2,950
Views
53
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW ARTICLES

An update to the toxicological profile for water-soluble and sparingly soluble tungsten substances

&
Pages 388-411 | Received 06 Jun 2014, Accepted 28 Dec 2014, Published online: 19 Feb 2015

References

  • Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E, et al. (2013). Toxicological status of children with autism vs. neurotypical children and the association with autism severity. Biol Trace Elem Res, 151, 171–80.
  • Agarwal S, Zaman T, Tuzcu EM, Kapadia SR. (2011). Heavy metals and cardiovascular disease: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2006. Angiology, 62, 422–29.
  • American Elements. (2014). Tungsten blue oxide (TBO). [Online] Available at: http://www.americanelements.com/blue-tungsten-oxide.html. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • Amigó-Correig M, Barceló-Batllori S, Piquer S, Soty M, Pujadas G, Gasa R, et al. (2011). Sodium tungstate regulates food intake and body weight through activation of the hypothalamic leptin pathway. Diabetes Obes Metab, 13, 235–42.
  • Amigó-Correig M, Barceló-Batllori S, Soria G, Krezymon A, Benani A, Pénicaud L, et al. (2012). Anti-obesity sodium tungstate treatment triggers axonal and glial plasticity in hypothalamic feeding centers. PLoS One, 7, e39087.
  • Anard D, Kirsch-Volders M, Elhajouji A, Belpaeme K, Lison D. (1997). In vitro genotoxic effects of hard metal particles assessed by alkaline single cell gel and elution assays. Carcinogenesis, 18, 177–84.
  • Ang CY, Johnson DR, Seiter JM, Allison PG, Osterburg AR, Babcock GF, Kennedy AJ. (2013). Effects of tungsten chemical species on biochemical pathways and mineralization in bone. [Online] Available at:http://www.toxicology.org/AI/PUB/Tox/2013Tox.pdf (Abstract 1519). Accessed on 23 May 2014.
  • ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH. (2002a). Tungsten oxide (WO3): acute dermal irritation/corrosion study with rabbits. Report No. ARC—UL-0440. [Unpublished Report] Seibersdorf, Austria. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 20 August 2002.
  • ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH. (2002b). Tungsten oxide (WO3): acute eye irritation/corrosion study with rabbits. Report No. ARC—UL-0441. [Unpublished Report] Seibersdorf, Austria. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 20 August 2002.
  • ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH. (2002c). Tungsten oxide (WO3): acute inhalation toxicity study in rats. Report No. ARC—UL-0565. [Unpublished Report] Seibersdorf, Austria. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 28 November 2002.
  • ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH. (2002d). Tungsten oxide (WO3): acute oral toxicity study with rats (acute toxic class method). Report No. ARC—UL-0439. [Unpublished Report] Seibersdorf, Austria. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 20 August 2002.
  • ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH. (2002e). Tungsten oxide (WO3): Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test. Report No. ARC—UL-0518. [Unpublished Report] Seibersdorf, Austria. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 18 October 2002.
  • ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH. (2003a). Tungsten oxide blue: acute eye irritation/corrosion study with rabbits. Report No. ARC—UL-0805. [Unpublished Report] Seibersdorf, Austria. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 28 July 2003.
  • ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH. (2003b). Tungsten oxide blue: acute oral toxicity study with rats (acute toxic class method). Report No. ARC—UL-0804. [Unpublished Report] Seibersdorf, Austria. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 28 July 2003.
  • ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH. (2003c). Tungsten oxide blue: Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test. Report No. ARC—UL-0807. [Unpublished Report] Seibersdorf, Austria. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 29 July 2003.
  • ASTWSWMO. (2008). Tungsten issues paper. [Online] Available at: http://www.astswmo.org/Files/Policies_and_Publications/Federal_Facilities/TUNGSTEN_FINAL_120208.pdf. Accessed on 23 May 2014.
  • Aydemir M, Ozturk N, Dogan S, Aslan M, Olgar Y, Ozdemir S. (2012). Sodium tungstate administration ameliorated diabetes-induced electrical and contractile remodeling of rat heart without normalization of hyperglycemia. Biol Trace Elem Res, 148, 216–23.
  • Ballester J, Muñoz MC, Domínguez J, Palomo MJ, Rivera M, Rigau T, et al. (2007). Tungstate administration improves the sexual and reproductive function in female rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Hum Reprod, 22, 2128–35.
  • Ballester J, Domínguez J, Muñoz MC, Sensat M, Rigau T, Guinovart JJ, Rodríguez-Gil JE. (2005). Tungstate treatment improves Leydig cell function in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. J Androl, 26, 706–15.
  • Bastian S, Busch W, Kühnel D, Springer A, Meissner T, Holke R, et al. (2009). Toxicity of tungsten carbide and cobalt-doped tungsten carbide nanoparticles in mammalian cells in vitro. Environ Health Perspect, 117, 530–6.
  • Bocca B, Mattei D, Pino A, Alimonti A. (2010). Italian network for human biomonitoring of metals: preliminary results from two Regions. Ann Ist Super Sanità, 46, 259–65.
