Guidance for the classification of carcinogens under the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)

References

• Allen BC, Crump KS, Shipp AM. (1988). Correlation between carcinogenic potency of chemicals and humans. Risk Anal 8:531–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames BN. (1973). Carcinogens are mutagens: Their detection and classification. Environ Health Perspect 6:115–118.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ames BN, Durston WE, Yamasaki E, Lee FD. (1973). Carcinogens are mutagens: A simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:2281–2285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames BN, Gold LS. (1997). The causes and prevention of cancer: Gaining perspective. Environ Health Perspect 105:865–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An Y, Jiang L, Cao J, Geng C, Zhong L. (2007). Sudan I induces genotoxic effectsand oxidative DNA damage in HepG2 cells. Mutat Res 627:164–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen I, Molhave L. (1983). Controlled human studies with formaldehyde. In:Gibson JE, ed. Formaldehyde Toxicity. Washington, DC, USA: Hemisphere Publishing, 155–156.
   Google Scholar
• Antequera F, Bird A. (1993). Number of CpG islands and genes in human and mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:11995–11999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apostolou A. (1990). Relevance of maximum tolerated dose to human carcinogenic risk. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 11:68–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashby J, Purchase IFH. (1993). Will all chemicals be carcinogenic to rodents when adequately evaluated? Mutagenesis 8:489–493.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashby J. (1996). Alternatives to the 2-species bioassay for the identification of potential human carcinogens. Hum Exp Toxicol 15:183–202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ballarin C, Sarto F, Giacomelli L, Bartolucci GB, Clonfero E. (1992). Micronucleated cells in nasal mucosa of formaldehyde-exposed workers. Mutat Res 280:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battershill JM, Fielder RJ. (1998). Mouse-specific carcinogens: an assessment of hazard and significance for validation of short-term carcinogenicity bioassays in transgenic mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 17:193–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benford DJ. (1992). Investigation of the irritant effects of dichlorvos on mouse forestomach. Study report 14/91/Tx. Final report RI91/0405. Robens Institute of Health and Safety. Unpublished report.
   Google Scholar
• Benford DJ. (1993). Investigation of the genotoxic and/or irritant effects of dichlorvos on mouse forestomach. Study report 26/89/TX. Final report RI90/0405. Robens Institute of Health and Safety. Unpublished report.
   Google Scholar
• Benford DJ, Price SC, Lawrence JN, Grasso P, Bremmer JN. (1994). Investigations of the genotoxicity and cell proliferative activity of dichlorvos in mouse forestomach. Toxicology 92:203–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenblum I, ed. (1969). Carcinogenicity Testing. A report of the panel on carcinogenicity of the Cancer Research Commission of UICC. Vol. 2. Geneva, Switzerland: International Union Against Cancer.
   Google Scholar
• Berenblum I, Shubik P. (1947). A new quantitative approach to the study of the stages of chemical carcinogenesis in the mouse’s skin. Br J Cancer Res 1:383–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenblum I, Shubik P. (1949). The persistence of latent tumour cells induced in the mouse’s skin by a single application of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene. Br J Cancer Res 3:384–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berke JH. (1987). Cytologic examination of the nasal mucosa in formaldehyde-exposed workers. J Occup Med 29:681–684.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BfR. (2003). Dyes Sudan I to IV. BfR opinion of 19 November 2003. German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment. www.bfr.bund.de/cm/245/dyes_sudan_I_IV.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bird A. (2007). Perceptions of epigenetics. Nature 447:396–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair D, Dix KM, Hunt PF, Thorpe E, Stevenson DE, Walker AIT. (1976). Dichlorvos–A 2 year inhalation carcinogenesis study in rats. Arch Toxicol 35:281–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bokkers BG, Slob W. (2007). Deriving a data-based interspecies assessment factor using the NOAEL and the benchmark dose approach. Crit Rev Toxicol 37:355–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt HM, Foth H, Hengstler JG, Degen GH. (2004). Carcinogenicity categorization of chemicals—New aspects to be considered in a European perspective. Toxicol Lett 151:29–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonser GM, Bradshaw L, Clayson DB, Jull JW. (1956). A further study of the carcinogenic properties of ortho hydroxy-amines and related compounds by bladder implantation in the mouse. Br J Cancer 10:539–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonser G, Clayson D, Jull J. (1963). The potency of 20-methylcholanthrene relative to other carcinogens on bladder implantation. Br J Cancer 17:235–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boobis AR, Cohen SM, Dellarco V, McGregor D, Meek ME, Vickers C, Willcocks D, Farland W. (2006). IPCS framework for analyzing the relevance of a cancer mode of action for humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 36:781–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boysen M, Zadig E, Digernes V, Abeler V, Reith A. (1990). Nasal mucosa in workers exposed to formaldehyde: A pilot study. Br J Ind Med 47:116–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boorman GA, Banas DA, Eutis SL, Haseman JK. (1987). Proliferative exocrine pancreatic lesions in rats. The effect of sample size on incidence of lesions. Toxicol Pathol 15:451–456.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braakhuis BJM, Tabor MP, Kummer JA, Leemans CR, Brakenhoff RH. (2003). A genetic explanation of Slaughter’s concept of field cancerization: Evidence and clinical implications. Cancer Res 63:1727–1730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucher JR, Portier CJ, Goodman JI, Faustman EM, Lucier GW. (1996). Workshop Overview—National Toxicology Program Studies: Principles of Dose Selection and Applications to Mechanistic Based Risk Assessment. Fundam Appl Toxicol 31:1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burin GJ, Gibb HJ, Hill RN. (1995). Human bladder cancer: Evidence for a potential irritation-induced mechanism. Food Chem Toxicol 33:785–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterworth BE, Bogdanffy MS. (1999). A comprehensive approach for integration of toxicity and cancer risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 29:23–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanova M, Heck Hd’A. (1987). Further studies of the metabolic incorporation and covalent binding of inhaled [3H]- and [14C]formaldehyde in Fischer-344 rats: Effects of glutathione depletion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 89:105–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanova M, Heck Hd’,A Everitt, JI Harrington, WW Jr, Popp JA. (1988). Formaldehyde concentrations in the blood of rhesus monkeys after inhalation exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 26:715–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanova M, Deyo DF, Heck Hd’A. (1989). Covalent binding of inhaled formaldehyde to DNA in the nasal mucosa of Fischer 344 rats: Analysis of formaldehyde and DNA by high-performance liquid chromatography and provisional pharmacokinetic interpretation. Fundam Appl Toxicol 12:397–417.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Casanova M, Morgan KT, Gross EA, Moss OR, Heck Hd’A. (1994). DNA–protein cross-links and cell replication at specific sites in the nose of F344 rats exposed subchronically to formaldehyde. Fundam Appl Toxicol 23:525–536.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Casanova-Schmitz M, Starr TB, Heck Hd’A. (1984). Differentiation between metabolic incorporation and covalent binding in the labeling of macromolecules in the rat nasal mucosa and bone marrow by inhaled [14C]- and [3H]formaldehyde. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 76:26–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan PC, Huff J, Haseman JK, Alison R, Prejean JD. (1991). Carcinogenesis studies of dichlorvos in Fischer rats and B6C3F1 mice. Jpn J Cancer Res 82:157–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CIIT (Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology). (1999). Formaldehyde: Hazard Characterization and Dose-Response Assessment for Carcinogenicity by the Route of Inhalation. Rev. ed. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: CIIT.
