58
Views
42
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Application and Results of Whole-Body Autoradiography in Distribution Studies of Organic Solvents

&
Pages 59-118 | Published online: 26 Sep 2008

References

  • Åstrand I. Uptake of solvents in the blood and tissues of man. A review. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1975; 1: 199
  • Riihimäki V., Pfäffli P. Percutaneous absorption of solvent vapors in man. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1978; 4: 73
  • Smith G. F. Trichloroethylene: a review. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1966; 23: 249
  • Waters E. M., Gerstner H. B., Huff J. E. Trichloroethylene. I. An overview. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1977; 2: 671
  • World Health Organization, Environmental Health Criteria 10: Carbon Disulfide. World Health Organization, Geneva 1979
  • Knave B., Persson H. E., Goldberg J. M., Westerholm P. Long-term exposure to jet fuel. An investigation on occupationally exposed workers with special reference to the nervous system. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1976; 3: 152
  • Hänninen H., Eskelinen L., Husman K., Nurminen M. Behavioral effects of long-term exposure to a mixture of organic solvents. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1976; 4: 240
  • Hane M., Axelson O., Blume J., Hogstedt C., Sundell L., Ydreborg B. Psychological function changes among house painters. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1977; 3: 91
  • Seppäläinen A. M., Husman K., Mårtenson C. Neurophysiological effects of long-term exposure to a mixture of organic solvents. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1978; 4: 304
  • Husman K., Karli P. Clinical neurological findings among car painters exposed to a mixture of organic solvents. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1980; 6: 33
  • Elofsson S.-A., Gamberale F., Hindmarsh T., Iregren A., Isaksson A., Johnsson I., Knave B., Lydahl E., Mindus P., Persson H. E., Philipson B., Steby M., Struwe G., Söderman E., Wennberg A., Widén L. Exposure to organic solvents. A cross-sectional epidemiologic investigation on occupationally exposed car and industrial spray painters with special reference to the nervous system. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1980; 6: 239
  • Bleuler M. Lehrbuch der Psychiatric, 14th ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1979
  • Mayer-Gross W., Slater E., Roth M. Clinical Psychiatry, 3rd ed. Baillière, Tindall and Cassel, London 1969
  • Schaumburg H. H., Spencer P. S. The neurology and neuropathology of the occupational neuropathies. J. Occup. Med. 1976; 18: 739
  • O'Donoghue J. L., Nasr A. N. M., Raleigh R. L. Toxic neuropathy—an overview. J. Occup. Med. 1977; 19: 379
  • Toftgård R., Gustafsson J.-Å. Biotransformation of organic solvents. A review. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1980; 6: 1
  • Savolainen H. Some aspects of the mechanisms by which industrial solvents produce neurotoxic effects. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1977; 18: 1
  • Bergman K. Whole-body autoradiography and allied tracer techniques in distribution and elimination studies of some organic solvents. Scand, J., Work Environ. Health 1979; 5, Suppl. 1
  • Carlsson A., Hultengren M. Exposure to methylene chloride. III. Metabolism of14C-labelled methylene chloride in rat. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1975; 1: 104
  • Carlsson A., Lindqvist T. Exposure of animals and man to toluene. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1977; 3: 135
  • Carlsson A. Distribution and elimination of14C-styrene in rat Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1981; 7: 45
  • Carlsson A. Distribution and elimination of14C-xylene in rat. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1981; 7: 51
  • Lutz W. K., Schlatter C. A closed inhalation chamber for quantitative metabolism studies of volatile compounds with small laboratory animals. Toxicol. Lett. 1977; 1: 83
  • Duprat P., Fabry J. P., Gradiski D. Autoradiographic studies on the distribution of14C-vinyl chloride in the pregnant mouse. Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoevre-lès-Nancy 1979, Publication No. 452/R1
  • Cohen E. N., Hood N. Application of low-temperature autoradiography to studies of the uptake and metabolism of volatile anesthetics in the mouse. I. Chloroform. Anesthesiology 1969; 30: 306
  • Ullberg S. The technique of whole-body autoradiography. Cryosectioning of large specimens. Special issue on whole-body autoradiography. Science Tools. LKB-produkter AB, Sweden 1977
  • Pellerin P., Fallot P., Laine-Boszormenyi M., Serrel F. Low-temperature autoradiography for the detection of tritium in tissue, with removal of luminescence induced by tritium. Nature 1959; 184: 1385
  • Pellerin P., Fallot P., Laine-Boszormenyi M., Serrell F. 1960, Adaptation de l'autoradiographie a basse température à la détection du tritium par élimination d'une luminescence parasite, Rapport C.E.A. No. 1675
  • Curtis C. G., Cross S. A. M., McCulloch R. J., Powell G. M. Whole-Body Autoradiography. Academic Press, London 1981
  • Johansson E. B., Tjälve H. The distribution of (14C) dimethylnitrosamine in mice. Autoradiographic studies in mice with inhibited and non-inhibited dimethylnitrosamine metabolism and a comparison with the distribution of14C-formaldehyde. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978; 45: 565
  • Johansson-Brittebo E., Tjälve H. Studies on the tissue-disposition and fate of N-(14C) ethyl-N-nitrosourea in mice. Toxicology 1979; 13: 275
  • Bergman K., Danielsson B., d'Argy R. 1981, unpublished data
  • Cohen E. N., Hood N. Application of low-temperature autoradiography to studies of the uptake and metabolism of volatile anesthetics in the mouse. III. Halothane. Anesthesiology 1969; 31: 553
  • Pellerin P. Technique d'autoradiographie à très basse température. Proc. 1st Unesco Conf. Radioisotopes Sci. Res. 1957; 3: 684
  • Pellerin P. Technique d'autoradiographie à très basse température. C. R., Acad. Sci. 1957; 244: 1555
  • Pellerin P. La technique d'autoradiographie anatomique à la température de l'azote liquide. Pathol. Biol. Sent. Hôp. 1961; 9: 233
  • Chanteur J., Pellerin P. 1961, Localisation par autoradiographie à - 195°C des zones radioactifs chez le rat exposé à un haut flux de neutrons fhermiques, importance du phosphore 32 dans l'irradiation interne consecutive, Rapport C.E.A. No. 1870
  • Chanteur J., Pellerin P. Localization by autoradiography at - 195°C of radioactive areas in rats exposed to a high flux of thermal neutrons: importance of phosphorous 32 in consecutive internal irradiation. Nature 1960; 187: 472
