Potential health hazards associated with exposures to asbestos-containing drywall accessory products: A state-of-the-science assessment

References

• Addison J, McConnell EE. (2008). A review of carcinogenicity studies of asbestos and non-asbestos tremolite and other amphiboles. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 52:S187–S199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2001). Toxicological profile for asbestos, edited by US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).
   Google Scholar
• Agudo A, González CA, Bleda MJ, Ramírez J, Hernández S, López F, Calleja A, Panadès R, Turuguet D, Escolar A, Beltrán M, González-Moya JE. (2000). Occupation and risk of malignant pleural mesothelioma: A case-control study in Spain. Am J Ind Med 37:159–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). (1980). Documentation of the threshold limit values. Fourth Edition. Cincinnati, OH.
   Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society (ATS). (1986). Evaluation of impairment/disability secondary to respiratory disorders. Am Rev Respir Dis 133:1205–1209.
   Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society (ATS). (1990). Health effects of tremolite. Am Rev Respir Dis 142:1453–1458.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Thoracic Society (ATS). (2004). Diagnosis and initial management of nonmalignant diseases related to asbestos. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170:691–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aust AE, Cook PM, Dodson RF. (2011). Morphological and chemical mechanisms of elongated mineral particle toxicities. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 14:40–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes R. (1976). Asbestos spraying, an occupational and environmental hazard. Med J Aust 2:599–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Below JE, Cox NJ, Fukagawa NK, Hirvonen A, Testa JR. (2011). Factors that impact susceptibility to fiber-induced health effects. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 14:246–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benhamou S, Benhamou E, Flamant R. (1988). Occupational risk factors of lung cancer in a French case-control study. Br J Ind Med 45:231–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berger H, Oesper RE (1963). Fibers: Classification, standardization, disintegration. In Asbestos Fundamentals - origin, properties, mining, processing, utilization. New York: Chemical Publishing Company, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Berman DW, Crump KS, Chatfield EJ, Davis JM, Jones AD. (1995). The sizes, shapes, and mineralogy of asbestos structures that induce lung tumors or mesothelioma in AF/HAN rats following inhalation. Risk Anal 15:181–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman DW, CrumpKS. (2003). Final draft: Technical support document for a protocol to assess asbestos-related risk. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
   Google Scholar
• Berman DW, Crump KS. (2008a). A meta-analysis of asbestos-related cancer risk that addresses fiber size and mineral type. Crit Rev Toxicol 38 Suppl 1:49–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman DW, Crump KS. (2008b). Update of potency factors for asbestos-related lung cancer and mesothelioma. Crit Rev Toxicol 38 Suppl 1:1–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein DM, Hoskins JA. (2006). The health effects of chrysotile: current perspective based upon recent data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 45:252–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein DM, Donaldson K, Decker U, Gaering S, Kunzendorf P, Chevalier J, Holm SE. (2008). A biopersistence study following exposure to chrysotile asbestos alone or in combination with fine particles. Inhal Toxicol 20:1009–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein DM, Rogers RA, Sepulveda R, Donaldson K, Schuler D, Gaering S, Kunzendorf P, Chevalier J, Holm SE. (2010). The pathological response and fate in the lung and pleura of chrysotile in combination with fine particles compared to amosite asbestos following short-term inhalation exposure: interim results. Inhal Toxicol 22:937–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi C, Brollo A, Ramani L, Bianchi T, Giarelli L. (2001). Asbestos exposure in malignant mesothelioma of the pleura: a survey of 557 cases. Ind Health 39:161–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boillat MA, Lob M. (1973). [Risk of asbestosis in workers employed in replacing automobile brake linings]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 103:1354–1359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowles O (1959). Grading and Classification. In Asbestos, a materials survey. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Broaddus VC, Everitt JI, Black B, Kane AB. (2011). Non-neoplastic and neoplastic pleural endpoints following fiber exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 14:153–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brorby GP, Sheehan PJ, Berman DW, Greene JF, Holm SE. (2008). Re-creation of historical chrysotile-containing joint compounds. Inhal Toxicol 20:1043–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown ML. (1973). Report of an industrial hygiene study for U.S. Gypsum Company. National Loss Control Service Corporation (NATLSCO). June 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Brown DP, Dement JM, Okun A. (1994). Mortality patterns among female and male chrysotile asbestos textile workers. J Occup Med 36:882–888.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Browne K (2000). Chrysotile: Thresholds of risk. International Seminar on Safety in the Use of Chrysotile Asbestos: Basis for Scientifically-Based Regulatory Action. Havana, Cuba. September 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Bunderson-Schelvan M, Pfau JC, Crouch R, Holian A. (2011). Nonpulmonary outcomes of asbestos exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 14:122–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (1977). Household data annual averages: Table 23 - Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex and race, edited by Employment and Earnings.