   Google Scholar
• Clayson DB, Bonser GM. (1965). The induction of tumours of the mouse bladder epithelium by 4-ethylsulphonylnaphthalene-l-sulphonamide. Br J Cancer 19:311–316.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clayson DB, Fishbein L, Cohen SM. (1995). Effects of stones and other physical factora on the induction of rodent bladder cancer. Food Chem Toxic 33:771–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coggon D, Harris EC, Poole J, Palmer KT. (2003). Extended follow-up of a cohort of British chemical workers exposed to formaldehyde. J Natl Cancer Inst 21:1608–1614.
   Google Scholar
• Cogliano VJ, Grosse Y, Baan RA, Straif K, Secretan MB, El Ghissassi F. (2005). Meeting Report: Summary of IARC Monographs on Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1,tert-Butoxy-2-Propanol. Environ Health Perspect 113:1205–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SM. (1995). Role of urinary physiology and chemistry in bladder carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 33:715–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SM. (1999). Calcium phosphate-containing urinary precipitate in rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis. In:Capen CC, Dybing E, Rice JM, Wilbourne JD, eds. Species Differences in Thyroid, Kidney and Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis. IARC Sci Publ. No. 147. Lyon, France: IARC, 175–189.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen SM, Johansson SL, Arnold LL, Lawson TA. (2002). Urinary tract calculi and thresholds in carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 40:793–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Meek M, Klauning J, Patton D, Fenner-Crisp P. (2003). The human relevance of information on carcinogenic mode of action: Overview. Crit Rev Toxicol 33:581–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SM. (2004). Human carcinogenic risk evaluation: An alternative approach to the two-year rodent bioassay. Toxicol Sci 80:225–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COC (Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment). (2004). Guidance on a Strategy for the Risk Assessment of Chemical Carcinogens. London, UK: COC.
   Google Scholar
• COM (Committee on Mutagenicity). (2002). Statement from the UK Committee on Mutagenicity. COM/02/S2:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Counts JL, Goodman JI. (1995). Principles underlying dose selection for, extrapolation from, the carcinogen bioassay: Dose influences mechanism. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 21:418–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremonezzi DC, Silva RA, del Pilar Diaz M, Valentich MA, Eynard AR. (2001). Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) differentially modulate melamine-induced preneoplastic urothelial proliferation and apoptosis in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 64:151–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremonezzi DC, del Pilar Diaz M, Valentich MA, Eynard AR. (2004). Neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions induced by melamine in rat urothelium are modulated by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. Food Chem Toxicol 42:1999–2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crump KS. (1984). An improved procedure for low-dose carcinogenic risk assessment from animal data. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 5:339–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalbey WE. (1982). Formaldehyde and tumors in hamster respiratory tract. Toxicology 24:9–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellarco VL, McGregor D, Berry SC, Cohen SM, Boobis AR. (2006). Thiazopyr and thyroid disruption: Case study within the context of the 2006 IPCS Human Relevance Framework for analysis of a cancer mode of action. Crit Rev Toxicol 36:793–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Sesso JM. (1995). Anatomical relationships of urinary bladders compared: Their potential role in the development of bladder tumours in humans and rats. Food Chem Toxicol 33:705714.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). (2002). Formaldehyde. In: Greim H, ed. Occupational Toxicants. Vol. 17. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 163–201 (English translation of the German version that was published in 2000).
   Google Scholar
• Druckrey H. (1967). Quantitative aspects in chemical carcinogenesis. In: Truhaut R, ed. Potential Carcinogenic Hazards from Drugs. UICC Monograph Series Vol. 7. New York, USA: Springer-Verlag, 60–78.
   Google Scholar
• Duhayon S, Hoet P, Van Maele-Fabry G, Lison D. (2008). Carcinogenic potential of formaldehyde in occupational settings: a critical assessment and possible impact on occupational exposure levels. Int Arch Occup Environ Hlth 81:695–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dybing E, Sanner T, Roelfzema H, Kroese D, Tennant RW. (1997). T25: A simplified carcinogenic potency index: Description of the system and study of correlations between carcinogenic potency and species/site specificity and mutagenicity. Pharmacol Toxicol 80:272–279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dzwonkowska A, Hübner H. (1986). Induction of chromosomal aberrations in the Syrian hamster by insecticides tested in vivo. Arch Toxicol 58:152–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ECETOC. (1986). Guide to the classification of carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens under the 6th Amendment. Technical Report No. 21. Brussels, Belgium: European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals.
   Google Scholar
• ECETOC. (1996). Risk assessment for carcinogens. Monograph No. 24. Brussels, Belgium: European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals.