  • Brondino CD, Romão MJ, Moura I, Moura JJG. (2006). Molybdenum and tungsten enzymes: the xanthine oxidase family. Curr Opin Chem Biol, 10, 109–14.
  • Budavari S. (1996). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey: Merck and Co., Inc., p. 1673.
  • Büdinger L, Hertl M. (2000). Immunologic mechanisms in hypersensitivity reactions to metal ions: an overview. Allergy, 55, 108–15.
  • Bureau of Reclamation. (2011). Investigation of molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide as additives to coatings for foul release systems. [Online] Available at: www.usbr.gov/research/projects/download_product.cfm?id = 312. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • Burlinson B. (2012). The in vitro and in vivo comet assays. Methods Mol Biol, 817, 143–63.
  • Busch W, Kühnel D, Schirmer K, Scholz S. (2010). Tungsten carbide cobalt nanoparticles exert hypoxia-like effects on the gene expression level in human keratinocytes. BMC Genomics, 11, 65.
  • CCR. (1989a). Micronucleus assay in bone marrow cells of the mouse with sodium metatungstate. Report No. 145124. [Unpublished Report] Cytotest Cell Research GmbH & Co. Darmstadt, F.R.G. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 16 June 1989.
  • CCR. (1989b). Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay with sodium metatungstate. Report No. 145113. [Unpublished Report] Cytotest Cell Research GmbH & Co. Darmstadt, F.R.G. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 22 March 1989.
  • CDC. (2003). Cross-sectional exposure assessment of environmental exposures in Churchill County, Nevada. [Online] Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/clusters/Fallon/study.htm. Accessed on 23 May 2014.
  • CDC. (2010a). NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. Tungsten. [Online] Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0645.html. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • CDC. (2010b). NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. Tungsten (soluble compounds, as W). [Online] Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0646.html. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • CDC. (2013). Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. [Online] Availableat: http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/. Accessed on 23 May 2014.
  • Claret M, Corominola H, Canals I, Saura J, Barcelo-Batllori S, Guinovart JJ, Gomis R. (2005). Tungstate decreases weight gain and adiposity in obese rats through increased thermogenesis and lipid oxidation. Endocrinology, 146, 4362–69.
  • Colovic MB, Bajuk B, Avramovic N, Holclajtner A, Bošnjakovic-Pavlovic N, Vasic V, Krstic D. (2011). Inhibition of rat synaptic membrane Na+/K+-ATPase and ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases by 12-tungstosilicic and 12-tungstophosphoric acid. Bioorg Med Chem, 19, 7063–69.
  • Covance Laboratories, Inc. (2003). Chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Report No. 7273-116. [Unpublished Report] Vienna, VA, USA. Sponsor: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. Report date: 22 December 2003.
  • Covance Laboratories, Inc. (2004a). Chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Report No. 7273-122. [Unpublished Report] Vienna, VA, USA. Sponsor: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. Report date: 04 August 2004.
  • Covance Laboratories, Inc. (2004b). In vivo mouse micronucleus assay with sodium tungstate dihydrate. Report No. 7273-115. [Unpublished Report] Vienna, VA, USA. Sponsor: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. Report date: 06 January 2004.
  • Covance Laboratories, Inc. (2004c). L5178Y TK +/− Mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay with a confirmatory assay with sodium tungstate dihydrate. Report No. 7273-118. [Unpublished Report] Vienna, VA, USA. Sponsor: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. Report date: 07 January 2004.
  • Covance Laboratories, Inc. (2004d). L5178Y TK +/− mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay with a confirmatory assay with tungsten powder. Report No. 7273-119. [Unpublished Report] Vienna, VA, USA. Sponsor: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. Report date: 26 July 2004.
  • Covance Laboratories, Inc. (2004e). Salmonella-Escherichia coli/mammalian-microsome reverse mutation assay with a confirmatory assay with sodium tungstate dihydrate. Report No. 7273-117. [Unpublished Report] Vienna, VA, USA. Sponsor: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. Report date: 02 January 2004.
  • Covance Laboratories, Inc. (2004f). Salmonella-Escherichia coli/mammalian-microsome reverse mutation assay with a confirmatory assay with tungsten powder, APS 1–5 micron. Report No. 7273-120. [Unpublished Report] Vienna, VA, USA. Sponsor: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. Report date: 22 July 2004.
  • Covance Laboratories, Ltd. (2008). Induction of chromosome aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells. Report No. 2811/1-D6172. [Unpublished Report] North Yorkshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 23 January 2008.
  • De Boeck M, Lombaert N, De Backer S, Finsy R, Lison D, Kirsch-Volders M. (2003). In vitro genotoxic effects of different combinations of cobalt and metallic carbide particles. Mutagenesis, 18, 177–86.
  • Driscoll KE. (2000). Intratracheal instillation as an exposure technique for the evaluation of respiratory tract toxicity: uses and limitations. Toxicol Sci, 55, 24–35.
  • Duda M, Konior A, Klemenska E, Beresewicz A. (2007). Preconditioning protects endothelium by preventing ET-1-induced activation of NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase in post-ischemic heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 42, 400–10.