   Google Scholar
• Butnor KJ, Sporn TA, Roggli VL. (2003). Exposure to brake dust and malignant mesothelioma: a study of 10 cases with mineral fiber analyses. Ann Occup Hyg 47:325–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CapryeCE. (1975). Non-asbestos formulas. Kaiser Gypsum Trial Exhibit No. KG-0086. April 24, 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Carey ML. (1988). Occupational tenure in 1987: many workers have remained in their fields. Monthly Labor Review October 1988:3–12.
   Google Scholar
• Cherrie J, Addison J, Dodgson J. (1989). Comparative studies of airborne asbestos in occupational and non-occupational environments using optical and electron microscope techniques. IARC Sci Publ 90:304–309.
   Google Scholar
• Chrysotile Institute (1981). Canadian chyrostile asbestos classification. January 9, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Coggon D, Inskip H, Winter P, Pannett B. (1995). Differences in occupational mortality from pleural cancer, peritoneal cancer, and asbestosis. Occup Environ Med 52:775–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coin PG, Roggli VL, Brody AR. (1992). Deposition, clearance, and translocation of chrysotile asbestos from peripheral and central regions of the rat lung. Environ Res 58:97–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). (1977a). Consumer patching compounds and artificial emberizing materials (embers and ash) containing respirable free-form asbestos. Banned hazardous products. Federal Register 42:63354–63365.
   Google Scholar
• Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). (1977b). Risk of respiratory cancer due to low level exposure to asbestos from spackling and joint taping compounds. June 3, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). (1988). United States Consumer Product Safety Commission Tremolite Petition Briefing. October 28, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper WC. (1979). The forum. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 40:A56–A57.
   Google Scholar
• Craighead JE, Gibbs AR. (2008). Chapter 3: Diseases associated with asbestos industrial products and environmental exposure. In Asbestos and Its Diseases. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crane DT. (2000). Background information regarding the analysis of industrial talcs. In: U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (ed).
   Google Scholar
• Daly AR, Zupko AJ, Hebb JL. (1976). Technological feasibility and economic impact of OSHA proposed revision of the asbestos standard. Washington, D.C.: Prepared for the Asbestos Information Association North America.
   Google Scholar
• de Klerk NH, Musk AW, Williams V, Filion PR, Whitaker D, Shilkin KB. (1996). Comparison of measures of exposure to asbestos in former crocidolite workers from Wittenoom Gorge, W. Australia. Am J Ind Med 30:579–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dotti NR. (1972). Loss Control Survey: Asbestos Exposures. Long Grove, IL: Prepared for the United States Gypsum Company Research Center by the National Loss Control Service Corporation (NATLSCO).
   Google Scholar
• Dupuis HC. (1975). Non-asbestos wallboard acessories. Kaiser Gypsum Trial Exhibit No. KG-0088. June 6, 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Eastern Research Group (ERG). (2003a). Report on the expert panel on health effects of asbestos and synthetic vitreous fibers: The influence of fiber length. Prepared for the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Division of Health Assessment and Consultation.
   Google Scholar
• Eastern Research Group (ERG). (2003b). Report on the peer consultation workshop to discuss a proposed protocol to assess asbestos-related risk. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
   Google Scholar
• Elliehausen HJ, Paur R, Rödelsperger K, Woitowitz H-J. (1985). Zum Risiko von Asbestinhalationsfolgen bei Kraft-fahrzeugmechanikern in Bremsendiensten [About the risk of asbestos inhalation in automobile mechanics in the brake service]. Arbeitsmed Sozialmed Prevenitmed 20:256–261.