   Google Scholar
• ECETOC. (2002). The use of T25 estimates and alternative methods in the regulatory risk assessment of non-threshold carcinogens in the European Union. Technical Report No. 83. Brussels, Belgium: European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals.
   Google Scholar
• ECETOC. (2006). Toxicological modes of action: Relevance for human risk assessment. Technical Report No. 99. Brussels, Belgium: European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals.
   Google Scholar
• Edling C, Hellquist H, Ödkvist L. (1988). Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and histopathological changes in the nasal mucosa. Br J Ind Med 45:761–765.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EEC. (1967). Council Directive 67/548/EEC. General Classification and Labelling Requirements for Dangerous Substances and Preparations. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/dansub/main67_548/index_en.htm.
   Google Scholar
• EEC. (1979). Council Directive 79/831/EEC of 19 September 1979 amending for the sixth time Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. http://ecb.jrc.it.
   Google Scholar
• EEC. (1983). Commission Directive 83/467/EEC of 29 July 1983 adapting to technical progress for the fifth time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. http://ecb.jrc.it.
   Google Scholar
• EEC. (1991). Commission Directive 91/325/EEC of 1 March 1991 adapting to technical progress for the twelfth time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, Regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. http://ecb.jrc.it.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA. (2005a). Opinion of the Scientific Committee on a request from EFSA related to A Harmonised Approach for Risk Assessment of Substances Which are both Genotoxic and Carcinogenic. Request No. EFSA-Q-2004-020. Adopted on 18 October 2005. EFSA J 282:1–31.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA. (2005b). Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food on a request from the commission to review the toxicology of a number of dyes illegally present in food in the EU. Question number EFSA 2005-082. EFSA J 263:1–71. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1178620764312.htm.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA. (2006). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Plant Health, Plant Protection Products and Their Residues (PPR) on a request from EFSA related to the evaluation of dichlorvos in the context of Council Directive 91/414/EEC. EFSA J 343:1–45.
   Google Scholar
• Elliot BM, Griffiths K, Mackay JM, Wade JD. (1997). CI Solvent Yellow 14 shows activity in the bone marrow micronucleus assay in both the rat and mouse. Mutagenesis 12:255–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enomoto MF, Nakadate M, Ninomia K, Hayakawa Y, Ito H, Igarashi S, Uwanuma Y, Nakasato R, Hatanaka J. (1981). Studies on carcinogenicity of DDVP (2,2- dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) mixed in drinking water in rats. Cooperative studies on carcinogenicity test on mutagens. Toyko, Japan: Ministry of Health and Welfare. Unpublished Report.
   Google Scholar
• Enomoto M, Mennear JH, Bernard BK. (1989). An assessment of the carcinogenic potential of dichlorvos administered in drinking water to male and female F344 rats for two years. Washington, DC, USA: Scientific Research Associates, Inc. Unpublished report.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein SS. (1979). The Politics of Cancer. New York, USA: Anchor Books.
   Google Scholar
• EU. (1993). Commission Directive 93/72/EEC of 1 September 1993 adapting to technical progress for the nineteenth time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions1relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. O.J. No. L258, 16.10.1993, p. 29; O.J. No. L258A, 16.10.1993, p.1. http://ecb.jrc.it.
   Google Scholar
• EU. (1997). Commission Directive 97/69/EC of 5 December 1997 adapting to technical progress for the twenty-third time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. http://ecb.jrc.it.
   Google Scholar
• EU. (1999). Guidelines for setting specific concentration limits for carcinogens in Annex I of directive 67/548/EEC Inclusion of potency considerations. Commission Working Group on the Classification and Labelling of Dangerous Substances.
   Google Scholar
• EU. (2006). Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC.
   Google Scholar
• EU. (2008a). Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:353:0001:1355:EN:PDF.
   Google Scholar
• EU. (2008b). Commission Directive 2008/58/EC of 21 August 2008 amending, for the purpose of its adaptation to technical progress, for the 30th time, Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. http://ecb.jrc.it.
   Google Scholar
• EU. (2008c). Final proposal for amending, for the purpose of its adaptation to technical progress, for the 31st time, Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. http://ecb.jrc.it.
   Google Scholar
• Eustis SL. (1989). The sequential development of cancer: A morphological perspective. Toxicol Lett 49:267–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans MD, Dizdaroglu M, Cooke MS. (2004). Oxidative DNA damage and disease: Induction, repair and significance. Mutat Res 567:1–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing J. (1916). Pathological aspects of some problems of experimental cancer research. J Cancer Res 1:71–86.
   Google Scholar
• Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. (1990). A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61:759–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feron VJ, Bruyntjes JP, Woutersen RA, Immel HR, Appelman LM. (1988). Nasal tumours in rats after short-term exposure to a cytotoxic concentration of formaldehyde. Cancer Lett 39:101–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feron VJ, Til HP, Woutersen RA. (1990). Letter to the Editor. Toxicol Ind Health. 6: 637–639.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foulds L. (1954). The experimental study of tumor progression: A review. Cancer Res 14:327–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukushima S, Murai T. (1999). Calculi, precipitates and microcrystalluria associated with irritation and cell proliferation as a mechanism of urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats and mice. In:Capen CC, Dybing E, Rice JM, Wilbourne JD, eds. Species Differences in Thyroid, Kidney and Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis. IARC Sci. Publ. No. 147. Lyon, France: IARC, 159–174.
