2,703
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Laridae: A neglected reservoir that could play a major role in avian influenza virus epidemiological dynamics

, , , , &
Pages 508-519 | Received 26 Jul 2013, Accepted 27 Nov 2013, Published online: 23 Dec 2015

References

  • Alexander DJ. (2000). A review of avian influenza in different bird species. Vet Microb 74:3–13
  • Altwegg R, Crawford RJM, Underhill LG, Martin AP, Whittington PA. (2007). Geographic variation in reproduction and survival of kelp gulls Larus dominicanus vetula in southern Africa. J Avian Biol 38:580–6
  • Arsnoe DM, Ip HS, Owen JC. (2011). Influence of body condition on influenza A virus infection in mallard ducks: experimental infection data. PLoS ONE 6: e22633
  • Bahl AK, Pomeroy BS. (1977). Experimental exposure of Franklins' gulls (Larvus pipixcan) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) to a turkey influenza virus A/Turkey/Minn/BF/72 (Hav6Neq2). J Wildl Dis 13:420–6
  • Banks J, Speidel ES, Moore E, Plowright L, Piccirillo A, Capua I, Cordioli P, Firoetti A, Alexander DJ. (2001). Changes in the haemagglutinin and the neuraminidase genes prior to the emergence of highly pathogenic H7N1 avian influenza viruses in Italy. Arch virol 146:963–73
  • Becker WB. (1966). The isolation and classification of tern virus: influenza virus A/tern/South Africa/1961. J Hyg-Cambridge 64:309–20
  • Birdlife International (2013). Important Bird Areas (IBAs). Available from: http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/sites/index.html [last accessed 1 Jun 2013]
  • Blokpoel H, Spaans AL. (1991). Introductory remarks: superabundance in gulls: causes, problems and solutions. Wellington: Bell, B.D. Editions, Acta XX congressus internationalis ornithologici, 2361–3
  • Boere G, Dodman T. (2011). Understanding the flyway approach to conservation. WOW training resources. Available from: http://wow.wetlands.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=%2b%2b4YtjlpxlY%3d&tabid=1688&mid=6756&language=en-US [last accessed 1 Jun 2013]
  • Bonnedahl J, Drobni M, Gauthier-Clerc M, et al. (2009). Dissemination of Escherichia coli with CTX-M type ESBL between humans and yellow-legged gulls in the south of France. PLoS One 4: e5958
  • Boulinier T, Staszewski V. (2008). Maternal transfer of antibodies: raising immuno-ecology issues. Trends Ecol Evol 23:282–8
  • Breton AR, Fox GA, Chardine JW. (2008). Survival of adult herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from a lake Ontario colony over two decades of environmental change. Waterbirds 31:15–23
  • Brown JD, Goekjian G, Poulson R, et al. (2009). Avian influenza virus in water: infectivity is dependent on pH, salinity and temperature. Vet Microb 136:20–6
  • Brown JD, Poulson R, Carter D, et al. (2012). Susceptibility of avian species to North American H13 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Av Dis 56:969–75
  • Brown JD, Stallknecht DE, Beck JR, et al. (2006). Susceptibility of North American ducks and gulls to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1663–70
  • Brown JD, Stallknecht DE, Swayne DE. (2008). Experimental infections of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) with H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses by intranasal inoculation of virus and ingestion of virus-infected chicken meat. Avian Pathol 37:393–7
  • Caron A, de Garine-Wichatitsky M, Gaidet N, et al. (2010). Estimating dynamic risk factors for pathogen transmission using community-level bird census data at the wildlife/domestic interface. Ecol Soc 15:25--43
  • Chen H, Smith GJD, Zhang SY, et al. (2005). Avian flu: H5N1 virus outbreak in migratory waterfowl. Nature 436:191–2
  • Chen R, Holmes EC. (2009). Frequent inter-species transmission and geographic subdivision in avian influenza viruses from wild birds. Virology 383:156–61
  • Costa TP, Brown JD, Howerth EW, Stallknecht DE. (2011). Variation in viral shedding patterns between different wild bird species infected experimentally with low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses that originated from wild birds. Avian Pathol 40:119–24
  • Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD. (2000). Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife – threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 287:443–9
  • De Marco MA, Foni E, Campitelli L, et al. (2005). Influenza virus circulation in wild aquatic birds in Italy during H5N2 and H7N1 poultry epidemic periods (1998 to 2000). Avian Pathol 34:480–5
  • De Wit E, Fouchier RAM. (2008). Emerging influenza. J Clin Virol 41:1–6
  • Del Hoyo J. (1996). Hoatzin to auks. Barcelona: Lynx Editions, 821 pp
  • Dharan NJGL. (2009). Infections with oseltamivir-resistant influenza A (H1N1) virus in the United States. J Am Med Assoc 301:1034–41
  • Dolejska M, Cizek A, Literak I. (2007). High prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant genes and integrons in Escherichia coli isolates from Black-headed Gulls in the Czech Republic. J Appl Microbiol 103:11–19
  • Duhem C, Roche P, Vidal E, Tatoni T. (2008). Effects of anthropogenic food resources on yellow-legged gull colony size on Mediterranean islands. Popul Ecol 50:91–100
  • Earn DJD, Dushoff J, Levin SA. (2002). Ecology and evolution of the flu. Trends Ecol Evol 17:334–40
  • Ellis TM, Bousfield RB, Bissett LA, et al. (2004). Investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in waterfowl and wild birds in Hong Kong in late 2002. Avian Pathol 33:492–505
  • Ellström P, Jourdain E, Gunnarsson O, et al. (2009). The “human influenza receptor” Neu5Ac'alpha'2,6Gal is expressed among different taxa of wild birds. Arch Virol 154:1533–7
  • Ellström P, Latorre-Margalef N, Griekspoor P, et al. (2008). Sampling for low-pathogenic avian influenza A virus in wild mallard ducks: oropharyngeal versus cloacal swabbing. Vaccine 26:4414–16
  • Elphick J. (2007). The atlas of bird migration. London: Natural History Museum, 180
  • Fereidouni SR, Grund C, Häuslaigner R, et al. (2010). Dynamics of specific antibody responses induced in mallards after infection by or immunization with low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Avian Dis 54:79–85
  • Ferguson NM, Cummings DAT, Cauchemez S, et al. (2005). Strategies for containing an emerging influenza pandemic in Southeast Asia. Nature 437:209–14
  • Flint PL, Franson JC. (2009). Does influenza A affect body condition of wild mallard ducks, or vice versa? Proc Biol Sci 276:2345–6
  • Fouchier RAM, Munster VJ, Keawcharoen J, et al. (2007). Virology of avian influenza in relation to wild birds. J Wildl Dis 43:S7–14
  • Fouchier RA, Munster VJ, Wallensten A, et al. (2005). Characterization of a novel influenza A virus hemagglutinin subtype (H16) obtained from black-headed gulls. J Virol 79:2814–22
  • Fouchier RAM, Olsen B, Bestebroer TM, et al. (2003). Influenza A virus surveillance in wild birds in Northern Europe in 1999 and 2000. Avian Dis 47:857–60
  • França M, Stallknecht DE, Howerth EW. (2013). Expression and distribution of sialic acid influenza virus receptors in wild birds. Avian Pathol 42:60–71
  • Gaidet N, Cappelle J, Takekawa JY, et al. (2010). Potential spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by wildfowl: dispersal ranges and rates determined from large-scale satellite telemetry. J Appl Ecol 47:1147–57
  • Gaidet N, Dodman T, Caron A, et al. (2007). Influenza surveillance in wild birds in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa: preliminary results from an ongoing FAO-led survey. J Wildl Dis 43:S22–8
  • Garnier R, Ramos R, Staszewski V, et al. (2012). Maternal antibody persistence: a neglected life-history trait with implications from albatross conservation to comparative immunology. Proc Biol Sci 279:2033–41
  • Gasparini J, McCoy KD, Haussy C, et al. (2001). Induced maternal response to the Lyme disease spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in a colonial seabird, the kittiwake Rissa tridactyla. Proc Biol Sci 268:647–50
  • GenBank (2012). Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/ [last accessed 16 Dec 2013]
  • Germundsson A, Madslien KI, Hjortaas MJ, et al. (2010). Prevalence and subtypes of influenza A viruses in wild waterfowl in Norway 2006–2007. Acta Vet Scand 52:28–32