  • Cohen Y., Wepierre J. 1961, Methode d'4eAtude autoradiographique de substances marquées volatiles, Rapport C.E.A. No. 2071
  • Martin L. E., Harrison C., Bates C. M. A simple low-temperature radioautographic technique. Biochem. J. 1962; 82: 17P
  • Kalberer F. A new method of macroautoradiography. Adv. Tracer Methodol. 1966; 3: 139
  • Kalberer F. A new method of macroautoradiography. Atomlight (New England Nuclear Corp.) 1966; 51: 1
  • Cohen E. N., Hood N. Application of low-temperature autoradiography to studies of the uptake and metabolism of volatile anesthetics in the mouse. II. Diethyl ether. Anesthesiology 1969; 31: 61
  • Cohen E. N., Chow K. L., Mathers L. Autoradiographic distribution of volatile anesthetics within the brain. Anesthesiology 1972; 37: 324
  • Rhodes C., Longshaw S. Autoradiographic distribution study of a short acting anaesthetic ICI 35,868. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1977; 41: 132, Suppl. 1
  • Johansson-Brittebo E., Tjälve H. Studies on the distribution and metabolism of N-(14C) nitro-sopyrrolidine in mice. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1979; 25: 243
  • Johansson-Brittebo E., Tjälve H. Studies on the distribution and metabolism of14C-dimethylnitro-samine in foetal and young mice. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1979; 45: 73
  • Appelgren L.-E., Eneroth G., Grant C. Studies on ethylene oxide: whole-body autoradiography and dominant lethal test in mice. Proc. Eur. Soc. Toxicol., W. A. M. Duncan, B. J. Leonard. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1977; 315
  • Åkesson C. Aútoradiographic studies on the distribution of14C-2-ethanol and its non-volatile metabolites in the pregnant mouse. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Thér. 1974; 209: 296
  • Östlund K. Studies on the metabolism of methyl mercury and dimethyl mercury in mice. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1969; 27, Suppl. 1
  • Brittebo E. B., Lindgren A., Tjälve H. Foetal distribution and metabolism of N-nitrosodiefh-ylamine in mice. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1981; 48: 355
  • Brittebo E. B., Löfberg B., Tjälve H. Sites of metabolism of N-nitrosodiethylamine in mice. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1981; 34: 209
  • Ullberg S. Studies on the distribution and fate of S35-labelled benzylpenicillin in the body. Acta Radiol. 1954; 118, Suppl.
  • Ullberg S., Larsson B. Whole-body autoradiography. Progress in Drug Metabolism, J. W. Bridges, L. F. Chasseaud. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1981; Vol. 6, chap. 5
  • Larsson B., Ullberg S. Whole-body autoradiography. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1981; 29: 216
  • Gillette J. R. A perspective on the role of chemically reactive metabolites of foreign compounds in toxicity. I. Correlation of changes in covalent binding with changes in the incidence and severity of toxicity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1974; 23: 2785
  • Gillette J. R., Pohl L. R. A prospective on covalent binding and toxicity. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1977; 2: 849
  • Thorgeirsson S. S., Wirth P. J. Covalent binding of foreign chemicals to tissue macromolecules. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1977; 2: 873
  • Rogers A. W. Techniques of Autoradiography, 3rd ed. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam 1979
  • Irons R. D., Gross E. A. Standardization and calibration of whole-body autoradiography for routine semiquantitative analysis of the distribution of14C-labeled compounds in animal tissues. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 59: 250
  • Randerath K. An evaluation of film detection methods for weak β-emitters, particularly tritium. Anal. Biochem. 1970; 34: 188
  • Kouzine M. Comment made during discussion of a lecture by P. Pellerin, Reference 34
  • Berlin M., Ullberg S. Accumulation and retention of mercury in the mouse. Arch. Environ. Health 1963; 6: 589
  • Cross S. A. M., Groves A. D, Hesselbo T. A quantitative method for measuring radioactivity in tissues sectioned for whole-body autoradiography. Int. J. Appl Radiat. Isotopes 1974; 25: 381
  • Leong B. K. J. Experimental benzene intoxication. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1977; 2: 45, Suppl.
  • Browning E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1965
  • Gerarde H. W. Toxicity and Biochemistry of Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1960
  • Iannaccone A., Cicchella G. Histochemical alterations of the endocrine glands in experimental benzene intoxication. Sci. Med. Ital Ser 1959; 2(8)59–60
  • Jonek J., Olkowski Z., Zieleznik B. Histochemical studies on the spinal cord of mice poisoned with benzene. Acta Histochem. 1965; 20: 286
  • Sroczynski M., Kaminski J., Jonek J. A propos de certaines altérations histoenzymatiques observées dans les poumons du lapin au cours de I'intoxication subaiguë par le benzène. Arch. Mal. Prof. 1969; 30: 403
  • Jonek J., Kaminski M. Submicroscopic changes in renal cells in subacute benzene poisoning. Acta Med. Pol. 1971; 12: 285
  • Jonek J., Kaminski M., Konecki J., Gruszecka B. The dynamics of histoenzymatic changes in the kidney in acute poisoning with benzene. Exp. Pathol 1975; 11: 51
  • Kaminski M., Karbowski A., Jonek J. Some histochemical renal changes in mice during acute poisoning with benzene. Folia Histochem. Cytochem. 1970; 8: 63
  • Jonek J., Grzybek H., Kaminski M., Kochanska D. Histochemische Lokalisation verschiedener Enzyme in der Mäuseleber bei akuter Benzolvergiftung. Int. Arch. Gewerbepath. Gewerbehyg. 1966; 22: 342
  • Jonek J., Kaminski M., Grzybek H., Panz B. The influence of subacute benzene intoxication on the submicroscopic structure of liver cells. Acta Med. Pol 1971; 12: 241
  • Wirtschafter Z. T., Cronyn M. W. Relative hepatotoxicity. Pentane, trichloroethylene, benzene, carbon tetrachloride. Arch. Environ. Health 1964; 9: 180
  • Snyder R., Kocsis J. J. Current concepts of chronic benzene toxicity. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1975; 3: 265
  • Snyder R., Lee E. W., Kocsis J. J., Witmer C. Bone marrow depressant and leukemogenic actions of benzene. Life Sci. 1977; 21: 1709
  • Snyder R., Longacre S. L., Witmer C., Kocsis J. J., Andrews L. S., Lee E. W. Biochemical toxicology of benzene. Reviews in Biochemical Toxicology, E. Hodgson, J. R. Bend, R. M. Philpot. Elsevier/North-Holland, New York 1981; Vol. 3: 123
  • Goldstein B. D. Hematotoxicity in humans. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1977; 2: 69, Suppl.