   Google Scholar
• Fung VA, Barrett JC, Huff JE. (1995). The carcinogenesis bioassay in perspective: Application in identifying human cancer hazard. Environ Health Perspect 103:680–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung KY, Krewski D, Smythe RT. (1996). A comparison of tests for trend with historical controls in carcinogen bioassay. Can J Stat 24: 431–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaylor DW. (2005). Are tumor incidence rates from chronic bioassays telling us what we need to know about carcinogens? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 41:128–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold LS, Swayer CB, Magaw R, Backman GM, de Veciana M, Levinson R, Hooper NK, Havender WR, Bernstein L, Peto R, Pike MC, Ames BN. (1984). A carcinogenic potency database of the standardized results of animal bioassays. Environ Health Perspect 58:9–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold LS, Slone TH, Bernstein L. (1989). Summary of carcinogenic potency and positivity for 492 rodent carcinogens in the Carcinogenic Potency Database. Environ Health Perspect 79:259–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold LS, Manley NB, Slone TH, Rohrbach L. (1999). Supplement to the carcinogenic potency database (CPDB): Results of animal bioassays published in the general literature in 1993 to 1994 and by the National Toxicology Program in 1995 to 1996. Environ Health Perspect 107:527–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green T, Toghill A, Lee R, Waechter F, Weber E, Noakes J. (2005a). Thiamethoxam induced mouse livers tumors and their relevance to humans. Part 1: Mode of action studies in the mouse. Toxicol Sci 86:36–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green T, Toghill A, Lee R, Waechter F, Weber E, Peffer R, Noakes J, Robinson M. (2005b). Thiamethoxam induced mouse livers tumors and their relevance to humans. Part 2: Species differences in response. Toxicol Sci 86:48–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenman C, et al. (2007). Patterns of somatic mutation in human cancer genomes. Nature 446:153–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greim H, Gelbke H-P, Reuter U, Thielmann HW, Edler L. (2003). Evaluation of historical control data in carcinogenicity studies. Human Exp Toxicol 22:541–549.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guan N, Fan Q, Ding J, Zhao Y, Lu J, Ai Y, Xu G, Zhu S, Yao C, Jiang L, Miao J, Zhang H, Zhao D, Liu X, Yao Y. (2009). Melamine-contaminated powdered formula and urolithiasis in young children. N Engl J Med 360:1067–1074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 100:57–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn WC, Weinberg RA. (2002). Modelling the molecular circuitry of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2:331–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen J, Olsen JH. (1995). Formaldehyde and cancer morbidity among male employees in Denmark. Cancer Causes Control 6:354–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG, eds. (2001). In: Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York, USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Haseman JK. (1984). Statistical issues in the design, analysis and interpretation of animal carcinogenicity studies. Environ Health Perspect 58:385–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haseman JK. (1985). Issues in carcinogenicity testing: Dose selection. Fundam Appl Toxicol 5:66–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haseman JK, Rao GN. (1992). Effects of corn oil, time-related changes and inter-laboratory variability on tumour occurrence in control Fischer 344 (F344/N) rats. Toxicol Pathol 20:5260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haseman JK, Hailey JR, Morris RW. (1998). Spontaneous neoplasm incidences in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice in two-year carcinogenicity studies: A National Toxicology Program update. Toxicol Pathol 26:428–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauptmann M, Lubin JH, Stewart PA, Hayes RB, Blair A. (2004). Mortality from solid cancers among workers in formaldehyde industries. Am J Epidemiol 159:1117–1130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes RB, Blair A, Stewart PA, Herrick RF, Mahar H. (1990). Mortality of U.S. embalmers and funeral directors. Am J of Ind Med 18: 641–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck Hd’A, Casanova M. (1995). Nasal dosimetry of formaldehyde: Modelling site specificity and the effects of pre-exposure. In: Miller FJ, ed. Nasal Toxicity and Dosimetry of Inhaled Xenobiotics: Implications for Human Health. Washington, DC, USA: Taylor & Francis, 159–175.
   Google Scholar
• Heck Hd’A, Casanova M. (2004). The implausibility of leukemia induction by formaldehyde: A critical review of the biological evidence on distant-site toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 40:92–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck Hd’A, White EL, Casanova-Schmitz M. (1982). Determination of formaldehyde in biological tissues by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Biomed Mass Spectrom 9:347–353.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heck Hd’A, Casanova-Schmitz M, Dodd PB, Schachter EN, Witek TJ, Tosun T. (1985). Formaldehyde (CH2O) concentrations in the blood of humans and Fischer-344 rats exposed to CH2O under controlled conditions. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 46:1–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill AB. (1965). The environment and disease: Association or causation? Proc Royal Soc Med 58:295–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton AW, Tye R, Stemmer KL. (1963). Experimental carcinogenesis of the lung. Inhalation of gaseous formaldehyde or an aerosol of coal tar by C3H mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 30:31–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holsapple MP, Pitot HC, Cohen SM, Boobis AR, Klaunig JE, Pastoor T, Dellarco VL, Dragan YP. (2006). Mode of action in relevance of rodent liver tumors to human cancer risk. Toxicol Sci 89:51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn KH, Teichmann B, Schramm T. (1987). Studies on dichlorvos. I. Testing of dichlorvos for carcinogenic activity in mice. Arch Geschwulstforsch 57:353–360.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horn KH, Teichmann B, Schramm T, Nischan P. (1988). Studies on dichlorvos. II. Testing of dichlorvos for carcinogenic activity in rats. Arch Geschwulstforsch 58:1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• IARC. (1972). Some inorganic substances, chlorinated hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, N-nitroso compounds, and natural products. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 1. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer Press.
   Google Scholar
• IARC. (1990). Chromium, nickel and welding. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 49. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer Press.
   Google Scholar
• IARC. (1991). Occupational exposures in insecticide application, and some pesticides. Dichlorvos. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 53. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer Press.
   Google Scholar
• IARC. (1999). Some chemicals that cause tumours of the kidney or urinary bladder in rodents, and some other substances. Melamine. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 73. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer Press.
   Google Scholar
• IARC. (2002). Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 82. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer Press.
   Google Scholar
• IARC. (2006). Formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol and 1-tert-butoxypropan-2-ol. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 88. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer Press.