   Google Scholar
• EMSL Analytical, Inc. (2010). Test and laboratory report: Asbestos analysis of bulk wall and ceiling joint compound materials using PLM and TEM. ChemRisk Project 10976–11001.
   Google Scholar
• Farrell EA. (1970). Marketing of asbestos. Society Mining Engineers 247:128–132.
   Google Scholar
• Finkelstein MM, Dufresne A. (1999). Inferences on the kinetics of asbestos deposition and clearance among chrysotile miners and millers. Am J Ind Med 35:401–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischbein A, Rohl AN, Langer AM, Selikoff IJ. (1979). Drywall construction and asbestos exposure. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 40:402–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank AL, Dodson RF, Williams MG. (1997). Lack of tremolite in UICC reference chrysotile and the implications for carcinogenicity. Ann Occup Hyg 41:287–292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fubini B. (1993). The possible role of surface chemistry in the toxicity of inhaled fibers. In Fiber Toxicology. San Diego: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gamble JF, Gibbs GW. (2008). An evaluation of the risks of lung cancer and mesothelioma from exposure to amphibole cleavage fragments. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 52:S154–S186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner M. (2005). All Things Gypsum: A Brief History of Gysum Board in North America. Available from www.wcoline.com. December 1, 2005
   Google Scholar
• Goodman M, Teta MJ, Hessel PA, Garabrant DH, Craven VA, Scrafford CG, Kelsh MA. (2004). Mesothelioma and lung cancer among motor vehicle mechanics: a meta-analysis. Ann Occup Hyg 48:309–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross P, Tuma J, DeTreville RT. (1971). Lungs of workers exposed to fiber glass. A study of their pathologic changes and their dust content. Arch Environ Health 23:67–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunter ME, Sanchez MS, Williams TJ. (2007). Characterization of chrysotile samples for the presence of amphiboles: The Carey Canadian Deposit, Southeastern Quebec, Canada. The Canadian Mineralogist 45:263–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavsson P, Plato N, Lidström EB, Hogstedt C. (1990). Lung cancer and exposure to diesel exhaust among bus garage workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 16:348–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwinn MR. (2011). Multiple modes of action of asbestos and related mineral fibers. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 14:1–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gypsum Association. (1973). Evaluation of exposure to asbestos during mixing and sanding of joint compound. Denver, Colorado. November 19, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen ES. (1989). Mortality of auto mechanics: A ten-year follow up. Scand J Work Environ Health 15:43–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen J, Meersohn A. (2003). Kraeftsygelighed blandt danske lonmodtagere (1970-97) fordelt pa Arbejdstilsynets 49 branchegrupper. Institut for Epidemiologisk Kraeftforskning, Kraeftens Bekaempelse, Kobenhavn.
   Google Scholar
• Hessel PA, Teta MJ, Goodman M, Lau E. (2004). Mesothelioma among brake mechanics: an expanded analysis of a case-control study. Risk Anal 24:547–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesterberg TW, Chase G, Axten C, Miller WC, Musselman RP, Kamstrup O, Hadley J, Morscheidt C, Bernstein DM, Thevenaz P. (1998). Biopersistence of synthetic vitreous fibers and amosite asbestos in the rat lung following inhalation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 151:262–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson JT, Darnton A. (2000). The quantitative risks of mesothelioma and lung cancer in relation to asbestos exposure. Ann Occup Hyg 44:565–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrubec Z, Blair AE, Rogot E, Vaught J. (1992). Mortality risks by occupation among US veterans of known smoking status: 1954–1980. NIH Publication No. 92–3407. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health (NIH).
   Google Scholar
• Huang SX, Jaurand MC, Kamp DW, Whysner J, Hei TK. (2011). Role of mutagenicity in asbestos fiber-induced carcinogenicity and other diseases. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 14:179–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgren E, Chatfield E. (1997). Colinga fibre: a short, amphibolic-free chrysotile. Part 1: Evidence for lack of fibrogenic activity. Indoor Built Environ 6:264–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgren E, Chatfield E. (1998). Colinga fibre: a short, amphibole-free chrysotile. Part 2: Evidence for lack of tumourigenic activity. Indoor Built Environ 7:18–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgren EB. (2004). The biology of cleavage fragments: A brief synthesis and analysis of current knowledge. Indoor Built Environment 13:343–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine and National Research Council (IOM and NRC). (2009). Committee for the review of the NIOSH research roadmap on asbestos fibers and other elongate mineral particles. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1987). IARC Monograph 42: Talc. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer.