  • Irons R. D., Dent J. G., Baker T. S., Rickert D. E. Benzene is metabolized and covalently bound in bone marrow in situ. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1980; 38: 241
  • Andrews L. S., Sasame H. A., Gillette J. R. 3H-benzene metabolism in rabbit bone marrow. Life Sci. 1979; 25: 567
  • Sammett D., Lee E. W., Kocsis J. J., Snyder R. Partial hepatectomy reduces both metabolism and toxicity of benzene. J. Toxicol Environ. Health 1979; 5: 785
  • Tunek A., Platt K. L., Bentley P., Oesch F. Microsomal metabolism of benzene to species irreversibly binding to microsomal protein and effects of modifications of this metabolism. Mol, Pharmacol. 1978; 14: 920
  • Greenlee W. F., Sun J. D., Bus J. S. A proposed mechanism of benzene toxicity: formation of reactive intermediates from polyphenol metabolites. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 59: 187
  • Greenlee W. F., Gross E. A., Irons R. D. Relationship between benzene toxicity and the disposition of14C-labelled benzene metabolites in the rat. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1981; 33: 285
  • Andrews L. S., Lee E. W., Witraer C. M., Kocsis J. J., Snyder R. Effects of toluene on the metabolism, disposition and hemopoietic toxicity of (3H) benzene. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1977; 26: 293
  • Rickert D. E., Baker T. S., Bus J. S., Barrow C. S., Irons R. D. Benzene disposition in the rat after exposure by inhalation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979; 49: 417
  • Longacre S. L., Kocsis J. J., Witmer C. M., Lee E. W., Sammett D., Snyder R. Toxicological and biochemical effects of repeated administration of benzene in mice. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1981; 7: 223
  • Snyder R., Lee E. W., Kocsis J. J. Binding of labeled benzene metabolites to mouse liver and bone marrow. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1978; 20: 191
  • Gill D. P., Ahmed A. E. Covalent binding of (14C) benzene to cellular organelles and bone marrow nucleic acids. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1981; 30: 1127
  • Schrenk H. H., Yant W. P., Pearce S. J., Patty F. A., Sayers R. R. Absorption, distribution and elimination of benzene by body tissues and fluids of dogs exposed to benzene vapor. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 1941; 23: 20
  • Wattenberg L. W., Leong J. L. Histochemical demonstration of reduced pyridine nucleotide dependent polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolizing systems. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1962; 10: 412
  • Koudstaal J., Hardonk M. J. Histochemical demonstration of enzymes related to NADPH-dependent hydroxylating systems in rat liver after phenobarbital treatment. Histochemie 1969; 20: 68
  • Andersen D. H. Benzol poisoning with hyperplasia of the bone marrow. Am. J. Pathol 1934; 10: 101
  • Mallory T. B., Gall E. A., Brickley W. J. Chronic exposure to benzene (benzol). III. The pathologic results. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol 1939; 21: 355
  • Reid W. D., Krishna G., Gillette J. R., Brodie B. B. Biochemical mechanism of hepatic necrosis induced by aromatic hydrocarbons. Pharmacology 1973; 10: 193
  • McCulloch E. A., Till J. E. The sensitivity of cells from normal mouse bone narrow to gamma radiation in vitro and in vivo. Radiat. Res. 1962; 16: 822
  • Beran M., Slanina P. Affinity of14C-nicotine for some cells of the lymfomyeloid system demonstrated by autoradiography. Experientia 1974; 30: 409
  • Bergman K., Tjälve H. 1974, unpublished data
  • Tunek A. Metabolism and Toxicity of Benzene. Ph.D. thesis, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden 1981
  • Hayden J. W., Peterson R. G., Bruckner J. V. Toxicology of toluene (methylbenzene): review of current literature. Clin. Toxicol. 1977; 11: 549
  • Cohr K.-H., Stokholm J. Toluene. A toxicologic review. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1979; 5: 71
  • Benignus V. A. Health effects of toluene: a review. Neurotoxicology 1981; 2: 567
  • Benignus V. A. Neurobehavioral effects of toluene: a review. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 1981; 3: 407
  • Boor J. W., Hurtig H. I. Persistent cerebellar ataxia after exposure to toluene. Ann. Neurol. 1977; 2: 440
  • Grabski D. A. Toluene sniffing producing cerebellar degeneration. Am. J. Psychiatry 1961; 118: 461
  • Knox J. W., Nelson J. R. Permanent encephalopathy from toluene inhalation. N. Engl. J. Med. 1966; 275: 1494
  • Gerarde H. W., Ahlstrora D. Toxicologic studies on hydrocarbons. XI. The influence of dose on the metabolism of mono-n-alkyl derivatives of benzene. Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol. 1966; 9: 185
  • Bakke O. M., Scheline R. R. Hydroxylation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1970; 16: 691
  • Fabre R., Truhaut R., Laham S., Péron M. Recherches toxicologiques sur les solvants de remplacement du benzène. II. Etude du toluène. Arch. Mal Prof. 1955; 16: 197
  • Pyykkö K., Tähti H., Vapaatalo H. Toluene concentrations in various tissues of rats after inhalation and oral administration. Arch. Toxicol. 1977; 38: 169
  • Savolainen H. Distribution and nervous system binding of intraperitoneally injected toluene. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1978; 43: 78
  • Carpenter C. P., Kinkead E. R., Geary D. L., Jr., Sullivan L. J., King J. M. Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies. V. Animal and human response to vapors of mixed xylenes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1975; 33: 543
  • Fabre R., Truhaut R., Laham S. Recherches toxicologiques sur les solvants de remplacement du benzène. IV. Etude des xylènes. Arch. Mal. Prof. 1960; 21: 301
  • Gamberale F., Ann G. Wall, Hultengren M. Exposure to xylene and ethylbenzene. III. Effects on central nervous functions. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1978; 4: 204
  • Lindström K. Psychological performances of workers exposed to various solvents. Work Environ. Health 1973; 10: 151
  • Morley R., Eccleston D. W., Douglas C. P., Greville W. E. J., Scott D. J., Anderson J. Xylene poisoning: a report on one fatal case and two cases of recovery after prolonged unconsciousness. Br. Med. J. 1970; 3: 442