   Google Scholar
• ILSI Risk Sciences Institute, Rodent Bladder Carcinogenesis Working Group. (1995). Urinary bladder carcinogenesis: Implications for risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 33:797–802.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group, Work Group on Risk Assessment. (1980). Scientific bases for identification of potential carcinogens and estimation of risks. Ann Rev Public Health 1:345–393.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jia LQ, Shen Y, Wang XM, He LJ, Xin Y, Hu YX. (2009). Ultrasonographic diagnosis of urinary calculus caused by melamine in children. Chin Med J 122:252–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones PA, Baylin SB. (2002). The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat Rev Genet 3:415–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamata E, Nakadate E, Uchida O, Ogawa Y, Suzuki S, Kaneko T, Saito M, Kurokawa Y. (1997). Results of a 28-month chronic inhalation toxicity study of formaldehyde in male Fisher-344 rats. J Toxicol Sci 22:239–254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerns WD, Pavkov KL, Donofrio DJ, Gralla EJ, Swenberg JA. (1983a). Carcinogenicity of formaldehyde in rats and mice after long-term inhalation exposure. Cancer Res 43:4382–4392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerns WD, Donofrio DJ, Pavkov KL. (1983b). The chronic effects of formaldehyde inhalation in rats and mice: A preliminary report. In:Gibson JE, ed. Formaldehyde Toxicity. Washington, DC, USA: Hemisphere Publishing, 111–113.
   Google Scholar
• Kirby AH, Peacock PR. (1949). Liver tumours in mice injected with commercial food dyes. Glasgow Med J 30:364–372.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klaunig JE, Babich MA, Baetcke KP, Cook JC, Corton JC, David RM, DeLuca JG, Lai DY, McKee RH, Peters JM, Roberts RA, Fenner-Crisp PA. (2003). PPARalpha agonist-induced rodent tumors: Modes of action and human relevance. Crit Rev Toxicol 33:655–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein G, Klein E. (1984). Commentary: Oncogene activation and tumor suppression. Carcinogenesis 5:3362–3364.
   Google Scholar
• Klimisch HJ, Andreae M, Tillmann U. (1997). A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 25:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight A, Bailey J, Balcombe J. (2006). Animal carcinogenicity studies: 2. Obstacles to Extrapolation of data to humans. ATLA 34:29–38.
   Google Scholar
• Koepke SR, Kroeger-Koepke MB, Michejda CJ. (1990). Evidence for an unstable DNA adduct from N-nitroso-N-methylaniline. Chem Res Toxicol 3:17–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koepke SR, Kroeger-Koepke MB, Michejda CJ. (1991). Mechanism of DNA binding by the oesophageal carcinogen N-nitroso-N-methylaniline. IARC Sci Publ 105:346–350.
   Google Scholar
• Koivusalo M, Baumann M, Uotila L. (1989). Evidence for the identity of glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase and class III alcohol dehydrogenase. FEBS Lett 257:105–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konishi Y, Denda A, Kitaoka R. (1981). Studies on carcinogenicity of dichlorvos in B6C3F1 mice. Tokyo, Japan: Ministry of Health and Welfare. Unpublished report.
   Google Scholar
• Konishi Y, Mennear JH, Bernard BK. (1989). An assessment of the carcinogenic potential of dichlorvos administered in drinking water to male and female B6C3F1 mice for two years. Washington, DC, USA: Scientific Research Associates, Inc. Unpublished report.
   Google Scholar
• Kornbrust D, Barfknecht T. (1985). Testing of 24 food, drug, cosmetic, and fabric dyes in the in vitro and the in vivo/in vitro rat hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair assays. Environ Mutagen 7:101–120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kroes R, Renwick A.G, Cheeseman M, Kleiner J, Mangelsdorf I, Piersma A, Schilter B, Schlatter J, van Schothorst, F Vos, JG Wü,rtzen G, European branch of the International Life Sciences Institute. (2004). Structure-based thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC): Guidance for application to substances present at low levels in the diet. Food Chem Toxicol 42:65–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Vecchia C, Airoldi R. (1999). Human bladder cancer: epidemiological, pathological and mechanistic aspects. In: Capen CC, Dybing E, Rice JM, Wilbourne JD, eds. Species Differences in Thyroid, Kidney and Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis, IARC Sci Publ. No. 147. Lyon, France: IARC, 139–157.
   Google Scholar
• Luce D, Leclerc A, Begin D, Demers PA, Gerin M, Orlowski E, Kogevinas M, Belli S, Bugel I, Bolm-Audorff U, Brinton LA, Comba P, Hardell L, Hayes RB, Magnani C, Merler E, Preston-Martin S, Vaughan TL, Zheng W, Boffetta P. (2002). Sinonasal cancer and occupational exposures: A pooled analysis of 12 case-control studies. Cancer Causes Control 13:147–157.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacDonald JS, Scribner HE. (1999). The maximum tolerated dose and secondary mechanisms of carcinogenesis. In:Kitchin KT, ed. Carcinogenicity Testing, Predicting, and Interpreting Chemical Effects. New York, USA: Marcel-Dekker, 125–144.
   Google Scholar
• MAK Commission. (2002). Formaldehyde (Official English Translation). Occupational Toxicants: Critical Data Evaluation for MAK Values and Classification of Carcinogens. DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, 17:163–201. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH.