   Google Scholar
• Järvholm B, Brisman J. (1988). Asbestos associated tumours in car mechanics. Br J Ind Med 45:645–646.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaurand MC, Bignon J, Sebastien P, Goni J. (1977). Leaching of chrysotile asbestos in human lungs. Correlation with in vitro studies using rabbit alveolar macrophages. Environ Res 14:245–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolicoeur CR, Alary JF, Sokov A. (1992). Asbestos. In Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, edited by Howe-Grant, M. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser Gypsum. (1968a). Product Bulletin - Drywall accessory products. 3-Purpose Joint Compound (Casein Base). Bulletin No. 4P-15. December 12, 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser Gypsum. (1968b). Product Bulletin - Drywall accessory products. Premix Joint Compound Dual Purpose (Vinyl Base): Bulletin No. 08-069. April 25, 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser Gypsum. (1972). Product Bulletin - Drywall accessory products. Finishing Compound (Polymeric Base). Bulletin No. J-6108. June 2, 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser Gypsum. (1974). Product Bulletin - Drywall accessory products. One Day Joint Compound. Bulletin No. J-6308. October 15, 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Kaminski R, Geissert KS, Dacey E. (1980). Mortality analysis of plumbers and pipefitters. J Occup Med 22:183–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kearney AT. (1977). Economic impact assessment of the proposed ban of asbestos containing patching compounds. Consumer Product Safety Commission Contract No. CPAC-C-77-0009, Task 1008K.
   Google Scholar
• Kemplin MG. (1980). Dry wall construction and asbestos exposure. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 41:462.
   Google Scholar
• Kominsky JR, Freyberg RW. (1991). Asbestos fiber reentrainment during dry vacuuming and wet cleaning of asbestos-contaminated carpet. US Environmental Protection Agency Project Summary. Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. EPA/600/S2-91/004.
   Google Scholar
• Krafcisin GJ. (1979). Comments. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 40 9:829–830.
   Google Scholar
• Lacquet LM, van der Linden L, Lepoutre J. (1980). Roentgenographic lung changes, asbestosis and mortality in a Belgian asbestos-cement factory. IARC Sci Publ 30:783–793.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LangerAM, Nolan RP. (1987). The properties of chrysotile asbestos as determinants of biological activity: Variations in cohort experience and disease spectra as related to mineral properties. In Accomplishments in Oncology, Vol.1 No. 2: The biological effects of chrysotile, edited by Wagner, J. E. Philadelphia, PA: General Motors Cancer Research Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Lerchen ML, Wiggins CL, Samet JM. (1987). Lung cancer and occupation in New Mexico. J Natl Cancer Inst 79:639–645.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liddell FD, Armstrong BG. (2002). The combination of effects on lung cancer of cigarette smoking and exposure in quebec chrysotile miners and millers. Ann Occup Hyg 46:5–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippmann M. (1988). Asbestos exposure indices. Environ Res 46:86–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippmann M. (1994). Deposition and retention of inhaled fibres: effects on incidence of lung cancer and mesothelioma. Occup Environ Med 51:793–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus K, Järvholm BG, Larsson S. (1987). Asbestos-associated lung effects in car mechanics. Scand J Work Environ Health 13:252–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Materials Analytical Services (MAS). (1997). Kaiser Gypsum joint compound work practice simulation demonstration. August-September 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Materials Analytical Services (MAS). (2000). Mixing, applying, sanding & cleanup of asbestos containing joint system cement (Bestwall). November 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Materials Analytical Services (MAS). (2003a). Kaiser Gypsum finishing compound work practice study. DRAFT. October 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Materials Analytical Services (MAS). (2003b). UGL joint cement analysis.