  • Fastje CD, Harper K, Terry C, Sheppard PR, Witten ML. (2012). Exposure to sodium tungstate and Respiratory Syncytial Virus results in hematological/immunological disease in C57BL/6J mice. Chem Biol Interact, 196, 89–95.
  • Fernández-Mariño AI, Porras-González C, González-Rodríguez P, Selent J, Pastor M, Ureña J, et al. (2012). Tungstate activates BK channels in a β subunit- and Mg2+-dependent manner: relevance for arterial vasodilatation. Cardiovasc Res, 95, 29–38.
  • Fernández-Mariño AI, Valverde MA, Fernández-Fernández JM. (2014). BK channel activation by tungstate requires the β1 subunit extracellular loop residues essential to modulate voltage sensor function and channel gating. Pflugers Arch, 466, 1365–75.
  • Fraqueza G, Batista de Carvalho LAE, Marques MPM, Maia L, Ohlin CA, Casey WH, Aureliano M. (2012a). Decavanadate, decaniobate, tungstate and molybdate interactions with sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase: quercetin prevents cysteine oxidation by vanadate but does not reverse ATPase inhibition. Dalton Trans, 41, 12749–58.
  • Fraqueza G, Ohlin CA, Casey WH, Aureliano M. (2012b). Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase interactions with decaniobate, decavanadate, vanadate, tungstate and molybdate. J Inorg Biochem, 107, 82–9.
  • Golia EE, Dimirkou A, Mitsios IK. (2009). Heavy-metal concentration in tobacco leaves in relation to their available soil fractions. Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal, 40, 106–20.
  • Gómez-Gómez MM, Rodríguez-Fariñas N, Cañas-Montalvo B, Domínguez J, Guinovart J, Cámara-Rica C. (2011). Biospeciation of tungsten in the serum of diabetic and healthy rats treated with the antidiabetic agent sodium tungstate. Talanta, 84, 1011–18.
  • Guandalini GS, Zhang L, Fornero E, Centeno JA, Mokashi VP, Ortiz PA, et al. (2011). Tissue distribution of tungsten in mice following oral exposure to sodium tungstate. Chem Res Toxicol, 24, 488–93.
  • Guilbert C, Kelly ADR, Petruccelli LA, Lemaire M, Mann KK. (2011). Exposure to tungsten induces DNA damage and apoptosis in developing B lymphocytes. Leukemia, 25, 1900–4.
  • Hanzu F, Gomis R, Coves MJ, Viaplana J, Palomo M, Andreu A, et al. (2010). Proof-of-concept trial on the efficacy of sodium tungstate in human obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab, 12, 1013–18.
  • Hasegawa G, Shimonaka M, Ishihara Y. (2012). Differential genotoxicity of chemical properties and particle size of rare metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol, 32, 72–80.
  • Herken EN, Kocamaz E, Erel O, Celik H, Kucukatay V. (2009). Effect of sulfite treatment on total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, lipid hydroperoxide, and total free sulfydryl groups contents in normal and sulfite oxidase-deficient rat plasma. Cell Biol Toxicol, 25, 355–62.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1998). Ammonium paratungstate skin sensitization to the Guinea-pig. Report No. ITU 030/983093/SS. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 19 May 1998.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999a). Ammonium paratungstate acute (four-hour) inhalation study in rats. Report No. ITU 031/983504. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 28 May 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999b). Ammonium paratungstate acute dermal toxicity to the rat. Report No. ITU 027/982708/AC. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 24 June 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999c). Ammonium paratungstate acute oral toxicity. Report No. ITU 026/982707/AC. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 24 June 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999d). Ammonium paratungstate eye irritation to the rabbit. Report No. ITU 029/982807/SE. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 08 September 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999e). Ammonium paratungstate skin irritation to the rabbit. Report No. ITU 028/982644/SE. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 08 September 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999f). Sodium tungstate dihydrate acute (four hour) inhalation study in rats. Report No. ITU 007/983498. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 28 May 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999g). Sodium tungstate dihydrate acute dermal toxicity to the rat. Report No. ITU 003/982923/AC. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 24 June 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999h). Sodium tungstate dihydrate acute oral toxicity to the rat. Report No. ITU 002/983107/AC. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 24 June 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999i). Sodium tungstate dihydrate eye irritation to the rabbit. Report No. ITU 005/982804/SE. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 08 September 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999j). Sodium tungstate dihydrate skin irritation to the rabbit. Report No. ITU 004/982758/SE. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 08 September 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999k). Sodium tungstate dihydrate skin sensitization to the Guinea-pig. Report No. ITU 006/983091/SS. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 01 April 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999l). Tungsten carbide powder - pure acute (four-hour) inhalation study in rats. Report No. ITU 019/983502. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 28 May 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999m). Tungsten carbide powder - pure acute dermal toxicity to the rat. Report No. ITU 015/982706/AC. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 24 June 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999n). Tungsten carbide powder - pure acute oral toxicity to the rat. Report No. ITU 014/982705/AC. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 24 June 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999o). Tungsten carbide powder - pure eye irritation to the rabbit. Report No. ITU 017/982713/SE. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 08 September 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999p). Tungsten carbide powder - pure skin irritation to the rabbit. Report No. ITU 016/982643/SE. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 08 September 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999q). Tungsten carbide powder - pure skin sensitization to the Guinea-pig. Report No. ITU 018/983092/SS. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 01 April 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999r). Tungsten metal powder - acute (four-hour) inhalation study. Report No. ITU 025/983503. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 28 May 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999s). Tungsten metal powder acute dermal toxicity to the rat. Report No. ITU 021/983005/AC. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 24 June 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999t). Tungsten metal powder acute oral toxicity to the rat. Report No. ITU 020/983126/AC. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Associaiton. Report date: 24 June 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (1999u). Tungsten metal powder skin sensitization to the Guinea-pig. Report No. ITU 024/983200/SS. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 07 April 1999.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (2000a). Tungsten metal powder eye irritation to the rabbit. Report No. ITU 023/982949/SE. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 04 January 2000.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (2000b). Tungsten metal powder skin irritation to the rabbit. Report No. ITU 022/982851/SE. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 04 January 2000.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (2001a). Tungsten carbide DS100 bacterial mutation assay. Report No. SKC 032/004688. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 08 February 2001.