   Google Scholar
• Manley A, Brown WR, Mennear J. (1997). Dichlorvos and mononuclear cell leukemia in Fischer 344 rats: lack of effect of chronic administration on progression of the disease. Int J Toxicol 16:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Maronpot RR, Miller RA, Clarke WJ, Westerberg RB, Decker JR, Moss OR. (1986). Toxicity of formaldehyde vapor in B6C3F1 mice exposed for 13 weeks. Toxicology 41:253–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mast RW, Jeffcoat AR, Sadler BM, Kraska RC, Friedman MA. (1983). Metabolism, disposition and excretion of (14C(melamine in male Fisher 344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 21:807–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor DB, Brown AG, Howgate S, McBride D, Riach C, Caspary WJ. (1991). Responses of the L5178Y mouse Lymphoma cell forward mutation assay. V: 27 coded chemicals. Environ Mol Mutagen 17:196–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor D, Bolt H, Cogliano V, Richter-Reichhelm HB. (2006). Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde and nasal cytotoxicity: Case study within the context of the 2006 IPCS Human Framework for the Analysis of a Cancer Mode of Action for Humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 36:821–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meek M, Bucher J, Cohen S, Dellarco V, Hill R, Lehman-McKeeman L, Longfellow D, Pastoor T, Seed J, Patton D. (2003). A framework for human relevance analysis of information on carcinogenic modes of action. Crit Rev Toxicol 33:591–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnick RL, Boorman GA, Haseman JK, Montali J, Huff J. (1984). Urolithiasis and bladder carcinogenicity of melamine in rodents. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 72:292–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MHLW. (2005). GHS Classification Manual. Tokyo: Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/chemical_management/GHS/GHS_Classification_Manual.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Mirsalis JC, Tyson CK, Steinmetz KL, Loh EK, Hamilton CM, Bakke JP, Spalding JW. (1989). Measurement of unscheduled DNA synthesis and S-phase synthesis in rodent hepatocytes following in vivo treatment: Testing of 24 compounds. Environ Mol Mutagen 14:155–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monticello TM, Morgan KT, Everitt JI, Popp JA. (1989). Effects of formaldehyde gas on the respiratory tract of rhesus monkeys. Pathology and cell proliferation. Am J Pathol 134:515–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monticello TM, Miller FJ, Morgan KT. (1991). Regional increases in rat nasal epithelial cell proliferation following acute and subacute inhalation of formaldehyde. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 111:409–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monticello TM, Morgan KT. (1994). Cell proliferation and formaldehyde-respiratory carcinogenesis. Risk Anal 14: 313–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monticello TM, Swenberg JA, Gross EA, Leiniger JR, Kimbell JS, Seilkop S, Starr TB, Gibson JE, Morgan KT. (1996). Correlation of regional and nonlinear formaldehyde-induced nasal cancer with proliferating populations of cells. Cancer Res 56:1012–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan KT, Jiang XZ, Starr TB, Kerns WD. (1986). More precise localization of nasal tumors associated with chronic exposure of F-344 rats to formaldehyde gas. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 82:264–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehéz M, Toth C, Desi I. (1994). The effect of dimethoate, dichlorvos and parationmethyl on bone marrow cell chromosomes of rats in subchronic experiments in vivo. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 29:365–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton N. (1981). Assessment of Technologies for Determining Cancer Risks from the Environment. Washington, DC, USA: Office of Technology Assessment.
   Google Scholar
• Nowell PC. (1976). The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations. Science 194:23–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdoerster G. (1997). Pulmonary carcinogenicity of inhaled particles and the maximum tolerated dose. Environ Health Perspect 105:1347–1355.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OECD. (1998). SIDS Dossier on Melamine CAS No: 108-78-1. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/108781.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. (2002). Guidance Notes for Analysis and Evaluation of Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies. ENV/JM/MONO(2002)19. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. (2005). Progress report on carcinogenicity potency and draft list of potency estimation methods. Environment Directorate Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology. ENV/JM/HCL(2005)3. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Ogasawara H, Imaida K, Ishiwata H, Toyoda K, Kawanishi T, Uneyama C, Hayashi S, Takahashi M, Hayashi Y. (1995). Urinary bladder Carcinogenesis induced by melamine in F344 male rats: Correlation between carcinogenicity and urolith formation, Carcinogenesis. 16:2773–2777.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen JH, Asnaes S. (1986). Formaldehyde and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the sinonasal cavities. Br J Ind Med 43: 769–774.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pastoor T, Rose P, Lloyd S, Peffer R, Green T. (2005). Case study: Weight of evidence evaluation of the human health relevance of thiamethoxam-related mouse liver tumors. Toxicol Sci 86:56–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauluhn J. (2008). Inhalation toxicology: Methodological and regulatory challenges. Exp Toxicol Pathol 60:111–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peto R, Pike M.C, Bernstein L, Gold LS, Ames BN. (1984). The TD50: A proposed general convention for the numerical description of the carcinogenic potency of chemicals in chronic-exposure animal experiments. Environ Health Perspect 58:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkerton LE, Hein MJ, Stayner LT. (2004). Mortality among a cohort of garment workers exposed to formaldehyde: An update. Occup Environ Med 61:193–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pletsa V, Steenwinkel M-JST, van Delft JHM, Baan RA, Kyrtopoulos SA. (1999). Induction of somatic mutations but not methylated DNA adducts in λlacZ transgenic mice by dichlorvos. Cancer Lett 146:155–160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Powell JH, Gannett PM. (2002). Mechanism of carcinogenicity of aryl hydrazines, aryl hydrazides and arenediazonium ions. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 21:1–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pratt IS. (2002). Global harmonisation of classification and labelling of hazardous chemicals. Toxicol Lett 128:5–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston JJ, Williams GM. (2005). DNA-reactive carcinogens: mode of action and human cancer hazard. Crit Rev Toxicol 35:673–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proctor DM, Gatto NM, Hong SJ, Allamneni KP. (2007). Mode-of-action framework for evaluating the relevance of rodent forestomach tumors in cancer risk assessment. Toxicol Sci 98:313–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyatt D, Natelson E, Golden R. (2008). Is inhalation exposure to formaldehyde a biologically plausible cause of lymphohematopoietic malignancies? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 51:119–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice JM, Baan RA, Blettner M, Genevois-Charmeau C, Grosse Y, McGregor DB, Partensky C, Wilbourn JD. (1999). Rodent tumors of urinary bladder, renal cortex, and thyroid gland in IARC Monographs evaluations of carcinogenic risk to humans. Toxicol Sci 49:166–171.
   Google Scholar
• Rideout WM III, Coetzee GA, Olumi AF, Jones PA. (1990). 5-Methylcytosine as an endogenous mutagen in the human LDL receptor and p53 genes. Science 249:1288–1290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rietbrock N. (1965) (Formaldehyde oxidation in the rat.) Naunyn Schmiedeberg Arch exp Pathol Pharmakol 251:189–190 ( in German).
   Google Scholar
• Roe FJ. (1989). What is wrong with the way we test chemicals for carcinogenic activity. In: Dayan AD, Paine AJ, eds. Advances in Applied Toxicology. London, UK: Taylor and Francis, 2–17.