   Google Scholar
• Materials Analytical Services (MAS). (2009). Reanalysis of UGL joint cement.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald AD, McDonald JC. (1980). Malignant mesothelioma in North America. Cancer 46:1650–1656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald AD, Fry JS, Woolley AJ, McDonald JC. (1983). Dust exposure and mortality in an American factory using chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite in mainly textile manufacture. Br J Ind Med 40:368–374.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonald AD, Fry JS, Woolley AJ, McDonald JC. (1984). Dust exposure and mortality in an American chrysotile asbestos friction products plant. Br J Ind Med 41:151–157.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonald JC, Gibbs GW, Liddell FD, McDonald AD. (1978). Mortality after long exposure to cummingtonite-grunerite. Am Rev Respir Dis 118:271–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald JC, McDonald AD, Hughes JM. (1999). Chrysotile, tremolite and fibrogenicity. Ann Occup Hyg 43:439–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLoud TC. (1992). Conventional radiography in the diagnosis of asbestos-related disease. Radiol Clin North Am 30:1177–1189.
   Google Scholar
• Merewether ERA, Price CW. (1930). Report on effects of asbestos dust on the lungs and dust suppression in the asbestos industry. Part I and II. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.
   Google Scholar
• Meylan WM, Howard PH, Lande SS, Hanchett A. (1978). Chemical market input/output analysis of selected chemical substances to assess sources of environmental contamination: Task III. Asbestos. EPA 560/6-78-005: Prepared for Office of Toxic Substances, US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
   Google Scholar
• Milham S, Ossiander E. (2001). Occupational mortality in Washington State 1950–1999. Olympia, WA: Washington State Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology.
   Google Scholar
• Miller BG, Jones AD, Searl A, Buchanan D, Cullen RT, Soutar CA, Davis JM, Donaldson K. (1999). Influence of characteristics of inhaled fibres on development of tumours in the rat lung. Ann Occup Hyg 43:167–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millette JR, Boltin WR, Clark PJ, Brackett KA. (2000). Proposed ASTM method for the determination of asbestos in air by TEM and information on interfering fibers. In Advances in Environmental Measurement Methods for Asbestos, ASTM STP 1342, edited by Beard, M. E. and Rook, H. L.: American Society for Testing and Materials.
   Google Scholar
• Morabia A, Markowitz S, Garibaldi K, Wynder EL. (1992). Lung cancer and occupation: results of a multicentre case-control study. Br J Ind Med 49:721–727.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan A, Holmes A. (1980). Concentrations and dimensions of coated and uncoated asbestos fibres in the human lung. Br J Ind Med 37:25–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan A, Talbot RJ, Holmes A. (1978). Significance of fibre length in the clearance of asbestos fibres from the lung. Br J Ind Med 35:146–153.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mossman BT, Bignon J, Corn M, Seaton A, Gee JB. (1990). Asbestos: scientific developments and implications for public policy. Science 247:294–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossman BT, Lippmann M, Hesterberg TW, Kelsey KT, Barchowsky A, Bonner JC. (2011). Pulmonary endpoints (lung carcinomas and asbestosis) following inhalation exposure to asbestos. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 14:76–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Gypsum Company (Volk). (1973a). Release of air-contaminants in mixing and sanding joint treatment compounds. Evaluation of dry powder joint treatment products. July 3, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• National Gypsum Company (Volk). (1973b). Release of air-contaminants in mixing and sanding joint treatment compounds. Evaluation of ready-mix joint treatment products. May 10, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Science and Health (NIOSH). (1972). Spray application of fireproof insulation at the construction site of the Proctor and Gamble Technical Center. Blue Ash, Ohio. Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Field Studies and Clinical Investigations.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Science and Health (NIOSH). (1994). NIOSH Method 9002: Asbestos bulk by polarized light microscopy (PLM). NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. DHHS Publication No. 94–113. Washington, DC: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Science and Health (NIOSH). (1997). Mortality by occupation, industry and cause of death: 24 reporting states (1984–1988). Cincinnati, OH: Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Public Health Service, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2002). Letter from J.T. Walker to M.J. Teta regarding her inquiry about PMRs for auto mechanics, with attached data sheets. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Public Health Service, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, OH. May 7.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Science and Health (NIOSH). (2011a). NIOSH Safety and Health Topic: National Occupational Mortality Surveillance (NOMS). Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Updated February 1, 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/surveillance/NOMS/method.html.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Science and Health (NIOSH). (2011b). Asbestos fibers and other elongate mineral particles: State of the science and roadmap for research. Current Intelligence Bullentin 62. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Institute for Occupational Science and Health. NIOSH Publication 2011-159. April 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Neuberger M, Kundi M. (1990). Individual asbestos exposure: smoking and mortality–a cohort study in the asbestos cement industry. Br J Ind Med 47:615–620.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicholson W. (1971). Asbestos dust concentrations in ship repairing: A practical approach to improving asbestos hygiene in naval dockyards. Ann Occup Hyg 14:241–255.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicholson WJ, Rohl A, Fischbein A, Selikoff IJ (1975). Occupational and community asbestos exposure from wallboard finishing compounds. Bull NY Acad Med 51:1180–1181. November 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson WJ, Daum S, Lorimer W, Velez H, Lilis R, Selikoff I, Miller A, Anderson H, Fischbein A, Holstein E, Rom W, Rosenman K, Todaro J, Wei-Nan C, Veetai L Tarr D. (1984). Investigation of health hazards in brake lining repair and maintenance workers occupationally exposed to asbestos. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) contract 210-77-0199; PB83–220897. August.
   Google Scholar
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (1992). Occupational exposure to asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite; Final rule. Federal Register. 57(110): 24310–24331. Federal Register 57(110):24310–24331.
   Google Scholar
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (1997). Asbestos in Air. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
   Google Scholar
• Olsen JH, Jensen OM. (1987). Occupation and risk of cancer in Denmark. An analysis of 93,810 cancer cases, 1970-1979. Scand J Work Environ Health 13 Suppl 1:1–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry. (2004). A discussion of asbestos detection techniques for air and soil Prepared for the US EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. August, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Pierce JS, McKinley MA, Paustenbach DJ, Finley BL. (2008). An evaluation of reported no-effect chrysotile asbestos exposures for lung cancer and mesothelioma. Crit Rev Toxicol 38:191–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piolatto G, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Pira E, Decarli A, Peto J. (1990). An update of cancer mortality among chrysotile asbestos miners in Balangero, northern Italy. Br J Ind Med 47:810–814.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Platek SF, Groth DH, Ulrich CE, Stettler LE, Finnell MS, Stoll M. (1985). Chronic inhalation of short asbestos fibers. Fundam Appl Toxicol 5:327–340.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rake C, Gilham C, Hatch J, Darnton A, Hodgson J, Peto J. (2009). Occupational, domestic and environmental mesothelioma risks in the British population: a case-control study. Br J Cancer 100:1175–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees D, du Toit RSJ, Rendall REG, Sittert GCH v Rama DBK. (1992). Tremolite in southern African chrysotile. S Afr J Sci 88:468–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes HB, Ingalls BL. (1975). Asbestos and silica dust in the drywall industry, Part I. Gypsum Drywall Contractors International. Drywall 21:6–8, 30.
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes HB, Ingalls BL. (1976). Asbestos and silica dust in the drywall industry, Part II. Gypsum Drywall Contractors International. Drywall 22:8–11, 30–31.
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes HB, Spencer GJ. (1977). Airborne fiber counts in a consumer spackling and drywall replacement installation project. Union Carbide Corporation. July 12, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson C, Stern F, Halperin W, Venable H, Petersen M, Frazier T, Burnett C, Lalich N, Salg J, Sestito J. (1995). Assessment of mortality in the construction industry in the United States, 1984-1986. Am J Ind Med 28:49–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roggli VL, Brody AR. (1984). Changes in numbers and dimensions of chrysotile asbestos fibers in lungs of rats following short-term exposure. Exp Lung Res 7:133–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohl AN. (1975). Analysis of drywall taping compounds for asbestos. Mount Sinai School of Medicine. July 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Rohl AN, Langer AM, Selikoff IJ, Nicholson WJ. (1975). Exposure to asbestos in the use of consumer spackling, patching, and taping compounds. Science 189:551–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolland P, Gramond C, Lacourt A, Astoul P, Chamming S, Ducamp S, Frenay C, Galateau-Salle F, Gilg Soit Ilg A, Imbernon E, Le Stang N, Parion JC, Goldberg M, Brochard P. (2010). Occupations and industries in France at high risk for pleural mesothelioma: A population-based case-control study (1998–2002). Am J Ind Med 53:1207–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross JA, Rosen GD. (2002). The molecular biology of lung cancer. Curr Opin Pulm Med 8:265–269.
   Google Scholar
• Rushton L, Alderson MR, Nagarajah CR. (1983). Epidemiological survey of maintenance workers in London Transport Executive bus garages and Chiswick Works. Br J Ind Med 40:340–345.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Searl A, Buchanan D, Cullen RT, Jones AD, Miller BG, Soutar CA. (1999). Biopersistence and durability of nine mineral fibre types in rat lungs over 12 months. Ann Occup Hyg 43:143–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selikoff IJ, Churg J, Hammond EC. (1964). Asbestos exposure and neoplasia. JAMA 188:22–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selikoff IJ, Churg J, Hammond EC. (1965a). The occurrence of asbestosis among insulation workers in the United States. Ann N Y Acad Sci 132:139–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selikoff IJ, Churg J, Hammond EC. (1965b). Relation between exposure to asbestos and mesothelioma. N Engl J Med 272:560–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selikoff IJ, Hammond EC, Seidman H. (1980). Latency of asbestos disease among insulation workers in the United States and Canada. Cancer 46:2736–2740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipley RT. (1992). The 1980 ILO classification of radiographs of the pneumoconioses. Radiol Clin North Am 30:1135–1145.
   Google Scholar
• Snipes M. (1995). Pulmonary retention of particles and fibers: Biokinetics and effects of exposure concentrations. In Concepts in Inhalation Toxicology 2nd ed., edited by Henderson, R. M. a. R. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Spirtas R, Keehn R, Wright W, Stark A, Beebe G, Dickson E. (1985). Mesothelioma risk related to occupational or other asbestos exposure: Preliminary results from a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 122:518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton MF. (1973). Some etiological considerations of fibre carcinogenesis. In Biological effects of asbestos: proceedings of a working conference, edited by P. Bogovski et al. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
   Google Scholar
• Stanton MF, Laynard M, Tegeris A, Miller E, May M, Kent E. (1977). Carcinogenicity of fibrous glass: pleural response in the rat in relation to fiber dimension. J Natl Cancer Inst 58:587–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton MF, Layard M, Tegeris A, Miller E, May M, Morgan E, Smith A. (1981). Relation of particle dimension to carcinogenicity in amphibole asbestoses and other fibrous minerals. J Natl Cancer Inst 67:965–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stettler LE, Sharpnack DD, Krieg EF. (2008). Chronic inhalation of short asbestos: lung fiber burdens and histopathology for monkeys maintained for 11.5 years after exposure. Inhal Toxicol 20:63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teschke K, Morgan MS, Checkoway H, Franklin G, Spinelli JJ, van Belle G, Weiss NS. (1997). Mesothelioma surveillance to locate sources of exposure to asbestos. Can J Public Health 88:163–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teta MJ, Lewinsohn HC, Meigs JW, Vidone RA, Mowad LZ, Flannery JT. (1983). Mesothelioma in Connecticut, 1955-1977. Occupational and geographic associations. J Occup Med 25:749–756.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Timbrell V. (1980). Measurement of fibres in human lung tissue. In Biological effects of mineral fibres, Volume 1, edited by Wagner, J. C. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), IARC Scientific Publication No. 30.
   Google Scholar
• Tomatis M, Turci F, Ceschino R, Riganti C, Gazzano E, Martra G, Ghigo D, Fubini B. (2010). High aspect ratio materials: role of surface chemistry vs. length in the historical “long and short amosite asbestos fibers”. Inhal Toxicol 22:984–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (1987). Asbestos-containing materials in schools. Federal Register 52:41846–41857.
   Google Scholar
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (2004). Research method for sampling and analysis of fibrous amphibole in vermiculite attic insulation.
   Google Scholar
• United States Gypsym (USG). (1970). Dust hazard due to sanding joint cement. United States Gypsum. May 11, 1970.
   Google Scholar
• United States Gypsum (USG). (1975). Product procedure - USG joint compound taping (J-1491E). April 30, 1975.
   Google Scholar
• United States Gypsum (USG). (1976). Analysis of competitive joint compounds. United States Gypsum Research Center. September 2, 1976.
   Google Scholar
• United States Gypsum (USG). (1978). Attapulgas clay in competitive joint compounds. United States Gypsum Research Center. September 8, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• United States Gypsum (USG). (2008). History & Innovations. US Gypsum Corporation. Available from www.usg.com.
   Google Scholar
• United States Patent (US Patent). (1975). Asbestos-free joint compounds. United States Patent 3 891 453. June 24, 1975.
   Google Scholar
• United States Patent (US Patent). (2005). Lightweight joint compound containing stable air pockets. United States Patent 6 936 099. August 30, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Unknown. (2002). 100 Years of Innovation. Available from www.wcoline.com.
   Google Scholar
• Van Gosen BS, Lowers HA, Sutley SJ, Gent CA. (2004). Using the geologic setting of talc deposits as an indicator of amphibole asbestos content. Environ Geol 45:920–939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Orden DR, Allison KA, Lee RJ. (2008). Differentiating amphibole asbestos from non-asbestos in a complex mineral environment. Indoor Built Environment 17:58–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma DK, Middleton CG. (1980). Occupational exposure to asbestos in the drywall taping process. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 41:264–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vineis P, Thomas T, Hayes RB, Blot WJ, Mason TJ, Pickle LW, Correa P, Fontham ET, Schoenberg J. (1988). Proportion of lung cancers in males, due to occupation, in different areas of the USA. Int J Cancer 42:851–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virta RL. (2005). Mineral commodity profiles: Asbestos. USGS Circular 1255-KK, edited by US Geological Survey (USGS).
   Google Scholar
• Virta RL. ((Date Unknown)). Asbestos: Geology, Mineralogy, Mining, and Uses 02-149. Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
   Google Scholar
• Vu VT. (1993). Regulatory approaches to reduce human health risks associated with exposures to mineral fibers. In Health Effects of Mineral Dusts, edited by Guthrie Jr., G. D. and Mossman, B. T. Washington DC: Mineralogical Society of America.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner JC, Berry G, Skidmore JW, Pooley FD. (1980). The comparative effects of three chrysotiles by injection and inhalation in rats. IARC Sci Publ 30:363–372.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner JC. (1990). Biological effects of short fibers. In In Proceedings of the VIIth International Pneumoconiosis Conference Part II, November. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 90–108 Part II. Animal Models- Pneumoconiosis I.
   Google Scholar
• Watson IM. (1975). Asbestos replacement in accessories. Kaiser Gypsum Trial Exhibit No. KG-0084. April 8, 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Welch LS, Acherman YI, Haile E, Sokas RK, Sugarbaker PH. (2005). Asbestos and peritoneal mesothelioma among college-educated men. Int J Occup Environ Health 11:254–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams RR, Stegens NL, Goldsmith JR. (1977). Associations of cancer site and type with occupation and industry from the Third National Cancer Survey Interview. J Natl Cancer Inst 59:1147–1185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woitowitz HJ, Rödelsperger K. (1994). Mesothelioma among car mechanics? Ann Occup Hyg 38:635–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong O. (1993). Considerations of specificity in assessing the relationship between asbestos and cancer. Am J Ind Med 23:521–523.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong O. (2001). Malignant mesothelioma and asbestos exposure among auto mechanics: appraisal of scientific evidence. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 34:170–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wylie AG, Bailey KF, Kelse JW, Lee RJ. (1993). The importance of width in asbestos fiber carcinogenicity and its implications for public policy. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 54:239–252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wylie AG, Virta RL, Russek E. (1985). Characterizing and discriminating airborne amphibole cleavage fragments and amosite fibers: Implications for the NIOSH Method. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 46:197–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoltai T. (1979). Asbestiform and acicular mineral fragments. In Health Hazards of Asbestos Exposure, edited by Selikoff, I. J. and Hammond, E. C. New York, NY: The New York Academy of Sciences.
   Google Scholar