  • Gilbert M, Jambal L, Karesh WB, et al. (2012). Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus among wild birds in Mongolia. PLoS ONE 7:e44097
  • Girard YA, Runstadler JA, Aldehoff F, Boyce W. (2012). Genetic structure of Pacific Flyway avian influenza viruses is shaped by geographic location, host species, and sampling period. Virus Genes 44:415–28
  • Hall JS, TeSlaa JL, Nashold SW, et al. (2013). Evolution of a reassortant North American gull influenza virus lineage: drift, shift and stability. Virol 10:179–87
  • Höfle U, Van de Bildt MWG, Leijten LM, et al. (2012). Tissue tropism and pathology of natural influenza virus infection in black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). Avian Pathol 41:547–53
  • Gionechetti F, Zucca P, Gombac F, et al. (2008). Characterization of antimicrobial resistance and class 1 integrons in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from Mediterranean herring gulls (Larus cachinnans). Microb Drug Resist 14:93–9
  • Gortázar C, Ferroglio E, Höfle U, et al. (2007). Diseases shared between wildlife and livestock: a European perspective. Eur J Wildlife Res 53:241–56
  • Graves IL. (1992). Influenza viruses in birds of the Atlantic flyway. Avian Dis 36:1–10
  • Gresikova M, Sekeyova M, Tŭmová B, Stumpa A. (1979). Isolation of an influenza A virus strain from a bird embryo (Larus ridibundus) collected in Slovakia. Acta Virol 23:89–92
  • Hammouda A, Pearce-Duvet J, Chokri MA, et al. (2011). Prevalence of influenza A antibodies in yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) eggs and adults in southern Tunisia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11:1583–90
  • Hanson BA, Luttrell MP, Goekjian VH, et al. (2008). Is the occurrence of avian influenza virus in Charedriiformes species and location dependent? J Wildl Dis 44:351–61
  • Harvell CD, Kim K, Burkholder JM, et al. (1999). Emerging marine diseases – climate links and anthropogenic factors. Science 285:1505–10
  • Haydon DT, Cleaveland S, Taylor LH, Laurenson MK. (2002). Identifying reservoirs of infection: a conceptual and practical challenge. Emerg Infect Dis 8:1468–73
  • Haynes L, Arzey E, Bell C, et al. (2009). Australian surveillance for avian influenza viruses in wild birds between July 2005 and June 2007. Aust Vet J 87:266–72
  • Heymann DL, Rodier G. (2004). Global surveillance, national surveillance, and SARS. Emerg Infect Dis 10:173–5
  • Hinshaw VS, Air GM, Gibbs AJ, et al. (1982). Antigenic and genetic characterization of a novel hemagglutinin subtype of influenza A viruses from gulls. J Virol 42:865–72
  • Hinshaw VS, Air GM, Schild GC, Newman RW. (1983). Characterization of a novel haemagglutinin subtype (H13) of influenza A viruses from gulls. Bull World Health Org 61:677–9
  • Hjulsager CK, Breum SØ, Trebbien R, et al. (2012). Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in wild birds in Denmark and Greenland, 2007–10. Avian Dis 56:992–8
  • Höfle U, Van de Bildt MWG, Leijten LM, et al. (2012). Tissue tropism and pathology of natural influenza virus infection in black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). Avian Pathol 41:547–53
  • Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y. (2001). Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:129–49
  • Hoye BJ, Munster VJ, Nishiura H, et al. (2011). Reconstructing an annual cycle of interaction: natural infection and antibody dynamics to avian influenza along a migratory flyway. Oikos 120:748–55
  • Hurst CJ. (2011). Studies in viral ecology: animal host systems. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Hurt AC, Hansbro PM, Selleck P, et al. (2006). Isolation of avian influenza viruses from two different transhemispheric migratory shorebird species in Australia. Arch Virol 151:2301–9
  • Huyse T, Poulin R, Théron A. (2005). Speciation in parasites: a population genetics approach. Trends Parasitol 21:469–75
  • IOC (2012). IOC World Bird List. Available from: http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ [last accessed 16 Dec 2013]
  • Ito T, Gorman OT, Kawaoka Y, et al. (1991). Evolutionary analysis of the influenza-A virus M-gene with comparison of the M1 and M2 proteins. J Virol 65:5491–8
  • Ito T, Goto H, Yamamoto E, et al. (2001). Generation of a highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus from an avirulent field isolate by passaging in chickens. J Virol 75:4439–43
  • Janout V, Uvízl M, Chmela J, et al. (1979). A study on the role of birds in the spread of infections. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 23:457–61
  • Järhult J D, Muradrasoli S, Wahlgren J, et al. (2011). Environmental levels of the antiviral oseltamivir induce development of resistance mutation H274Y in influenza A/H1N1 virus in mallards. PLoS One 6:e24742
  • Jourdain E, Gauthier-Clerc M, Bicout D, Sabatier P. (2007). Bird migration routes and risk for pathogen dispersion into western Mediterranean wetlands. Emerg Infect Dis 13:365–72
  • Jourdain E, Gunnarsson G, Wahlgren J, et al. (2010). Influenza virus in a natural host, the mallard: experimental infection data. PLoS One 5: e8935
  • Jourdain E, Van Riel D, Munster VJ, et al. (2011). The pattern of influenza virus attachment varies among wild bird species. PLoS One 6: e24155
  • Kang HM, Choi JG, Kim MC, et al. (2012). Isolation of a reassortant H13N2 virus from a mallard fecal sample in South Korea. Virol J 9:133–36
  • Kawaoka Y, Chambers TM, Sladen WL, Webster RG. (1988). Is the gene pool of influenza viruses in shorebirds and gulls different from that in wild ducks? Virology 163:247–50
  • Kawaoka Y, Gorman OT, Ito T, et al. (1998). Influence of host species on the evolution of the nonstructural (NS) gene of influenza A viruses. Virus Res 55:143–56
  • Keeling MJ, Rohani P. (2008). Modeling infectious diseases in humans and animals. Princeton: Princeton University Press
  • Kleijn D, Munster VJ, Ebbinge BS, et al. (2010). Dynamics and ecological consequences of avian influenza virus infection in greater white-fronted geese in their winter staging areas. Proc Biol Sci 277:2041–8
  • Koehler AV, Pearce JM, Flint PL, et al. (2008). Genetic evidence of intercontinental movement of avian influenza in a migratory bird: the northern pintail (Anas acuta). Mol Ecol 17:4754–62
  • Kohls A, Hafez HM, Harder T, et al. (2011). Avian influenza virus risk assessment in falconry. Virol J 8:187–90
  • Kou Z, Li Y, Yin Z, et al. (2009). The survey of H5N1 flu virus in wild birds in 14 provinces of China from 2004 to 2007. PLoS One 4: e6926
  • Krauss S, Obert CA, Franks J, et al. (2007). Influenza in migratory birds and evidence of limited intercontinental virus exchange. PLoS Pathog 3:e167
  • Kuchipudi SV, Nelli R, White GA, et al. (2009). Differences in influenza virus receptors in chickens and ducks: implications for interspecies transmission. J Mol Genet Med 3:143–51
  • Perkins LE, Swayne DE. (2001). Pathobiology of A/chicken/Hong Kong/220/97 (H5N1) avian influenza virus in seven gallinaceous species. Vet Pathol Online 38:149–64
  • L’vov DK, Andreev VP, Braude NA, et al. (1978). Isolation of influenza virus with the antigenic formula Hav4 Nav2 and Hav5 Nav2 during epizootic infection among sea gulls in the Astrakhan district in the summer of 1976. Vopr Virusol 4:399–403
  • L’vov DK, Shchelkanov MI, Deriabin PG, et al. (2006). Isolation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A/5H5N1 strains from wild birds in the epizootic outbreak on the Ubsu-Nur Lake (June 2006) and their incorporation to the Russian Federation State Collection of viruses. Vopr Virusol 51:14–18
  • L’vov DK, Yamnikova S, Gambaryan A, et al. (2001). Isolation of influenza viruses from wild birds in the Volga river basin and in the North Caspian region. International Congress Series 1219:251–8
  • Lam TTY, Ip HS, Ghedin E, et al. (2012). Migratory flyway and geographical distance are barriers to the gene flow of influenza virus among North American birds. Ecol Lett 15:24–33
  • Latorre-Margalef N, Grosbois V, Wahlgren J, et al. (2013). Heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus infections in Mallards may explain existence of multiple virus subtypes. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003443
  • Latorre-Margalef N, Gunnarsson G, Munster VJ, et al. (2009). Effects of influenza A virus infection on migrating mallard ducks. Proc Biol Sci 276:1029–36
  • Laudert E, Sivanandan V, Halvorson D, et al. (1993). Biological and molecular characterization of H13N2 influenza type A viruses isolated from turkeys and surface water. Av Dis 37:793–9
  • Lebarbenchon C, Brown SAM, Poulin R, et al. (2008). Evolution of pathogens in a man-made world. Mol Ecol 17:475–84
  • Lebarbenchon C, Chang CM, Gauthier-Clerc M, et al. (2009). H9N2 avian influenza virus in a Mediterranean gull. J Mol Genet Med 3:121–3
  • Lebarbenchon C, Chang CM, Grandhomme V, et al. (2010b). Avian influenza circulation in the Camargue (south of France) during the 2006–07 season. Avian Dis 54:446–9
  • Lebarbenchon C, Chang CM, Van Der Werf S, et al. (2007). Influenza A virus in birds during spring migration in the Camargue, France. J Wildl Dis 43:789–93
  • Lebarbenchon C, Feare CJ, Renaud F, et al. (2010a). Persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in natural ecosystems. Emerg Infect Dis 16:1057–62
  • Lee KA. (2006). Linking immune defenses and life history at the levels of the individual and the species. Integr Comp Biol 46:1000–15
  • Lee MS, Chang PC, Shien JH, et al. (2001). Identification and subtyping of avian influenza viruses by reverse transcription-PCR. J Virol Met 97:13–22
  • Leroy EM, Kumulungui B, Pourrut X, et al. (2005). Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus. Nature 438:575–6
  • Lewis NS, Javakhishvili Z, Russell CA, et al. (2013). Avian influenza virus surveillance in wild birds in Georgia: 2009-2011. PLoS ONE 8:e58534
  • Li KS, Guan Y, Wang J, et al. (2004). Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia. Nature 430:209–13
  • Lin B, Malanoski AP, Wang Z, et al. (2009). Universal detection and identification of avian influenza virus by use of resequencing microarrays. J Clin Microbiol 47:988–93
  • Lindskog C, Ellström P, Olsen B, et al. (2013). European H16N3 gull influenza virus attaches to the human respiratory tract and eye. PLoS One 8:e60757
  • Lisnizer N, Garcia-Borboroglu P, Yorio P. (2011). Spatial and temporal variation in population trends of Kelp gulls in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Emu 111:259–67
  • Liu J, Xiao H, Lei F, Zhu Q, et al. (2005). Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds. Science 309:1206
  • Loehle C. (1995). Social barriers to pathogen transmission in wild animal populations. Ecology 76:326–35
  • Lowen AC, Mubareka S, Steel J, Palese P. (2007). Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature. PLoS Pathog 3:e151
  • Lu X, Qi J, Shi Y, Wang M, et al. (2013). Structure and receptor binding specificity of Hemagglutinin H13 from avian influenza A virus H13N6. J Virol 87:9077–85
  • Mackenzie JS, Edwards EC, Holmes RM, Hinshaw VS. (1984). Isolation of ortho-and paramyxoviruses from wild birds in Western Australia, and the characterization of novel influenza A viruses. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 62:89–99
  • Marchenko VI, Alekseev AI, Susloparov IM, et al. (2010). [Isolation of influenza A virus from wild birds in western part of Mongolia]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 6:18–21
  • Maxted AM, Luttrell MP, Goekjian VH, et al. (2012). Avian influenza virus infection dynamics in shorebird hosts. J Wildl Dis 48:322–34
  • Mehrabanpour MJ, Rahimian A, Shirazinezhad A, et al. (2012). Avian influenza virus in migratory and resident birds during migratory season in Boushehr, Iran. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 36:446–50
  • Meijer A, Lackenby A, Hungnes O, et al. (2009). Oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus A (H1N1), Europe, 2007–08 season. Emerg Infect Dis 15:552–60
  • Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, et al. (2009). Comparative genomic and phylogeographic analysis of Mycobacterium leprae. Nat Genet 41:1282–9
  • Moscona A. (2009). Global transmission of oseltamivir-resistant influenza. New Engl J Med 360:953–6
  • Munster VJ, Baas C, Lexmond P, et al. (2007). Spatial, temporal, and species variation in prevalence of influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds. PLoS Pathog 3:e61
  • Munster VJ, Fouchier RAM. (2009). Avian influenza virus: of virus and bird ecology. Vaccine 27:6340–4
  • Muzinic J, Feare CJ, Pavlak M, et al. (2010). The epidemiological environment of avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks in wild birds in Croatia. Pol J Environ Stud 19:379–85
  • NIAID (2012). National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases. Flu (Influenza). Available from: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/flu/Pages/default.aspx [last accessed 9 Apr 2013]
  • Nicholls JM, Chan RWY, Russell RJ, et al. (2008). Evolving complexities of influenza virus and its receptors. Trends Microbiol 16:149–57
  • Obenauer JC, Denson J, Mehta PK, et al. (2006). Large-scale sequence analysis of avian influenza isolates. Science 311:1576–80
  • Olsen B, Munster VJ, Wallensten A, et al. (2006). Global patterns of influenza A virus in wild birds. Science 312:384–8
  • Oro D, Cam E, Pradel R, Martinez-Abrain A. (2004). Influence of food availability on demography and local population dynamics in a long-lived seabird. Proc Biol Sci 271:387–96
  • Orozovic G, Orozovic K, Lennerstrand J, Olsen B. (2011). Detection of resistance mutations to antivirals oseltamivir and zanamivir in avian influenza a viruses isolated from wild birds. PLoS One 6:e16028
  • Otsuki K, Kawaoka Y, Nakamura T, Tsubokura M. (1982). Pathogenicity for chickens of avian influenza viruses isolated from whistling swans and a black-tailed gull in Japan. Av Dis 26:314–20
  • Otsuki K, Takemoto O, Fujimoto R, et al. (1987). Isolation of influenza A viruses from migratory waterfowls in San-in District, Western Japan in winters of 1980-1982. ZBL Hyg Umweltmed 265:235–42
  • Patz JA, Daszak P, Tabor GM, et al. (2004). Unhealthy landscapes: policy recommendations on land use change and infectious disease emergence. Environ Health Perspect 112:1092–8
  • Pearce JM, Ramey AM, Flint PL, et al. (2009). Avian influenza at both ends of a migratory flyway: characterizing viral genomic diversity to optimize surveillance plans for North America. Evol Appl 2:457–68
  • Pearce JM, Ramey AM, Ip HS, Gill RE. Jr (2010). Limited evidence of trans-hemispheric movement of avian influenza viruses among contemporary North American shorebird isolates. Virus Res 148:44–50
  • Pearce JM, Reeves AB, Ramey AM, et al. (2011). Interspecific exchange of avian influenza virus genes in Alaska: the influence of trans-hemispheric migratory tendency and breeding ground sympatry. Mol Ecol 20:1015–25
  • Pearce-Duvet JMC, Gauthier-Clerc M, Jourdain E, Boulinier T. (2009). Maternal antibody transfer in yellow-legged gulls. Emerg Infect Dis 15:1147–9
  • Peiris JSM, Guan Y, Yuen KY. (2004). Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Nat Med 10:S88–97
  • Pepin KM, VanDalen KK, Mooers NL, et al. (2012). Quantification of heterosubtypic immunity between avian influenza subtypes H3N8 and H4N6 in multiple avian host species. J Gen Virol 93:2575–83
  • Pereda AJ, Uhart M, Perez AA, et al. (2008). Avian influenza virus isolated in wild waterfowl in Argentina: evidence of a potentially unique phylogenetic lineage in South America. Virology 378:363–70
  • Pérez-Tris J, Hellgren O, Križanauskienė A, et al. (2007). Within-host speciation of malaria parasites. PLoS ONE 2:e235
  • Pillai SP, Lee CW. (2010). Species and age related differences in the type and distribution of influenza virus receptors in different tissues of chickens, ducks and turkeys. Virol J 7:5–12
  • Pourrut X, Kumulungui B, Wittmann T, et al. (2005). The natural history of Ebola virus in Africa. Microbes Infect 7:1005–14
  • Ramey AM, Pearce JM, Ely CR, et al. (2010). Transmission and reassortment of avian influenza viruses at the Asian–North American interface. Virology 406:352–9
  • Ramis A, Van Amerongen G, Van de Bild M, et al. (2012). Experimental highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 infection in black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). J Comp Pathol 146:88
  • Ratanakorn P, Wiratsudakul A, Wiriyarat W, et al. (2012). Satellite tracking on the flyways of Brown-Headed Gulls and their potential role in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. PLoS One 7:e49939
  • Raven SJ, Coulson JC. (1997). The distribution and abundance of Larus gulls nesting on buildings in Britain and Ireland. Bird Study 44:13–34
  • Reeves AB, Pearce JM, Ramey AM, et al. (2011). Interspecies transmission and limited persistence of low pathogenic avian influenza genomes among Alaska dabbling ducks. Infect Genet Evol 11:2004–10
  • Röhm C, Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y, et al. (1995). Do hemagglutinin genes of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses constitute unique phylogenetic lineages? Virology 209:664–70
  • Sakoda Y, Ito H, Uchida Y, et al. (2012). Reintroduction of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus by migratory water birds, causing poultry outbreaks in the 2010–2011 winter season in Japan. J Gen Virol 93:541–50
  • Sandrock C, Kelly T. (2007). Clinical review: update of avian influenza A infections in humans. Crit Care 11:209–17
  • Savić V, Labrović A, Zelenika TA, et al. (2010). Multiple introduction of Asian H5N1 avian influenza virus in Croatia by wild birds during 2005–2006 and isolation of the virus from apparently healthy black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10:915–20
  • Schekkerman H, Slaterus R. (2008). Population dynamics and prevalence of influenza A viruses in mallard, mute swan and other wildfowl. Avian influenza and wildfowl populations, British Trust for Ornithology (BTO), The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk
  • Sharshov K. (2010). Avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak among wild birds, Russia, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 16:349–51
  • Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S, et al. (2006). Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway. Nature 440:435–6
  • Sivanandan V, Halvorson DA, Laudert E, et al. (1991). Isolation of H13N2 influenza A virus from turkeys and surface water. Avian Dis 35:974–7
  • Slepuskin AN, Pysina TV, Gonsovsky FK, et al. (1972). Haemagglutination-inhibiting activity to type a influenza viruses in the sera of wild birds from the far east of the USSR. Bull World Health Org 47:527–30
  • Spackman E, Swayne DE, Gilbert M, et al. (2009). Characterization of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in Mongolia 2005 through 2007. Virol J 6:190–97
  • Stallknecht DE, Brown JD. (2007). Wild birds and the epidemiology of avian influenza. J Wildli Dis 43:S15–20
  • Stallknecht DE, Kearney MT, Shane SM, Zwank PJ. (1990). Effects of pH, temperature, and salinity on persistence of avian influenza viruses in water. Avian Dis 34:412–18
  • Stallknecht DE, Shane SM. (1988). Host range of avian influenza virus in free-living birds. Vet Res Commun 12:125–41
  • Staszewski V, Gasparini J, Mccoy K, et al. (2007a). Evidence of an interannual effect of maternal immunization on the immune response of juveniles in a long-lived colonial bird. J Anim Ecol 76:1215–23
  • Staszewski V, Mccoy K, Tveraa T, Boulinier T. (2007b). Interannual dynamics of antibody levels in naturally infected long-lived colonial birds. Ecology 88:3183–91
  • Suarez DL, Perdue ML. (1998). Multiple alignment comparison of the non-structural genes of influenza A viruses. Virus Res 54:59–69
  • Suzuki Y. (2005). Sialobiology of influenza: molecular mechanism of host range variation of influenza viruses. Biol Pharm Bull 28:399–408
  • Tønnessen R, Germundsson A, Jonassen CM, et al. (2011). Virological and serological surveillance for type A influenza in the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). Virol J 8:21–27
  • Tønnessen R, Hauge AG, Hansen EF, et al. (2013a). Host restrictions of avian influenza viruses: in silico analysis of H13 and H16 specific signatures in the internal proteins. PLoS ONE 8:e63270
  • Tønnessen R, Kristoffersen AB, Jonassen CM, et al. (2013b). Molecular and epidemiological characterization of avian influenza viruses from gulls and dabbling ducks in Norway. Virol J 10:112–22
  • Tong S, Li Y, Rivailler P, Conrardy C, et al. (2012). A distinct lineage of influenza A virus from bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci 11:4269–74
  • Tolf C, Latorre-Margalef N, Wille M, et al. (2013). Individual variation in Influenza A Virus infection histories and long-term immune responses in Mallards. PLoS-ONE 8:e61201
  • Tsubokura M, Otsuki K, Yamamoto H, et al. (1981). Isolation of an Hswl Nav4 influenza virus from a tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 25:819–25
  • USDA (2012). USDA--APHIS--APHIS Newsroom. Available from http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ [last accessed 16 Dec 2013]
  • Van Borm S, Rosseel T, Vangeluwe D, et al. (2012). Phylogeographic analysis of avian influenza viruses isolated from Charadriiformes in Belgium confirms intercontinental reassortment in gulls. Arch Virol 157:1509–22
  • van Gils JA, Munster VJ, Radersma R, et al. (2007). Hampered foraging and migratory performance in swans infected with low-pathogenic avian influenza A virus. PLoS ONE 2:e184
  • Velarde R, Calvin SE, Ojkic D, et al. (2010). Avian influenza virus H13 circulating in ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) in southern Ontario, Canada. Avian Dis 54:411–19
  • Verhagen JH, Munster VJ, Majoor F, et al. (2012). Avian influenza A virus in wild birds in highly urbanized areas. PLOS One 7:e38256
  • Vollmer SA, Bormane A, Dinnis RE, et al. (2011). Host migration impacts on the phylogeography of Lyme Borreliosis spirochaete species in Europe. Environ Microbiol 13:184–92
  • Wallensten A, Munster VJ, Latorre-Margalef N, et al. (2007). Surveillance of influenza virus A in migratory waterfowl in northern Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 13:404–11
  • Wang L, Eaton B. (2007). Bats, civets and the emergence of SARS. In: Childs JE, Mackenzie JS, Richt JA eds. Wildlife and emerging zoonotic diseases: the biology, circumstances and consequences of cross-species transmission. current topics in microbiology and immunology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 325–344
  • Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, et al. (1992). Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 56:152–79
  • Webster RG, Yakhno M, Hinshaw VS, et al. (1978). Intestinal influenza: replication and characterization of influenza viruses in ducks. Virology 84:268–78
  • Widjaja L, Krauss SL, Webby RJ, et al. (2004). Matrix gene of influenza A viruses isolated from wild aquatic birds: ecology and emergence of influenza a viruses. J Virol 78:8771–79
  • Wille M, Robertson GJ, Whitney H, et al. (2011). Extensive geographic mosaicism in avian influenza viruses from gulls in the northern hemisphere. PLoS One 6:e20664
  • Winker K, Gibson DD. (2010). The Asia-to-America influx of avian influenza wild bird hosts is large. Avian Dis 54:477–82
  • Winker K, McCracken KG, Gibson DD, et al. (2007). Movements of birds and avian influenza from Asia into Alaska. Emerg Infect Dis 13:547–52
  • Winker K, Spackman E, Swayne DE. (2008). Rarity of influenza A virus in spring shorebirds, southern Alaska. Emerg Infect Dis 14:1314–16
  • Wirth T, Meyer A, Achtman M. (2005). Deciphering host migrations and origins by means of their microbes. Mol Ecol 14:3289–306
  • Wolfe ND, Daszak P, Kilpatrick AM, Burke DS. (2005). Bushmeat hunting, deforestation, and prediction of zoonoses emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 11:1822–27
  • Yamnikova SS, Gambaryan AS, Tuzikov AB, et al. (2003). Differences between HA receptor-binding sites of avian influenza viruses isolated from Laridae and Anatidae. Avian Dis 47:1164–8
  • Yao L, Korteweg C, Hsueh W, Gu J. (2008). Avian influenza receptor expression in H5N1-infected and noninfected human tissues. The FASEB Journal 22:733–740
  • Zakstel’skaja LJ, Isacenko VA, Osidze NG, et al. (1972). Some observations on the circulation of influenzaviruses in domestic and wild birds. Bull World Health Org 47:497–501
  • Zhu X, Yang H, Guo Z, et al. (2012). Crystal structures of two subtype N10 neuraminidase-like proteins from bat influenza A viruses reveal a diverged putative active site. Proc Natl Acad Sci 46:18903–8