  • Jenkins L. J., Jr., Jones R. A., Siegel J. Long-term inhalation screening studies of benzene, toluene, o-xylene and cumene on experimental animals. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1970; 16: 818
  • DiVincenzo G. D., Krasavage W. J. Serum ornithine carbamyl transferase as a liver response test for exposure to organic solvents. Am. lnd. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1974; 35: 21
  • Patel J. M., Harper C., Drew R. T. The biotransformation of p-xylene to a toxic aldehyde. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1978; 6: 368
  • Engström J., Bjurström R. Exposure to xylene and ethylbenzene. II. Concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1978; 4: 195
  • Spencer H. C., Irish D. D., Adams E. M., Rowe V. K. The response of laboratory animals to monomeric styrene. J. lnd. Hyg. Toxicol. 1942; 24: 295
  • Carpenter C. P., Shaffer C. B., Weil C. S., Smyth H. F., Jr. Studies on the inhalation of 1:3-butadiene; with a comparison of its narcotic effect with benzol, toluol, and styrene, and a note on the elimination of styrene by the human. J. lnd. Hyg. Toxicol. 1944; 26: 69
  • Stewart R. D., Dodd H. C., Baretta E. D., Schaffer A. W. Human exposure to styrene vapor. Arch. Environ. Health 1968; 16: 656
  • Lorimer W. V., Lilis R., Fischbein A., Daum S., Anderson H., Wolff M. S., Selikoff I. J. Health status of styrene-polystyrene polymerization workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1978; 4: 220, (Suppl. 2)
  • Lilis R., Lorimer W. V., Diamond S., Selikoff I. J. Neurotoxicity of styrene in production and polymerization workers. Environ. Res. 1978; 15: 133
  • Lindström K., Härkonen H., Hernberg S. Disturbances in psychological funcions of workers occupationally exposed to styrene. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1976; 2: 129
  • Seppäläinen A. M., Härkänen H. Neurophysiological findings among workers occupationally exposed to styrene. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1976; 2: 140
  • Härkönen H., Lindström K., Seppäläinen A. M., Asp S., Hernberg S. Exposure-response relationship between styrene exposure and central nervous functions. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1978; 4: 53
  • Rosén I., Haeger-Aronsen B., Rehnström S., Welinder H. Neurophysiological observations after chronic styrene exposure. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1978; 4: 184, Suppl. 2
  • Wolf M. A., Rowe V. K., McCollister D. D., Hollingsworth R. L., Oyen F. Toxicological studies of certain alkylated benzenes and benzene. A.M.A. Arch. lnd. Health 1956; 14: 387
  • Zlobina N. S. The toxicity of small concentrations of styrene vapors. Gig. Sanit. 1963; 28: 29
  • Katz B. J. Toxicochemical affection of the liver with styrene under operating conditions. Gig. Truda Prof. Zabol. 1962; 6: 21
  • Troshina I. M. Some features peculiar to the morbidity of workers in contact with styrene. Gig. Truda Prof. Zabol. 1963; 7: 17
  • Axelson O., Gustavson J. Some hygienic and clinical observations on styrene exposure. Scand, J. Work Environ. Health 1978; 4: 215, Suppl. 2
  • Thiess A. M., Friedheim M. Morbidity among persons employed in styrene production, polymerization and processing plants. Scand J. Work Environ. Health 1978; 4: 203, Suppl. 2
  • Leibman K. C. Metabolism and toxicity of styrene. Environ. Health Perspect. 1975; 11: 115
  • Marniemi J., Soulinna E.-M., Kaartinen N., Vainio H. (1977) Covalent binding of styrene oxide to rat liver macromolecules in vivo and in vitro, in Microsomes and Drug Oxidations. Proc. 3rd Int. Symp., Berlin, 1976, V. Ullrich, I. Roots, A. Hildebrandt, R. W. Estabrook, A. H. Conney. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 698
  • de Meester C., Duverger-van Bogaert M., Lambotte-Vandepaer M., Mercier M., Poncelet F. Mutagenicity of styrene in the Salmonella typhimurium test system. Mutat. Res. 1981; 90: 443
  • Meretoja T., Vainio H., Sorsa M., Härkönen H. Occupational styrene exposure and chromosomal aberrations. Mutat. Res. 1977; 56: 193
  • Andersson H. C., Tranberg E. A., Uggla E. H., Zetterberg G. Chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of men occupationally exposed to styrene in a plastic-boat factory. Mutat. Res. 1980; 73: 387
  • Frentzel-Beyme R., Thiess A. M., Wieland R. Survey of mortality among employees engaged in the manufacture of styrene and polystyrene at the BASF Ludwigshafen works. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1978; 4: 231, Suppl. 2
  • Nicholson W. J., Selikoff I. J., Seidman H. Mortality experience of styrene-polystyrene polymerization workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1978; 4: 247, Suppl. 2
  • Ott M. G., Kolesar R. C., Scharnweber H. C., Schneider E. J., Venable J. R. A mortality survey of employees engaged in the development or manufacture of styrene-based products. J. Occup. Med. 1980; 22: 445
  • Grasso P. Styrene: a summary of carcinogenicity studies, in report on the Toxicity of Styrene. Prepared by Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe and European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre. Brussels 1981; 25
  • Van Duuren B. L., Nelson N., Orris L., Palmes E. D., Schmitt F. L. Carcinogenicity of epoxides, lactones and peroxy compounds. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1963; 31: 41
  • Weil C. S., Condra N., Haun C., Striegel J. A. Experimental carcinogenicity and acute toxicity of representative epoxides. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1963; 24: 305
  • Maltoni C., Failla G., Kassapidis G. First experimental demonstration of the carcinogenic effects of styrene oxide. Med. Lavoro 1979; 5: 358
  • Pantarotto C., Fanelli R., Bidoli F., Morazzoni P., Salmona M., Szczawinska K. Arene oxides in styrene metabolism, a new perspective in styrene toxicity?. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1978; 4: 67, Suppl. 2
  • Beije B., Jenssen D. Investigation of styrene in the liver perfusion/cell culture system. No indication of styrene-7,8-oxide as the principal mutagenic metabolite produced by the intact rat liver. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1982; 39: 57
  • Danishefsky I., Willhite M. The metabolism of styrene in the rat. J. Biol. Chem. 1954; 211: 549
  • Teramoto K., Horiguchi S. Distribution, elimination and retention of styrene in rats. J. Toxicol. Sci. 1981; 6: 13
  • Pantarotto C., Fanelli R., Belleti I., Bidoli F. Determination of styrene in biological specimens by gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring: distribution in mice. Anal. Biochem. 1980; 105: 340
  • Savolainen H., Vainio H. Organ distribution and nervous system binding of styrene and styrene oxide. Toxicology 1977; 8: 135
  • Withey J. R., Collins P. G. Pharmacokinetics and distribution of styrene monomer in rats after intravenous administration. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1977; 3: 1011
  • Plotnick H. B., Weigel W. W. Tissue distribution and excretion of14C-styrene in male and female rats. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1979; 24: 515
  • Withey J. R., Collins P. G. The distribution and pharmacokinetics of styrene monomer in rats by the pulmonary route. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 1979; 2: 1329
  • van Rees H. The partition coefficient of styrene between blood and air and between oil and blood. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 1974; 33: 39
  • Wolff M. S., Daum S. M., Lorimer W. V., Selikoff I. J., Aubrey B. B. Styrene and related hydrocarbons in subcutaneous fat from polymerization workers. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1977; 2: 997
  • Engström J., Åstrand I., Wigaeus E. Exposure to styrene in a polymerization plant. Uptake in the organism and concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1978; 4: 324
  • Cantoni L., Salmona M., Facchinetti T., Pantarotto C., Belvedese G. Hepatic and extrahepatic formation and hydration of styrene oxide in vitro in animals of different species and sex. Toxicol. Lett. 1978; 2: 179
  • Boyd M. R. Evidence for the Clara cell as a site of cytochrome P450-dependent mixed-function oxidase activity in lung. Nature 1977; 269: 713
  • von Oettingen W. F. The Halogenated Hydrocarbons of Industrial and Toxicological Importance. Elsev-ier, Amsterdam 1964
  • Winneke G. The neurotoxicity of dichloromethane. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 1981; 3: 391
  • Weiss G. Toxische Enzephalose beim beruflichen Umgang mit Methylenchlorid. Zentralbl. Arbeitsmed. 1967; 17: 282
  • Hanke C., Ruppe K., Otto J. Untersuchungsergebnisse zurtoxischen Wirkung von Dichlormethan bei Fussbodenlegern. Z. Gesamte Hyg. 1974; 20: 81
  • Gehring P. J. Hepatotoxic potency of various chlorinated hydrocarbon vapours relative to their narcotic and lethal potencies in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1968; 13: 287
  • Plaa G. L. Quantitative comparison of the hepatotoxic potencies of various halogenated hydrocarbons. Adverse Effects of Environmental Chemicals and Psychotropic Drugs, M. Horvath. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1977; Vol. 1: 27
  • Klaassen C. D., Plaa G. L. Relative effects of various chlorinated hydrocarbons on liver and kidney function in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1966; 9: 139
  • Plaa G. L., Larsson R. E. Relative nephrotoxic properties of chlorinated methane, ethane and ethylene derivatives in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1965; 7: 37
  • Weinstein R. S., Boyd D. D., Back K. C. Effects of continuous inhalation of dichloromethane in the mouse: morphologic and functional observations. Toxicol. Appl. Toxicol. 1972; 23: 660
  • Heppel L. A., Neal P. A., Perrin T. L., Orr M. L., Porterfleld V. T. Toxicology of dichloromethane (methylene chloride). I. Studies on effects of daily inhalation. J. Ind. Hyg. 1944; 26: 8
  • Stewart R. D., Fisher T. N., Hosko M. J., Peterson J. E., Baretta E. D., Dodd H. C. Experimental human exposure to methylene chloride. Arch. Environ. Health 1972; 25: 342
  • Moskowitz S., Shapiro H. Fatal exposure to methylene chloride vapor. A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 1952; 6: 116
  • Kubic V. L., Anders M. W., Engel R. R., Barlow C. H., Caughey W. S. Metabolism of dihalomethanes to carbon monoxide. I. In vivo studies. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1974; 2: 53
  • Roth R. P., Drew R. T., Lo R. J., Fouts J. R. Dichloromethane inhalation, carboxyhemoglobin concentrations, and drug metabolizing enzymes in rabbits. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1975; 33: 427
  • Stewart R. D., Fisher T. N., Hosko M. J., Peterson J. E., Baretta E. D., Dodd H. C. Carboxyhemoglobin elevation after exposure to dichloromethane. Science 1972; 176: 296
  • Kubic V. L., Anders M. W. Metabolism of dihalomethanes to carbon monoxide. II. In vitro studies. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1975; 3: 104
  • Ahmed A. E., Anders M. W. Metabolism of dihalomethanes to formaldehyde and inorganic halide. II. Studies on the mechanism of the reaction. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1978; 27: 2021
  • Reynolds E. S., Yee A. G. Liver parenchymal cell injury. V. Relationships between patterns of chloromethane-C14 incorporation into constituents of liver in vivo and cellular injury. Lab. Invest. 1967; 16: 591
  • Jongen W. M. F., Alink G. M., Koeman J. H. Mutagenic effect of dichloromethane on Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat. Res. 1978; 56: 245
  • Price P. J., Hassett C. M., Mansfield J. I. Transforming activities of trichloroethylene and proposed industrial alternatives. In Vitro 1978; 14: 290
  • Perocco P., Prodi G. DNA damage by haloalkanes in human lymphocytes cultured in vitro. Cancer Lett. 1981; 13: 213
  • Theiss J. C., Stoner G. D., Shimkin M. B., Weisburger E. K. Test for carcinogenicity of organic contaminants of United States drinking waters by pulmonary tumor response in strain A mice. Cancer Res. 1977; 37: 2717
  • Friedlander B. R., Hearne T., Hall S. Epidemiologic investigation of employees chronically exposed to methylene chloride. J. Occup. Med. 1978; 20: 657
  • DiVincenzo G. D., Hamilton M. L. Fate and disposition of14C-methylene chloride in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1975; 32: 385
  • Rodkey F. L., Collison H. A. Biological oxidation of14C-methylene chloride to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide by the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1977; 40: 33
  • Sato A., Nakajima T. A structure-activity relationship of some chlorinated hydrocarbons. Arch. Environ. Health 1979; 34: 69
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Lyon 1979; Vol. 20
  • Winslow S. G., Gerstner H. B. Health aspects of chloroform—a review. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 1978; 1: 259