   Google Scholar
• Rusch GM, Clary JJ, Rinehart WE, Bolte HF. (1983). A 26-week inhalation toxicity study with formaldehyde in the monkey, rat, and hamster. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 68:329–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanner T, Dybing E. (2005). Comparison of carcinogenic and in vivo genotoxicpotency estimates. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 96:131–139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schlosser PM, Lilly PD, Conolly RB, Janszen DB, Kimbell JS. (2003). Benchmark dose risk assessment for formaldehyde using airflow modeling and a single-compartment, DNA-protein cross-link dosimetry model to estimate human equivalent doses. Risk Anal 23:473–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schop RN, Hardy MH, Goldberg MT. (1990). Comparison of the activity of topically applied pesticides and the herbicide 2,4-D in two short-term in vivo assays of genotoxicity in the mouse. Fundam Appl Toxicol 15: 666–675.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Segerbäck D. (1981). Estimation of genetic risks of alkylating agents. V. Methylation of DNA in the mouse by DDVP (2,2 dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate). Hereditas 94:73–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Segerbäck D, Ehrenberg L. (1981). Alkylating properties of dichlorvos (DDVP). Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 49:56–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaham J, Bomstein Y, Gurvich R, Rashkovsky M, Kaufman Z. (2003). DNA-protein crosslinks and p53 protein expression in relation to occupational exposure to formaldehyde. Occup Environ Med 60:403–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shephard SE, Schlatter C. 1998. Covalent binding of agaritine to DANN in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 36:971–974.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W. (1953). Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer 6:963–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soffritti M, Maltoni C, Maffei F, Biagi R. (1989). Formaldehyde: An experimental multipotential carcinogen. Toxicol Ind Health 5:699–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonich-Mullin C, Fielder R, Wiltse J, Baetcke K, Dempsey J, Fenner-Crisp P, Grant D, Hartley M, Knapp A, Kroese D, Mangelsdorf I, Meek E, Rice JM, Younes M. (2001). IPCS conceptual framework for evaluating a MOA for chemical carcinogenesis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 34:146–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart PA, Cubit DA, Blair A. (1987). Formaldehyde levels in seven industries. Appl Ind Hyg 2:231–236.
   Google Scholar
• Stiborová M, Frei E, Schmeiser HH, Wiessler M. (1992). 32P-postlabeling analysis of adducts formed from 1-phenylazo-2-hydroxynaphtalene (Sudan I, Solvent Yellow 14) with DNA and homopolydeoxyribonucleotides. Carcinogenesis 13:1221–1225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stiborová M, Asfaw B, Frei E, Schmeiser HH, Wiessler M. (1995). Benzenediazonium ion derived from Sudan I froms an 8-(phenylazo)guanine adduct in DNA. Chem Res Toxicol 8: 489–498.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stiborová M, Martinek V, Rýdlová H, Hodek P, Frei E. (2002). Sudan I is a potential carcinogen for humans: evidence for its metabolic activation and detoxication by human recombinant cytochrome P450 1A1 and liver microsomes. Cancer Res Toxicol 62:5678–5684.
   Google Scholar
• Stiborová M, Martinek V, Rýdlová H, Koblas T, Hodek P. (2005). Expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 and its contribution to oxidation of a potential human carcinogen 1-phenylazo-2-naphtol (Sudan I) in human livers. Cancer Lett 220:145–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaen GMH. (2006). A framework for using epidemiological data for risk assessment. Hum Exp Toxicol 25:147–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swenberg JA, Gross EA, Martin J, Randall HA. (1986). Localization and quantitiation of cell proliferation following exposure to nasal irritants. In:Barrow CS, ed. Toxicology of the Nasal Passages. Washington, DC, USA: Hemisphere Publishing, 291–300.
   Google Scholar
• Swenberg JA, Gross EA, Martin J, Popp JA. (1983). Mechanisms of formaldehyde toxicity. In:Gibson JE, ed. Formaldehyde Toxicity. Washington, DC, USA: Hemisphere Publishing, 132–147.
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi M, Hasegawa R, Furukawa F, Toyoda K, Sato H, Hayashi Y. (1986). Effects of ethanol, potassium metabisulfite, formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide on gastric carcinogenesis in rats after initiation with N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Jpn J Cancer Res 77:118–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Til HP, Woutersen RA, Feron VJ, Hollanders VHM, Falke HE. (1989). Two-year drinking-water study of formaldehyde in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 27:77–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobe M, Naito K, Kurokawa Y. (1989). Chronic toxicity study on formaldehyde administered orally to rats. Toxicology 56:79–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomatis L, Aitio A, Wilbourn J, Shuker L. (1989). Human carcinogens so far identified. Jpn J Cancer Res 80:795–807.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toth B, Patil K, Jae HS. (1981). Carcinogenesis of 4-(hydroxymethyl)-benzenediazonium ion (tetrafluoroborate) of Agaricus bisporus. Cancer Res 41:2444–2449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth B, Patil K, Erickson J, Gannett P. (1998). Carcinogenesis by benzenediazonium sulfate in mice. In vivo 12:379–382.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tungul A, Bonin AM, He S, Baker RSU. (1991). Micronuclei induction by dichlorvos in the mouse skin. Mutagenesis 6:405–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN. (2006). Updating of the globally harmonized system of ClassifiCation and labelling of ChemiCals (GHS). Health hazards. CarCinogeniCity potenCy estimation methods. GHS doCument ST/SG/AC.10/C.4/2006/13 27. April 2006.
   Google Scholar
• UN. (2007). Globally harmonised system of classification and labelling of chemicals (GHS). http://www.UN.ce.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev02/02files_e.html.
   Google Scholar
• Uotila L, Koivusalo M. (1974). Formaldehyde dehydrogenase from human liver. Purification, properties, and evidence for the formation of glutathione thiol esters by the enzyme. J Biol Chem 249:7653–7663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uotila L, Koivusalo M. (1997). Expression of formaldehyde dehydrogenase and S-formylglutathione hydrolase activities in different rat tissues. Adv Exp Med Biol 414:365–371.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• US EPA. (1987). Integrated Risk Information System. Dichlorvos. Washington, DC, USA: US Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0151.htm.