  • Huntingdon Life Sciences, Ltd. (2001b). Tungsten carbide powder DS 100. In vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test in human lymphocytes. Report No. SKC 033/012208. [Unpublished Report] Cambridgeshire, England. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 12 April 2001.
  • Hussain SM, Hess KL, Gearhart JM, Geiss KT, Schlager JJ. (2005). In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells. Toxicol in Vitro, 19, 975–83.
  • ICMM. (2007). Health risk assessment guidance for metals (HERAG). [Online] Available at: http://www.ebrc.de/industrial-chemicals-reach/projects-and-references/herag.php. Accessed on 23 May 2014.
  • IITRI. (2010a). Acute oral toxicity study (Limit Test) of ammonium metatungstate in rats. Report No. 22488. [Unpublished Report] Chicago, IL. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 20 December 2010.
  • IITRI. (2010b). Bioaccesibility studies of five tungsten substances using simulated gastric, alveolar, interstitial, lysosomal and sweat fluids. Report No. 2234-001. [Unpublished Report] Chicago, IL. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 14 September 2010.
  • IITRI. (2010c). Evaluation of potential clastogenic activity of tungsten yellow oxide using the structural chromosomal aberration assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell. Report No. 2248-001. [Unpublished Report] Chicago, IL. Sponsor: International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date: 07 July 2010.
  • Jackson M, Lemus-Olalde R, Inhof C, Venezia C, Pardus M. (2013). Development of worker inhalation derived no effect levels for tungsten compounds. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev, 16, 114–26.
  • Jain RB. (2013). Effect of pregnancy on the levels of urinary metals for females aged 17–39 years old: data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2010. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 76, 86–97.
  • Johnson DR, Ang C, Bednar AJ, Inouye LS. (2010). Tungsten effects on phosphate-dependent biochemical pathways are species and liver cell line dependent. Toxicol Sci, 116, 523–32.
  • Kalinich JF. (2011). Carcinogenicity of embedded tungsten alloys in mice, final report. U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Rockville, MD. Award No. WX81XWH-06-2-0025. [Online] Available at: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a553208.pdf. Accessed on 23 May 2014.
  • Kalinich JF, Emond CA, Dalton TK, Mog SR, Coleman GD, Kordell JE, et al. (2005). Embedded weapons-grade tungsten alloy shrapnel rapidly induces metastatic high-grade rhabdomyosarcomas in F344 rats. Environ Health Perspect, 113, 729–34.
  • Keith LS, Moffett D, Rosemond ZA, Wohlers DW, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (2007). ATSDR evaluation of health effects of tungsten and relevance to public health. Toxicol Ind Health, 23, 347–87.
  • Keith S, Moffett D, Rosemond ZA, Wohlers D. (2005). Toxicological profile for tungsten. [Online] Available at: http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/7004/. Accessed on 23 May 2014.
  • Kelly ADR, Lemaire M, Young YK, Eustache JH, Guilbert C, Molina MF, Mann KK. (2013). In vivo tungsten exposure alters B-cell development and increases DNA damage in murine bone marrow. Toxicol Sci, 131, 434–46.
  • Khoury W, Weinbroum AA. (2012). Oxidants as important determinants of renal apoptosis during pneumoperitoneum: a study in an isolated perfused rat kidney model. Surg Endosc, 26, 1417–24.
  • Klimisch HJ, Andreae M, Tillmann U. (1997). A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 25, 1–5.
  • Klocke R, Mani AR, Moore KP, Blake DR, Mapp PI. (2005). Inactivation of xanthine oxidoreductase is associated with increased joint swelling and nitrotyrosine formation in acute antigen-induced arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 23, 345–50.
  • Kocamaz E, Adiguzel E, Er B, Gundogdu G, Kucukatay V. (2012). Sulfite leads to neuron loss in the hippocampus of both normal and SOX-deficient rats. Neurochem Int, 61, 341–6.
  • Koutsospyros A, Braida W, Christodoulatos C, Dermatas D, Strigul N. (2006). A review of tungsten: from environmental obscurity to scrutiny. J Hazard Mater, 136, 1–19.
  • Kucukatay V, Hacioglu G, Savcioglu F, Yargicoglu P, Agar A. (2006). Visual evoked potentials in normal and sulfite oxidase deficient rats exposed to ingested sulfite. Neurotoxicology, 27, 93–100.
  • Kucukatay V, Bor-Kucukatay M, Atsak P, Ağar A. (2007). Effect of ingested sulfite on hippocampus antioxidant enzyme activities in sulfite oxidase competent and deficient rats. Int J Neurosci, 117, 971–83.
  • Kühnel D, Scheffler K, Wellner P, Meißner T, Potthoff A, Busch W, et al. (2012). Comparative evaluation of particle properties, formation of reactive oxygen species and genotoxic potential of tungsten carbide based nanoparticles in vitro. J Hazard Mater, 227–228, 418–26.
  • Lanone S, Rogerieux F, Geys J, Dupont A, Maillot-Marechal E, Boczkowski J, et al. (2009). Comparative toxicity of 24 manufactured nanoparticles in human alveolar epithelial and macrophage cell lines. Part Fibre Toxicol, 6, 14.
  • Lassner S, Schubert W-D. (1999). Industrial production. In: Tungsten: Properties, Chemistry, Technology of the Elements, Alloys, and Chemical Compounds. New York, USA: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 179–253.
  • Lee SH, Cho HG, Lee SI. (2008). The effects of tungstate on skin lesions caused by PPD in rats. Biol Pharm Bull, 31, 681–4.
  • Leggett RW. (1997). A model of the distribution and retention of tungsten in the human body. Sci Total Environ, 206, 147–65.
  • Leite MF, Nicolau J. (2009). Sodium tungstate on some biochemical parameters of the parotid salivary gland of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: a short-term study. Biol Trace Elem Res, 127, 154–63.
  • Liao RZ. (2013). Why is the molybdenum-substituted tungsten-dependent formaldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase not active? A quantum chemical study. J Biol Inorg Chem, 18, 175–81.
  • Liu TT, Liu YJ, Wang Q, XG Y, Wang K. (2012). Reactive-oxygen-species-mediated Cdc25C degradation results in differential antiproliferative activities of vanadate, tungstate, and molybdate in the PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line. J Biol Inorg Chem, 17, 311–20.
  • Llerena F, Maynar M, Barrientos G, Palomo R, Robles MC, Caballero MJ. (2012). Comparison of urine toxic metals concentrations in athletes and in sedentary subjects living in the same area of Extremadura (Spain). Eur J Appl Physiol, 112, 3027–31.
  • Lombaert N, Castrucci E, Decordier I, Van Hummelen P, Kirsch-Volders M, Cundari E, Lison D. (2013). Hard-metal (WC-Co) particles trigger a signaling cascade involving p38 MAPK, HIF-1alpha, HMOX1, and p53 activation in human PBMC. Arch Toxicol, 87, 259–68.
  • Machado BI, Suro RM, Garza KM, Murr LE. (2011). Comparative microstructures and cytotoxicity assays for ballistic aerosols composed of micrometals and nanometals: respiratory health implications. Int J Nanomedicine, 6, 167–78.
  • Markovich D. (2014). Na(+)-sulfate cotransporter SLC13A1. Pflugers Arch, 466, 131–7.
  • McCain WC, Crouse L, Thompson M, Quinn M, Bazar M, Beall P, et al. (2010). Subchronic oral toxicity of sodium tungstate in Sprague-Dawley rats. [Unpublished Report] Hillsborough, NC. Sponsor: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine.
  • McDonald JD, Weber WM, Marr R, Kracko D, Khain H, Arimoto R. (2007). Disposition and clearance of tungsten after single-dose oral and intravenous exposure in rodents. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 70, 829–36.
  • McInturf SM, Bekkedal MYV, Wilfong E, Arfsten D, Chapman G, Gunasekar PG. (2011). The potential reproductive, neurobehavioral and systemic effects of soluble sodium tungstate exposure in Sprague–Dawley rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 254, 133–7.
  • McInturf SM, Bekkedal MYV, Wilfong E, Arfsten D, Gunasekar PG, Chapman GD. (2008). Neurobehavioral effects of sodium tungstate exposure on rats and their progeny. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 30, 455–61.
  • Mehrotra P, Mishra KP, Raman G, Banerjee G. (2005). Differential regulation of free radicals (reactive oxygen and nitrogen species) by contact allergens and irritants in human keratinocyte cell line. Toxicol Mech Methods, 15, 343–50.
  • Mendel RR, Kruse T. (2012). Cell biology of molybdenum in plants and humans. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1823, 1568–79.
  • Mendy A, Gasana J, Vieira ER. (2012). Urinary heavy metals and associated medical conditions in the US adult population. Int J Environ Health Res, 22, 105–18.
  • Ministry of Health Canada. (2013). Second Report. On human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals in Canada. Health Measures Survey Cycle 2 (2009–2011). [Online] Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/contaminants/human-humaine/index-eng.php. Accessed on 23 May 2014.
  • Miyazono Y, Gao F, Horie T. (2004). Oxidative stress contributes to methotrexate-induced small intestinal toxicity in rats. Scand J Gastroenterol, 39, 1119–27.
  • Mizuashi M, Ohtani T, Nakagawa S, Aiba S. (2005). Redox imbalance induced by contact sensitizers triggers the maturation of dendritic cells. J Invest Dermatol, 124, 579–86.
  • Nacitarhan C, Kucukatay V, Sadan G, Ozturk OH, Agar A. (2008). Effects of sulphite supplementation on vascular responsiveness in sulphite oxidase-deficient rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 35, 268–72.
  • Navas-Acien A, Silbergeld EK, Sharrett R, Calderon-Aranda E, Selvin E, Guallar E. (2005). Metals in urine and peripheral arterial disease. Environ Health Perspect, 113, 164–69.
  • Niknahad H, O’Brien PJ. (2008). Mechanism of sulfite cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact, 174, 147–54.
  • Nocito L, Zafra D, Calbó J, Domínguez J, Guinovart JJ. (2012). Tungstate reduces the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in STZ rats. PLoS One, 7, e42305.
  • NTP. (2012). NTP range-finding report: immunotoxicity of sodium tungstate dihydrate in female B6C3F1/N mice (CASRN: 10213-10-2). [Online] Available at: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid = 01DA0FF7-D366-1995-E67280574CD3B952. Accessed on 23 May 2014.
  • NTP. (2014a). Sodium tungstate, dihydrate - M030038; CASRN: 10213-10-2. [Online] Available at: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/testing/status/agents/ts-m030038.html. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • NTP. (2014b). Ttungsten trioxide - M030034; CASRN: 1314-35-8. [Online] Available at: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/testing/status/agents/ts-m030034.html. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • NTP. (2014c). Tungsten - M020051; CASRN: 7440-33-7. [Online] Available at: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/testing/status/agents/ts-m020051.html. Accessed on 23 May 2014.
  • NTP. (2014d). Tungsten suboxide fibers-12080; CASRN: TUNGSTENFIB. [Online] Available at: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/testing/status/agents/ts-12080.html. Accessed on 15 October 2014.
  • Oberdorster G, Ferin J, Lehnert BE. (1994). Correlation between particle size, in vivo particle persistence, and lung injury. Environ Health Perspect, 102 Suppl 5, 173–79.
  • OECD. (1992). OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. Test no. 406: skin sensitisation. [Online] Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-406-skin-sensitisation_9789264070660-en. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • OECD. (1997a). OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. Test no. 471: bacterial reverse mutation test. [Online] Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-471-bacterial-reverse-mutation-test_9789264071247-en. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • OECD. (1997b). OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. Test no. 473: in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test. [Online] Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-473-in-vitro-mammalian-chromosome-aberration-test_9789264071261-en. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • OECD. (1997c). OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. Test no. 474: mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test. [Online] Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-474-mammalian-erythrocyte-micronucleus-test_9789264071285-en. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • OECD. (1997d). OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. Test no. 476: in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test. [Online] Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-476-in-vitro-mammalian-cell-gene-mutation-test_9789264071322-en. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • OECD. (2012a). OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. Test no. 404: acute dermal irritation/corrosion. [Online] Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-404-acute-dermal-irritation-corrosion_9789264070622-en. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • OECD. (2012b). OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. Test no. 405: acute eye irritation/corrosion. [Online] Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-405-acute-eye-irritation-corrosion_9789264185333-en. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • OECD. (2014). Manual for the assessment of chemicals. [Online] Available at: http://www.oecd.org/fr/env/ess/risques/manualfortheassessmentofchemicals.htm. Accessed on 04 November 2014.
  • OECD SIDS. (2005). Tungsten carbide. CAS N: 12070-12-1. [Unpublished Report] Washington, DC. Available at: http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/12070121.pdf. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 23 December 2005.
  • Oliveira JM, Rebuffat SA, Gasa R, Burks DJ, Garcia A, Kalko SG, et al. (2014). Tungstate promotes β-cell survival in Irs2-/- mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 306, E36–E47.
  • OSHA. (2014a). Tungsten (as W) insoluble compounds. [Online] Available at: https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_274500.html. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • OSHA. (2014b). Tungsten (as W) soluble compounds. [Online] Available at: https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_274600.html. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • Osier M, Oberdörster G. (1997). Intratracheal inhalation vs intratracheal instillation: differences in particle effects. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 40, 220–7.
  • Osterburg AR, Robinson CT, Mokashi V, Stockelman M, Schwemberger SJ, Chapman G, Babcock GF. (2014). Oral tungstate (Na2WO4) exposure reduces adaptive immune responses in mice after challenge. J Immunotoxicol, 11, 148–59.
  • Osterburg AR, Robinson CT, Schwemberger S, Mokashi V, Stockelman M, Babcock GF. (2010). Sodium tungstate (Na2WO4) exposure increases apoptosis in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Immunotoxicol, 7, 174–82.
  • Ozturk OH, Oktar S, Aydin M, Kucukatay V. (2010). Effect of sulfite on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in normal and sulfite oxidase-deficient rat erythrocytes. J Physiol Biochem, 66, 205–12.
  • Padilla MA, Elobeid M, Ruden DM, Allison DB. (2010). An examination of the association of selected toxic metals with total and central obesity indices: NHANES 99-02. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 7, 3332–47.
  • Pardo M, Shuster-Meiseles T, Levin-Zaidman S, Rudich A, Rudich Y. (2014). Low cytotoxicity of inorganic nanotubes and fullerene-like nanostructures in human bronchial epithelial cells: relation to inflammatory gene induction and antioxidant response. Environ Sci Technol, 48, 3457–66.
  • Pawa S, Ali S. (2004). Liver necrosis and fulminant hepatic failure in rats: protection by oxyanionic form of tungsten. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1688, 210–22.
  • Peredo HA, Zabalza M, Mayer MA, Carranza A, Puyó AM. (2010). Sodium tungstate and vanadyl sulfate effects on blood pressure and vascular prostanoids production in fructose-overloaded rats. Clin Exp Hypertens, 32, 453–57.
  • Radcliffe PM, Leavens TL, Wagner DJ, Olabisi AO, Struve MF, Won BA, et al. (2010). Pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled tungsten (188W) in male Sprague–Dawley rats following acute sodium tungstate inhalation. Inhal Toxicol, 22, 69–76.
  • Radcliffe PM, Olabisi AO, Wagner DJ, Leavens T, Wong BA, Struve MF, et al. (2009). Acute sodium tungstate inhalation is associated with minimal olfactory transport of tungsten (188W) to the rat brain. Neurotoxicology, 30, 445–50.
  • Rajendran N, Shu-Chieh H, Dennis S, Miguel M, Detrisac C, Venezia C. (2012). Toxicologic evaluation of tungsten: 28-day inhalation study of tungsten blue oxide in rats. Inhal Toxicol, 24, 985–94.
  • RCC NOTOX BV. (1991a). Acute eye irritation/corrosion study with sodium metatungstate in the rabbit. Report No. 042378. [Unpublished Report] Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 20 June 1991.
  • RCC NOTOX BV. (1991b). Assessment of acute dermal toxicity with sodium metatungstate in the rat. Report No. 042389. [Unpublished Report] Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 07 January 1991.
  • RCC NOTOX BV. (1991c). Assessment of acute oral toxicity with sodium metatungstate in the rat. Report No. 042176. [Unpublished Report] Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 28 February 1991.
  • RCC NOTOX BV. (1991d). Assessment of contact hypersensitivity to sodium metatungstate in the albino Guinea pig (maximization-test). Report No. 042187. [Unpublished Report] Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 31 January 1991.
  • RCC NOTOX BV. (1991e). Primary skin irritation/corrosion study with sodium metatungstate in the rabbit (4-hour semi-occlusive application). Report No. 042367. [Unpublished Report] Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 18 March 1991.
  • RCC NOTOX BV. (1992). Determination of the water solubility of sodium metatungstate. Report No. 042301. [Unpublished Report] Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. Sponsor: HC Starck GmbH. Report date: 08 April 1992.
  • Rodríguez-Fariñas N, Gomez-Gomez MM, Camara-Rica C. (2008). Study of tungstate-protein interaction in human serum by LC-ICP-MS and MALDI-TOF. Anal Bioanal Chem, 390, 29–35.
  • Rubin CS, Holmes AK, Belson MG, Jones RL, Flanders WD, Kieszak SM, et al. (2007). Investigating childhood leukemia in Churchill County, Nevada. Environ Health Perspect, 115, 151–57.
  • Sachdeva S, Flora SJS. (2014). Efficacy of some antioxidants supplementation in reducing oxidative stress post sodium tungstate exposure in male wistar rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 28, 233–39.
  • Sachdeva S, Kushwaha P, Flora SJ. (2013). Effects of sodium tungstate on oxidative stress enzymes in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods, 23, 519–27.
  • Schell JD, Pardus MJ. (2009). Preliminary risk-based concentrations for tungsten in soil and drinking water. Land Contamination & Reclamation, 17, 179–88.
  • Schröder K, Vecchione C, Jung O, Schreiber JG, Shiri-Sverdlov R, van Gorp PJ, et al. (2006). Xanthine oxidase inhibitor tungsten prevents the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout mice fed a Western-type diet. Free Radic Biol Med, 41, 1353–60.
  • Schroeder HA, Mitchener M. (1975). Life-term studies in rats: effects of aluminum, barium, beryllium, and tungsten. J Nutr, 105, 421–27.
  • Schuster BE, Roszell LE, Murr LE, Ramirez DA, Demaree JD, Klotz BR, et al. (2012). In vivo corrosion, tumor outcome, and microarray gene expression for two types of muscle-implanted tungsten alloys. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 265, 128–38.
  • Seiler RL, Stollenwerk KG, Garbarino JR. (2005). Factors controlling tungsten concentrations in ground water, Carson Desert, Nevada. Appl Geochem, 20, 423–41.
  • Shan D, Xie Y, Ren G, Yang Z. (2012). Inhibitory effect of tungsten carbide nanoparticles on voltage-gated potassium currents of hippocampal CA1 neurons. Toxicol Lett, 209, 129–35.
  • Shan D, Xie Y, Ren G, Yang Z. (2013). Attenuated effect of tungsten carbide nanoparticles on voltage-gated sodium current of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Toxicol In Vitro, 27, 299–304.
  • Sharma HS, Ali SF, Hussain SM, Schlager JJ, Sharma A. (2009). Influence of engineered nanoparticles from metals on the blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebral blood flow, brain edema and neurotoxicity. An experimental study in the rat and mice using biochemical and morphological approaches. J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 9, 5055–72.
  • Shiue I. (2013). Urinary environmental chemical concentrations and vitamin D are associated with vision, hearing, and balance disorders in the elderly. Environ Int, 53, 41–6.
  • Stefaniak AB. (2010). Persistence of tungsten oxide particle/fiber mixtures in artificial human lung fluids. Part Fibre Toxicol, 7, 38.
  • Stefaniak AB, Harvey CJ, Virji MA, Day GA. (2010a). Dissolution of cemented carbide powders in artificial sweat: implications for cobalt sensitization and contact dermatitis. J Environ Monit, 12, 1815–22.
  • Stefaniak AB, Abbas Virji M, Harvey CJ, Sbarra DC, Day GA, Hoover MD. (2010b). Influence of artificial gastric juice composition on bioaccessibility of cobalt- and tungsten-containing powders. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 213, 107–15.
  • Stefaniak A, Harvey CJ, Bukowski VC, Leonard SS. (2010c). Comparison of free radical generation by pre- and post-sintered cemented carbide particles. J Occup Environ Hyg, 7, 23–34.
  • Sun K, Kiss E, Bedke J, Stojanovic T, Li Y, Gwinner W, Gröne HJ. (2004). Role of xanthine oxidoreductase in experimental acute renal-allograft rejection. Transplantation, 77, 1683–92.
  • Swenson TL, Casida JE. (2013). Aldehyde oxidase importance in vivo in xenobiotic metabolism: imidacloprid nitroreduction in mice. Toxicol Sci, 133, 22–8.
  • Thongkumkoon P, Sangwijit K, Chaiwong C, Thongtem S, Singjai P, Yu LD. (2014). Direct nanomaterial-DNA contact effects on DNA and mutation induction. Toxicol Lett, 226, 90–7.
  • Tutuncu B, Kuçukatay V, Arslan S, Sahin B, Semiz A, Sen A. (2012). Alteration of drug metabolizing enzymes in sulphite oxidase deficiency. J Clin Biochem Nutr, 51, 50–4.
  • Tyrrell J, Galloway TS, Abo-Zaid G, Melzer D, Depledge MH, Osborne NJ. (2013). High urinary tungsten concentration is associated with stroke in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2010. PLoS One, 8, e77546.
  • US EPA. (1988). Recommendations for and documentation of biological values for use in risk assessment. [Online] Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid = 34855. Accessed on 23 May 2014.
  • Uskokovic-Markovic S, Milenkovic M, Topic A, Kotur S, Stefanovic A, Antic-Stankovic J. (2007). Protective effects of tungstophosphoric acid and sodium tungstate on chemically induced liver necrosis in wistar rats. J Pharm Pharm Sci, 10, 340–49.
  • Van Goethem F, Lison D, Kirsch-Volders M. (1997). Comparative evaluation of the in vitro micronucleus test and the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay for the detection of DNA damaging agents: genotoxic effects of cobalt powder, tungsten carbide and cobalt-tungsten carbide. Mutat Res, 392, 31–43.
  • Wang BJ, Guo YL, Chang H, Sheu HM, Pan MH, Lee YH, Wang YJ. (2010). N-acetylcysteine inhibits chromium hypersensitivity in coadjuvant chromium-sensitized albino guinea pigs by suppressing the effects of reactive oxygen species. Exp Dermatol, 19, e191–e200.
  • Weast RC. (1973). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 54th Ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc.
  • Weber WM, Marr R, Kracko D, Gao Z, McDonald JD, Ui Chearnaigh K. (2008). Disposition of tungsten in rodents after repeat oral and drinking water exposures. Toxicol Environ Chem, 90, 445–55.
  • WHO. (2012). Guidance for Immunotoxicity Risk Assessment for Chemicals. [Online] Available at:http://www.who.int/ipcs/methods/harmonization/areas/guidance_immunotoxicity.pdf?ua = 1. Accessed on 10 November 2014.
  • Wright RM, Ginger LA, Kosila N, Elkins ND, Essary B, McManaman JL, Repine JE. (2004). Mononuclear phagocyte xanthine oxidoreductase contributes to cytokine-induced acute lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 30, 479–90.
  • Yorita Christensen KL. (2013). Metals in blood and urine, and thyroid function among adults in the United States 2007–2008. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 216, 624–32.