  • Challen P. J. R., Hickish D. E, Bedford J. Chronic chloroform intoxication. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1958; 15: 243
  • Heilbrunn G., Liebert E., Szanto P. B. Chronic chloroform poisoning. Arch. Neurol. 1945; 53: 68
  • Ilett K. F., Reid W. D., Sipes I. G., Krishna G. Chloroform toxicity in mice: correlation of renal and hepatic necrosis with covalent binding of metabolites to tissue macromolecules. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 1973; 19: 215
  • Torkelson T. R., Oyen F., Rowe V. K. The toxicity of chloroform as determined by single and repeated exposure of laboratory animals. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1976; 37: 697
  • Conlon M. F. Addiction to chlorodyne. Br. Med. J. 1963; 2: 1177
  • Bomski H., Sobolewska A., Strakowski A. Toxische Schädigung der Leber durch Chloroform bei Chemiebetriebswerkern. Int. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. 1967; 24: 127
  • Pohl L. R. Biochemical toxicology of chloroform. Reviews in Biochemical Toxicology, J. Bend, R. M. Philpot, F. Hodgson. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam 1979; Vol. 1: 79
  • Bergman K., Brandt I., Appeigren L.-E., Slanina P. Structure-dependent, selective localization of chlorinated xenobiotics in the cerebellum and other brain structures. Experientia 1981; 37: 1184
  • Nicloux M., Yovanovich A. Répartition du chloroforme au cours de l'anesthésie dans les différentes paries du système nerveux central et périphérique ainsi que dans les ganglions sympathiques. Ann. Physiol. 1925; 13: 444
  • Brown D. M., Langley P. F., Smith D., Taylor D. C. Metabolism of chloroform. I. The metabolism of (14C) chloroform by different species. Xenobiotica 1974; 4: 151
  • Taylor D. C., Brown D. M., Keeble R., Langley P. F. Metabolism of chloroform. II. A sex difference in the metabolism of (14C) chloroform in mice. Xenobiotica 1974; 4: 165
  • Pfaffenberger C. D., Peoples A. J., Enos H. F. Distribution of volatile halogenated organic compounds between rat blood serum and adipose tissue. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1980; 8: 55
  • Vogt C. R., Liao J. C., Sun A. Y. Extraction and determination of chloroform in rat blood and tissues by gas chromatography-electron capture detection: distribution of chloroform in the animal body. Clin. Chem. 1980; 26: 66
  • Dittman E. C., Etschenberg E. Endoanesthetic and narcotic activity of halogenated methane derivatives. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1973; 24: 389
  • Hardin B. L. Carbon tetrachloride poisoning—a review. Ind. Med. Surg. 1954; 23: 93
  • Kazantzis G., Bomford R. R. Dyspepsia due to inhalation of carbon tetrachloride vapor. Lancet 1960; 1: 360
  • Norwood W. D., Fuqua P. A., Scudder B. C. Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Arch. Ind. Hyg. 1950; 1: 90
  • Stewart A., Witts L. J. Chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1944; 1: 11
  • Glatzel W., Grunes J. U., Tietze K. Polyneuropathie durch Tetrachlorkohlenstoff. Wiss. Univ. Halle 1972; 21: 119
  • Recknagel R. O. Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Pharmacol. Rev. 1967; 19: 145
  • Recknagel R. O., Glende E. A. Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity: an example of lethal cleavage. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1973; 2: 263
  • Zimmerman H. J. The spectrum of hepatotoxicity. Perspect. Biol. Med. 1968/1969; 12: 135
  • Díaz Gômez M. I., de Castro C. R., D'Acosta N., de Fenos O. M., de Ferreyra E. C., Castro J. A. Species differences in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity: the role of CC14 activation and of lipid peroxidation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1975; 34: 102
  • Villarruel M. C., de Toranzo E. G. D., Castro J. A. Carbon tetrachloride activation, lipid peroxidation and the mixed function oxygenase activity of various rat tissues. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1977; 41: 337
  • de Toranzo E. G. D., Díaz Gômez M. I., Castro J. A. Carbon tetrachloride activation, lipid peroxidation and liver necrosis in different strains of mice. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1978; 19: 347
  • Adams E. M., Spencer H. C., Rowe V. K., McCollister D. D., Irish D. D. Vapor toxicity of carbon tetrachloride determined by experiments on laboratory animals. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 1952; 6: 50
  • Smyth H. F., Smyth H. F., Jr., Carpenter C. P. The chronic toxicity of carbon tetrachloride, animal exposures and field studies. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 1936; 18: 277
  • McDermott W. V., Hardy H. L. Cirrhosis of the liver following chronic exposure to carbon tetrachloride. J. Occup. Med 1963; 5: 249
  • Poindexter C. A., Greene C. H. Toxic cirrhosis of the liver. J.A.M.A. 1934; 102: 2015
  • Gould V. E., Smuckler E. A. Alveolar injury in acute carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Arch. Intern. Med. 1971; 128: 109
  • Valdivia E., Sonnad J. Fatty change of the granular pneumocyte in CC14 intoxication. Arch. Pathol. 1966; 81: 514
  • Jennings R. B., Kearns W. M., Jr. Necrotizing nephrosis in the rat following administration of carbon tetrachloride. Arch. Pathol. 1953; 56: 348
  • Striker G. E., Smuckler E. A., Kohnen P. W., Nagle R. B. Structural and functional changes in rat kidney during CC14 intoxication. Am. J. Pathol. 1968; 53: 769
  • Umiker W., Pearce J. Nature and genesis of pulmonary alterations in carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Arch. Pathol. 1953; 55: 203
  • Guild W. R., Young J. V., Merrill J. P. Anuria due to carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Ann. Intern Med. 1958; 48: 1221
  • Robbins B. H. The absorption, distribution and excretion of carbon tetrachloride in dogs under various conditions. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1929; 37: 203
  • Soucek B. Retention und Ausscheidung von Mehylchlorid und Tetrachlorkohlenstoff bei Ratten. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. 1961; 18: 370
  • Fowler J. S. L. Carbon tetrachloride metabolism in the rabbit. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1969; 37: 733
  • McCollister D. D., Beamer W. H., Atchison G. J., Spencer H. C. The absorption, distribution and elimination of radioactive carbon tetrachloride by monkeys exposed to low vapor concentrations. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1951; 102: 112
  • Paul B. B., Rubinstein D. Metabolism of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform by the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1963; 141: 141
  • Roqué A. L., Fedorko M. E. Cellular localization of C14 given as C14-carbon tetrachloride. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1961; 9: 613
  • Ciccoli L., Casini A. F, Benedetti A. Free radical damage produced by carbon tetrachloride in the lipids of various rat tissues. Agents Action 1978; 8: 303
  • Alpers D. H., Isselbacher K. J. Biochemical effects of CC14 on rat intestinal mucosa. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1968; 158: 414
  • Defalque R. J. Pharmacology and toxicology of trichloroethylene. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1961; 2: 665
  • Huff J. E. New evidence on the old problems of trichloroethylene. Ind. Med. Surg. 1971; 40: 25
  • Annau Z. The neurobehavioral toxicity of trichloroethylene. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 1981; 3: 417
  • Reichert D., Liebaldt G., Henschler D. Neurotoxic effects of dichloroacetylene. Arch. Toxicol. 1976; 37: 23
  • Reichert D., Ewald D., Henschler D. Generation and inhalation toxicity of dichloroacetylene. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1975; 13: 511
  • Reichert D., Henschler D., Bannasch P. Nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic effects of dichloroacetylene. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1978; 16: 227
  • Carlson G. P. Enhancement of the hepatotoxicity of trichloroethylene by inducers of drug metabolism. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1974; 7: 637
  • Moslen M. T., Reynolds E. S., Szabo S. Enhancement of the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1977; 26: 369
  • Allemand H., Pessayre D., Descatoire V., Oegott C., Feldmann G. and Benhamou, J.-P., Metabolic activation of trichloroethylene into a chemically reactive metabolite toxic to the liver. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1978; 204: 714
  • Seifter J. Liver injury in dogs exposed to trichloroethylene. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 1944; 26: 250
  • Mosinger M., Fiorentini H. Réactions hépatiques, rénales, ganglionnaires et spléniques dans l'in-toxication expérimental par le trichloréthylène chez le chat. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris 1955; 149: 150
  • Adams E. M., Spencer H. C., Rowe V. K., McCollister D. D., Irish D. D. Vapor toxicity of trichloroethylene determined by experiments on laboratory animals. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 1951; 4: 469
  • Nowill W. K., Stephen C. R., Margolis G. The chronic toxicity of trichloroethylene. Anesthe-siology 1954; 15: 462
  • Baden J. M., Simmon V. F. Mutagenic effects of inhalational anesthetics. Mutat. Res. 1980; 75: 169
  • Konietzko H., Haberlandt W., Heilbronner H., Reill G., Weichardt H. Cytogenetische Untersuchungen an Trichloroäthylen-Arbeitern. Arch. Toxicol. 1978; 40: 201
  • Henschler D., Eder E., Neudecker T., Metzler M. Carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene: fact or artifact?. Arch. Toxicol. 1977; 37: 233
  • Stott W. T., Quast J. F., Watanabe P. G. The pharmacokinetics and macromolecular interactions of trichloroethylene in mice and rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 62: 137
  • Henschler D., Romen W., Elsässer H. M., Reichert D., Eder E., Radwan Z. Carcinogenicity study of trichloroethylene by longterm inhalation in three animal species. Arch. Toxicol. 1980; 43: 237
  • Axelson O., Andersson K., Hogstedt C., Holmberg B., Molina G., de Verdier A. A cohort study on trichloroethylene exposure and cancer mortality. J. Occup. Med. 1978; 20: 194
  • Tola S., Vilhunen R., Järvinen E., Korkala M.-L. A cohort study on workers exposed to trichloroethylene. J. Occup. Med. 1980; 22: 737
  • Bonse G., Henschler D. Chemical reactivity, biotransformation and toxicity of polychlorinated aliphatic compounds. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1976; 10: 395
  • Bolt H. M., Laib R. J., Filser J. G. Reactive metabolites and carcinogenicity of halogenated ethylenes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1982; 31: 1
  • Bolt H. M., Filser J. G. Irreversible binding of chlorinated ethylenes to macromolecules. Environ. Health Perspect. 1977; 21: 107
  • Brüning A., Schnetka M. Uber den Nachweis von Trichloräthylen und anderen halogenhaltigen organischen Lösungsmitteln. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. 1933; 4: 740
  • Barrett H. M., Cunningham J. G., Johnston J. H. A study of the fate in the organism of some chlorinated hydrocarbons. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 1939; 21: 479
  • Fabre R., Truhaut R. Contribution a l'étude de la toxicologie du trichloréthyléne. II. Resultats des études experimentales chez l'animal. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1952; 9: 39
  • Cohen H. P., Cohen M. M., Lin S., Baker A. B. Tissue levels of trichloroethylene after acute or chronic exposure. Anesthesiology 1958; 19: 188
  • Savolainen H., Pfäffli P., Tengén M., Vainio H. Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane: effects on brain and liver after five days intermittent inhalation. Arch. Toxicol. 1977; 38: 229
  • Brieger H. Chronic carbon disulfide poisoning. J. Occup. Med. 1961; 3: 302
  • Davidson M., Feinleib M. Carbon disulfide poisoning: a review. Am. Heart J. 1972; 83: 100
  • Wood R. W. Neurobehavioral toxicity of carbon disulfide. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol 1981; 3: 397
  • Tolonen M. Vascular effects of carbon disulfide. A review. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1975; 1: 63
  • Wiley F. H., Hueper W. C., von Oettingen W. F. On the toxic effects of low concentrations of carbon disulfide. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 1936; 18: 733
  • Gondzik M. Histology and histochemistry of rat testicles as effected by carbon disulfide. Pol. Med. J. 1971; 10: 133
  • Hotta K. Experimental studies on carbon disulfide poisoning. Nagoya J. Med. Sci. 1961; 23: 431
  • Bond E. J., Butler W. H., De Matteis F., Barnes J. M. Effects of carbon disulfide on the liver of rats. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1969; 26: 335
  • Magos L., Butler W. H. Effect of phenobarbitone and starvation on hepatotoxicity in rats exposed to carbon disulphide vapour. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1972; 29: 95
  • McKenna M. J., DiStefano V. Carbon disulfide. II. A proposed mechanism for the action of carbon disulfide on dopamine-β-hydroxylase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1977; 202: 253
  • Magistretti M., Peirone E. The action of carbon disulfide on cerebral monoamine oxidase. Med. Lavoro 1961; 52: 1
  • Heubusch P., DiStefano V. Activation of brain tyrosine hydroxylase in rats exposed to carbon disulfide and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978; 46: 143
  • Magos L., Jarvis J. A. E. The effects of carbon disulphide exposure on brain catecholamines in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1970; 39: 26
  • Magos L., Green A., Jarvis J. A. E. Half life of CS2 in rats in relation to its effect on brain catecholamines. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 1974; 32: 289
  • Teisinger J. New advances in the toxicology of carbon disulfide. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1974; 35: 55
  • Gorny R. The level of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) in the blood plasma of rats exposed to carbon disulfide. Biochem. Pharmacol 1971; 20: 2114
  • Kotake Y., Murakami E. A possible diabetogenic role for tryptophan metabolites and effects of xanthurenic acid on insulin. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1971; 24: 826
  • van Doom R., Lcijdekkers S. P. M. J. M., Henderson P. T., Vanhoorne M., Vertin P. G. Determination of thio compounds in urine of workers exposed to carbon disulfide. Arch. Environ. Health 1981; 36: 289
  • Neal R. A. Microsomal metabolism of thiono-sulfur compounds: mechanisms and toxicological significance. Reviews in Biochemical Toxicology, E. Hodgson, J. R. Bend, R. M. Philpot. Elsevier/North-Holland, New York 1980; Vol. 2: 131
  • Strittmatter C. F., Peters T., Jr., McKee R. W. Metabolism of labeled carbon disulfide in guinea pigs and mice. A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 1950; 1: 54
  • Büsing K.-H., Sonnenschein W., Becker E. W., Dreiheller H. Tierexperimentelle Untersu-chungen mit markiertem Schwefelkohlenstoff (C35S2) über die Bindung von Schwefelkohlenstoff in den Organen. Z. Naturforsch. 1953; 8: 495
  • Soucek B., Mádlo Z. Dithiocarbamincarbonsäuren als Abbauprodukte des Schwefelkohlenstoffs. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. 1956; 14: 511
  • Freundt K. J., Schnapp E. Distribution and elimination of carbon disulfide in rats following inhalation. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmakol. 1970; 266: 324
  • McKenna M. J., DiStefano V. Carbon disulfide. I. The metabolism of inhaled carbon disulfide in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1977; 202: 245
  • Vigliani E. C. Carbon disulfide poisoning in viscose rayon factories. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1954; 11: 235
  • Vigliani E. C., Pernis B. Klinische und experimentelle Untersuchungen über die durch Schwefelkohlenstoff bedingte Atherosklerose. Arch. Gwerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. 1955; 14: 190
  • Attinger E. Chronische Schwefelkohlenstoffvergiftung unter dem “scheinbar ungewohnlichen” Bilde einer schweren Gefässkrankheit. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 1948; 78: 667
  • Cohen A. E., Scheel L. D., Kopps J. F., Stockell F. R., Keenan R. G., Mountain J. T., Paulus H. J. Biochemical mechanisms in carbon disulfide poisoning. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1959; 20: 303
  • Savolainen H., Järvisalo J., Vainio H. Specific binding of CS2 metabolites to microsomal proteins in rat liver. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1977; 41: 94
  • Maloof F., Soodak M. The uptake and metabolism of S35 thiourea and thiouracil by the thyroid and other tissues. Endocrinology 1957; 61: 555
  • Slanina P., Ullberg S., Hammarström L. Distribution and placental transfer of14C-thiourea and14C-thiouracil in mice studied by whole-body autoradiography. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1973; 32: 358
  • Kato Y., Odanaka Y., Teramoto S., Matano O. Metabolic fate of ethylenethiourea in pregnant rats. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 1976; 16: 546
  • Iversson F., Newsome W. H., Hierliky S. L. Tissue distribution of ethylenethiuram monosulfide (ETM) in the rat. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1977; 18: 541
  • Sato A., Nakajima T. Partition coefficients of some aromatic hydrocarbons and ketones in water, blood and oil. Br. J. lnd. Med. 1979; 36: 231
  • Seeman P. The membrane action of anesthetics and tranquilizers. Pharmacol. Rev. 1972; 24: 583
  • Omura T., Sato R. The carbon monoxide-binding pigment of liver microsomes. J. Biol. Chem. 1964; 239: 2370
  • Sasame H. A., Ames M. M., Nelson S. D. Cytochrome P-450 and NADPH cytochrome c reductase in rat brain: formation of catechols and reactive catechol metabolites. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1977; 78: 919
  • Norman B. J., Neal R. A. Examination of the metabolism in vitro of parathion (diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphorothionate) by rat lung and brain. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1976; 25: 37
  • Ullrich V. Die Rolle des Cytochrom P-450 bei der Aktivierung von Pharmaka. Drug Res. 1977; 27: 1821
  • Fishman J., Hahn E. F., Norton B. I. N-demethylation of morphine in rat brain is localised in sites with high opiate receptor content. Nature 1976; 261: 64
  • Blumberg W. E. Enzymic modification of environmental intoxicants: the role of cytochrome P-450. Q. Rev. Biophys. 1978; 4: 481
  • Savolainen H., Järvisalo J., Elovaara E., Vainio H. The binding of CS2 in central nervous system of control and phenobarbitone-pretreated rats. Toxicology 1977; 7: 207
  • Leibman K. C. Metabolism of Irichloroethylene in liver microsomes. Mol. Pharmacol. 1965; 1: 239
  • Butler T. C. Reduction of carbon tetrachloride in vivo and reduction of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform in vitro by tissues and tissue constituents. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1961; 134: 311

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.