   Google Scholar
• US EPA. (1991). Formaldehyde Risk Assessment Update—Final Draft. Washington, DC, USA: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances.
   Google Scholar
• US EPA. (1995). The use of the benchmark dose approach in health risk assessment. Risk Assessment Forum. Washington, DC, USA: US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/630/R-94/007.
   Google Scholar
• US EPA. (2000). Thiamethoxam: Report of the Cancer Assessment Review Committee. Memorandum dated June 20, 2000. Washington, DC, USA: US Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects Division.
   Google Scholar
• US EPA. (2005a). Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (Final). Washington, DC, USA: US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/630/P-03/001F.
   Google Scholar
• US EPA. (2005b). Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Potential of Thiamethoxam. Washington, DC, USA: US Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, Cancer Assessment Review Committee. PC Code 060109.
   Google Scholar
• US NCI. (1977). Bioassay of Dichlorvos for possible carcinogenicity. NCI Technical Report No. 10. Bethesda, MD, USA: National Cancer Institute.
   Google Scholar
• US NTP. (1982). Carcinogenesis bioassay of C.I. solvent Yellow 14 (CAS No 842-07-9) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. NTP Technical Report No. 226. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: National Toxicology Program.
   Google Scholar
• US NTP. (1983). Carcinogenesis bioassay of Melamine (CAS No 108-78-1) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. NTP Technical Report No. 245. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: National Toxicology Program.
   Google Scholar
• US NTP. (1989). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of dichlorovos (CAS No 62-73-7) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. NTP Technical Report No. 342. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: National Toxicology Program.
   Google Scholar
• US NTP. (2000). Summary Report on Carcinogens Review Group Actions on the Nomination of Ethyl Acrylate for Delisting from the Report on Carcinogens. Ninth Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: National Toxicology Program. http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/may2000/niehs-15.htm.
   Google Scholar
• US NTP. Study data 318291, 916978, 841852, 247659, 114547, and 666998. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: National Toxicology Program. http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=842-07-9.
   Google Scholar
• Ushijima T. (2007). Epigenetic field for cancerization. J Biochem Mol Biol. 40:142–150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vainio H, Wilbourn JD, Sasco AJ, Partensky C, Gaudin N, Heseltine E, Eragne I. (1995). (Identification of human carcinogenic risk in IARC Monographs.) Bull Cancer 82:339–348 (in French).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. (2004). Cancer genes and the pathways they control. Nat Med 10:789–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddington CH. (1935). Cancer and the theory of organisers. Nature 135:606–608.
   Google Scholar
• Wakata A, Miyamae Y, Sato S, Suzuki T, Morita T, Asano N, Awogi T, Kondo K, Hayashi M. (1998). Evaluation of the rat micronucleus test with bone marrow and peripheral blood: summary of the 9th collaborative study by CSGMT/JEMS. MMS. Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test. Environmental Mutagen Society of Japan. Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group. Environ Mol Mutagen 32:84–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walrath J, Fraumeni JF Jr. (1983). Mortality patterns among embalmers. Int J Cancer 31:407–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XJ, Liefer KM, Greenhalgh DA, Roop DR. (1999). 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate promotion of transgenic mouse epidermis coexpressing transforming growth factor-alpha and v-fos: Acceleration of autonomous papilloma formation and malignant conversion via c-Ha-ras activation. Mol Carcinog 26:305–311.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weisburger EK. (1981). Techniques for carcinogenicity studies. Cancer Res 41:3690–3694.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weisburger EK. (1983). History of the bioassay program of the National Cancer Institute. Prog Exp Tumor Res. 26:187–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westmoreland C, Gatehouse DG. (1991).The differential clastogenicity of CI Solvent Yellow 14 and FD and C Yellow No 6 in vivo in the rodent micronucleus test (observations on species and tissue specificity). Carcinogenesis. 12:1403–1407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO-FAO. (2009). Toxicological and health aspects of melamine and cyanuric acid. Report of a WHO expert meeting in collaboration with FAO supported by Health Canada. Ottawa, Canada. 1–4 December 2008. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Wilbourn J, Haroun L, Heseltine E, Kaldor J, Partensky C, Vainio H. (1986). Response of experimental animals to human carcinogens: An analysis based upon the IARC Monographs Programme. Carcinogenesis. 7:1853–1863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams GM, Iatropoulos MJ, Jeffrey AM. (2004). Thresholds for the effects of 2-acetylaminofluorene in rat liver. Toxicol Pathol. 32:85–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, McWhir J, Kind AJ, Campbell KHS. (1997). Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385:810–813. (Republished in 2007 (Cloning Stem Cells 9:3–7)).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woutersen RA, van Garderen-Hoetmer A, Bruijntjes JP, Zwart A, Feron VJ. (1989). Nasal tumours in rats after severe injury to the nasal mucosa and prolonged exposure to 10 ppm formaldehyde. J Appl Toxicol. 9:39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Heinze TM, Chen S, Cerniglia CE, Chen H. (2007). Anaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphtol-based azo dyes (Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflora. Appl Environ Microbiol.73:7759–7762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeiger E, Anderson B, Haworth S, Lawlor T, Mortelmans K. (1988). Salmonella mutagenicity tests. IV. Results from the testing of 300 chemicals. Environ Mol Mutagen. 11(Suppl 12):1–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Wu LL, Wang YP, Liu AM, Zou CC, Zhao ZY. (2009). Melamine-contaminated milk products induced urinary tract calculi in children. World J Pediatr. 5:31–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Jiang L, Geng C, Hu C, Yoshimura H, Zhong L. (2008). Inhibition of Sudan I genotoxicity in human liver-derived HepG2 cells by the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol. Free Radic Res. 42:189–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwart A, Woutersen RA, Wilmer JW, Spit BJ, Feron VJ. (1988). Cytotoxic and adaptive effects in rat nasal epithelium after 3-day and 13-week exposure to low concentrations of formaldehyde vapour. Toxicology. 51:87–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar