyton sensitivity in allergic and nonallergic asthma. Allergy 56:558–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima T, Nozawa A, Ito T, et al. (2002). Development of a new medium useful for the recovery of dermatophytes from clinical specimens by minimizing the carryover effect of antifungal agents. Microbiol Immunol 46:83–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen K, Heitman J. (2007). Sex and virulence of human pathogenic fungi. Adv Genet 57:143–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble SL, Forbes RC, Stamm PL. (1998). Diagnosis and management of common tinea infections. Am Fam Physician 58:163–74, 177–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noguchi H, Hiruma M, Kawada A, et al. (1995). Tinea pedis in members of the Japanese Self-Defence Forces: relationships of its prevalence and its severity with length of military service and width of interdigital spaces. Mycoses 38:495–9
   Google Scholar
• Ohst T, de Hoog S, Presber W, et al. (2004). Origins of microsatellite diversity in the Trichophyton rubrum-T. violaceum clade (Dermatophytes). J Clin Microbiol 42:4444–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ota M, Kawatsuré JS. (1933). Sur l’inoculabilité à l’animal du Trichophyton interdigitale Priestley. Ann Parasit Hum Comp 11:206–21
   Google Scholar
• Ozcan D, Seçkin D, Demirbilek M. (2010). In vitro antifungal susceptibility of dermatophyte strains causing tinea pedis and onychomycosis in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 24:1442–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ozturk P, Arıcan O, Kurutas EB, et al. (2013). Local oxidative stress in interdigital tinea pedis. J Dermatol 40:114–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padhye AA, Summerbell RC. (2005). The dermatophytes. In: Hay R, Merz W eds. Topley and Wilson’s microbiology and microbial infections, medical mycology, 10th edn. Vol. 5. London: Arnold Publishers, 220–43
   Google Scholar
• Pellizzari C. (1888). Recharche sur Trichophyton tonsurans. G Ital Mal Venereol 29:8
   Google Scholar
• Perea S, Ramos MJ, Garau M, et al. (2000). Prevalence and risk factors of tinea unguium and tinea pedis in the general population in Spain. J Clin Microbiol 38:3226–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philpot CM. (1977). Some aspects of the epidemiology of tinea. Mycopathologia 62:3–13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Powers CN. (1998). Diagnosis of infectious diseases: a cytopathologist's perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:341–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiangqiang Z, Limo Q, Qixian Q. (2001). Disseminated tinea of the verrucous type due to Epidermophyton floccosum. Mycoses 44:326–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rad M, Jackson C, Barton RC, Evans EG. (2005). Single strains of Trichophyton rubrum in cases of tinea pedis. J Med Microbiol 54:725–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rippon JW. (1985). The changing epidemiology and emerging patterns of dermatophyte species. Curr Top Med Mycol 1:208–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rippon JW. (1988). Dermatophytosis and dermatomycosis. In: Medical mycology: the pathogenic fungi and the pathogenic actinomycetes. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. pp. 178
   Google Scholar
• Robert R, Pihet M. (2008). Conventional methods for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia 166:295–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robin C. (1853). Historie naturelle des végétaux parasites qui croissent sur l’homme et sur les animaux vivants. Paris: J.-B. Baillière
   Google Scholar
• Rotta I, Sanchez A, Gonçalves PR, et al. (2012). Efficacy and safety of topical antifungals in the treatment of dermatomycosis: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 166:927–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sano T, Katoh T, Nishioka K. (2005). Culturing dermatophytes rapidly from each toe web by fingertip. J Dermatol 32:102–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schäfer-Korting M, Schoelmann C, Korting HC. (2008). Fungicidal activity plus reservoir effect allow short treatment courses with terbinafine in tinea pedis. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 21:203–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seebacher C, Bouchara JP, Mignon B. (2008). Updates on the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections. Mycopathologia 166:335–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semel JD, Goldin H. (1996). Association of athlete's foot with cellulitis of the lower extremities: diagnostic value of bacterial cultures of ipsilateral interdigital space samples. Clin Infect Dis 23:1162–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shemer A, Grunwald MH, Davidovici B, et al. (2010). A novel two-step kit for topical treatment of tinea pedis- an open study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 24:1099–101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith ES, Fleischer AB Jr, Feldman SR. (1998). Nondermatologists are more likely than dermatologists to prescribe antifungal/corticosteroid products: an analysis of office visits for cutaneous fungal infections, 1990–1994. J Am Acad Dermatol 39:43–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Summerbell RC, Weitzman I, Padhye AA. (2007). Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton and agents of superficial mycoses. In: Murray PR, Baro EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landey ML, Pfaller MA, eds. Manual of clinical microbiology, 9th edn. Washington: ASM Press, 1874–97
   Google Scholar
• Sun PL, Hsieh HM, Ju YM, Jee SH. (2010). Molecular characterization of dermatophytes of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex found in Taiwan with emphasis on their correlation with clinical observations. Br J Dermatol 163:1312–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney SM, Wiss K, Mallory SB. (2002). Inflammatory tinea pedis/manuum masquerading as bacterial cellulitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156:1149–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szepietowski JC, Reich A, Garlowska E, et al. (2006). Factors influencing coexistence of toenail onychomycosis with tinea pedis and other dermatomycoses. Arch Dermatol 142:1279–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tani K, Adachi M, Nakamura Y, et al. (2007). The effect of dermatophytes on cytokine production by human keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res 299:381–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tietz HJ, Kunzelmann V, Schönian G. (1995). Changes in the fungal spectrum of dermatomycoses. Mycoses 38:33–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Triviño-Duran L, Torres-Rodriguez JM, Martinez-Roig A, et al. (2005). Prevalence of tinea capitis and tinea pedis in Barcelona schoolchildren. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24:137–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trotha R, Gräser Y, Platt J, et al. (2003). Tinea barbae caused by a zoophilic strain of Trichophyton interdigitale. Mycoses 46:60–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Veien NK, Hattel T, Laurberg G. (1994). Plantar Trichophyton rubrum infections may cause dermatophytids on the hands. Acta Derm Venereol 74:403–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verrier J, Krähenbühl L, Bontems O, et al. (2013). Dermatophyte identification in skin and hair samples using a sample and reliable nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Br J Dermatol 168:295–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walling HW. (2009). Subclinical onychomycosis is associated with tinea pedis. Br J Dermatol 161:746–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward GW Jr, Karlsson G, Rose G, Platts-Mills TA. (1989). Trichophyton asthma: sensitisation of bronchi and upper airways to dermatophyte antigen. Lancet 1:859–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe S, Harada T, Hiruma M, et al. (2010). Epidemiological survey of foot diseases in Japan: results of 30,000 foot checks by dermatologists. J Dermatol 37:397–406
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weedon D. (2010). Weedon’s skin pathology. 3rd edn. London: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 582–5
   Google Scholar
• Weitzman I, McGinnis MR, Padhye AA, Ajello L. (1986). The genus Arthroderma and its later synonym Nannizzia. Mycotaxon 25:505–18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzman I, Summerbell RC. (1995). The dermatophytes. Clin Microbiol Rev 8:240–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White TC, Oliver BG, Gräser Y, Henn MR. (2008). Generating and testing molecular hypothesis in the dermatophytes. Euk Cell 7:1238–45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitfield A. (1908). A note on some unusual cases of trichophytic infection. Lancet 172:237–8
   Google Scholar
• Woodfolk JA. (2005). Allergy and dermatophytes. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:30–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods GL, Walker DH. (1996). Detection of infection or infectious agents by use of cytologic and histologic stains. Clin Microbiol Rev 9:382–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuksel T, Ilkit M. (2012). Identification of rare macroconidia-producing dermatophytic fungi by real-time PCR. Med Mycol 50:346–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaias N, Rebell G. (2003). Clinical and mycological status of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes (T. interdigitale) syndrome of chronic dermatophytosis of the skin and nails. Int J Dermatol 42:779–88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhan P, Ge YP, Lu XL, et al. (2010). A case-control analysis and laboratory study of the two feet-one hand syndrome in two dermatology hospitals in China. Clin Exp Dermatol 35:468–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar