Metals and the Skin

References

• Epstein W. L., Skahen J. R., Krasnobrod H. Organized epithelioid cell granuloma: differentation of allergic (zirconium) from colloidal (silica) types. Am. J. Pathol. 1963; 43: 391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein W. L. Cutaneous granulomas as a toxicologic problem. Dermatotoxicology and Pharmacology, F. N. Marzulli, H. I. Maibach. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington, D.C. 1977; 465
   Google Scholar
• Turk J. L., Parker D. Immunological aspects of immediate and delayed skin hypersensitivity. Dermatotoxicology, 3rd ed., F. N. Marzulli, H. I. Maibach. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington, D.C. 1987; 191
   Google Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Contact Dermatitis, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1986; 721
   Google Scholar
• Shelley W. B., Hurley H. J. The allergic origin of zirconium deodorant granulomas. Br. J. Dermatol. 1958; 70: 75–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk J. L., Parker D. Immunological aspects of granuloma formation. 1st Int. Symp. on Immunotoxicology, G. G. Gibson, R. Hubbard, D. V. Parke. Academic Press, London 1983; 251
   Google Scholar
• Freund J. Sensitization with organ specific antigens and the mechanism of enhancement of the immune respones. J. Allergy 1956; 28: 18
   Google Scholar
• Jollès P., Paraf A. Chemical and Biological Basis of Adjuvants, Vol. 13. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1973; 85
   Google Scholar
• Frey J. R., Wenk P. Über die Beeinflussung des Dinitrochlorbenzol-kontakt-ekzems des Meerschweinchens durch Infektionen mit Bazillus Calmette-Guérin. Dermatologica 1958; 117: 154
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alvord E. C., Shaw C. M., Fahlberg W. J., Kies M. W. An analysis of components of Freund's adjuvants in the production of experimental “allergic” encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig. Z. Immun. -Forsch. 1962; 126: 193
   Google Scholar
• Maguire H. C., Chase M. W. Exaggerated delayed-type hypersensitivity to simple chemical allergens in the guinea pig. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1967; 49: 460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnusson B., Kligman A. M. Allergic Contact Dermatitis in the Guinea Pig. Identifications of Contact Allergens. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL 1970; 77
   Google Scholar
• Mota I. Antigens. Fundamentals of Immunology, 2nd ed., O. G. Bier, W. Dias da Silva, D. Götze, I. Mota. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1986; 63
   Google Scholar
• Allison A. C. Antigens and adjuvants for a new generation of vaccines. NATO Advanced Study Institute on Immunological Adjuvants and Vaccines, G. Gregoriadis, A. C. Allison, G. Poste. Plenum Press, New York 1989; 1
   Google Scholar
• Allison A. C., Clark I. A. Macrophage activation and nonspecific immunity. Int. Rev. Exp. Pathol. 1978; 18: 303
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wardlaw A. C., Aprile M. A. Field trials of aluminum adjuvant vaccines and toxoids: a review. Int. Symp. on Adjuvants of Immunity, Vol. 1, R. H. Regamey. S. Karger, Basel 1967; 257
   Google Scholar
• Relyveld E. H., Martin R., Raynaud M., Damas J. P., Therond C., Henocq E., Romain F., Turpin A., Ceolin G., Cheve J., Digeon M., Cheyroux M. [Calcium phosphate as adjuvant in vaccinations in man]. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 1969; 116: 300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall J. G. Studies on the adjuvant action of beryllium. IV. The preparation of beryllium containing macromolecules that induce immunoblast responses in vivo. Immunology 1988; 64: 345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unanue E. R., Askonas B. A., Allison A. C. A role of macrophages in the stimulation of immune responses by adjuvants. J. Immunol. 1969; 103: 71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bomford R. Aluminium salts: perspectives in their use as adjuvants. NATO Advanced Study Institute on Immunological Adjuvants and Vaccines, G. Gregoriadis, A. C. Allison, G. Poste. Plenum Press, New York 1989; 35
   Google Scholar
• Warren J., Jende M., Takano K. The adjuvant effect of powdered ferric oxide: enhancement of response ofMycoplasma pneumoniae and respiratory syncytial virus vaccines. J. Immunol. 1969; 102: 1300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jollès P., Paraf A. Chemical and Biological Basis of Adjuvants, Vol. 13. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1973; 79
   Google Scholar
• Dooms-Goossens A. E., Debusschere K. M., Gevers D. M., Dupré K. M., Degreef H. J., Loncke J. P., Snauwaert J. E. Contact dermatitis caused by airborne agents. A review and case reports. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1986; 15: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levene G. M. Platinum sensitivity. Br. J. Dermatol. 1971; 85: 590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menné T. Reactions to systemic exposure to contact allergens. Dermatotoxicology, 2nd ed., F. N. Marzulli, H. I. Maibach. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington, D.C. 1983; 483
   Google Scholar
• Bader K. F. Organ deposition of silver following silver nitrate therapy of burns. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1966; 37: 550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill W. R., Pillsbury D. M. Argyria. The Pharmacology of Silver. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1939; 60
   Google Scholar
• Skog E., Wahlberg J. E. A comparative investigation of the percutaneous absorption of metal compounds in the guinea pig by means of the radioactive isotopes:51Cr,58Co,65Zn,110mAg,115Cd,203Hg. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1964; 43: 187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley W. R., Oster C. F., Fassett D. W. Localized argyria. Arch. Dermatol. 1965; 697
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill W. R., Montgomery H. Argyria with special reference to the cutaneous histopathology. Arch. Dermatol. Syphilol. 1941; 44: 588
   Google Scholar
• Nørgaard O. Investigations with radioactive Ag111 into the resorption of silver through human skin. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1954; 34: 415
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fowler J. F. Allergic contact dermatitis to metals. Am. J. Contact Dermatitis 1990; 1: 212
   Google Scholar
• Karlik S. J., Eichhorn G. L., Lewis P. N., Crapper D. R. Interaction of aluminum species with deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 1980; 19: 5991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai J. C., Blass J. P. Inhibition of brain glycolysis by aluminum. J. Neurochem. 1984; 42: 438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenk G. L., Stemmer K. L. Activity of the enzymes dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and phenyle-thanolamine-N-methyltransferase in discrete brain regions of the copper-zinc deficient rat following aluminum ingestion. Neurotoxicology 1982; 3: 93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel N., Coughlin R., Haug A. A thermodynamic and electron paramagnetic resonance study of structural changes in calmodulin induced by aluminum binding. Biockem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1983; 115: 512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landsberg J. P., McDonald B., Watt F. Absence of aluminum in neuritic plaque cores in Alzheimer's disease. Nature 1992; 360: 65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayor G. H., Reiser J. A., Makdani D., Ku P. K. Aluminum absorption and distribution: effect of parathyroid hormone. Science 1977; 197: 1187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CrapperMcLachlan D. R., Lukiw W. J., Kruck T. P. A. New evidence for an active role of aluminum in Alzheimer's disease. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1989; 16: 490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansdown A. B. G. Production of epidermal damage in mammalian skins by some simple aluminium compounds. Br. J. Dermatol. 1973; 89: 67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun R., Hunziker N., Evdos P. Recherches sur le mecanisme d'action des antiperspirants. Proc. 13th Int. Congr. Dermatology, Vol. 2, W. Jadassohn, C. G. Schirren. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1967; 755
   Google Scholar
• Robinson J. R. Deodorants and antiperspirants. Handbook of Non-Prescription Drugs, G. B. Griffenhagen, L. L. Hawkins. American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, D.C. 1973; 209
   Google Scholar
• Brun R. Studies on perspiration. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1959; 10: 70
   Google Scholar
• Fiedler H. P. Der Schweiss, 2nd ed. Cantor, Aulendorf 1968; 303
   Google Scholar
• Reller H. H., Luedders W. L. Mechanism of action of metal salt antiperspirants. II. Adv. Mod. Toxicol. 1977; 4: 18
   Google Scholar
• Quatrale R. P., Coble D. W., Stoner K. L., Felger C. B. The mechanism of antiperspirant action of aluminum salts. III. Histological observations of human eccrine sweat glands inhibited by aluminum zirconium chlorohydrate glycine complex. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1981; 32: 195
   Google Scholar
• Quatrale R. P., Waldman A. H., Rogers J. G., Felger C. B. The mechanism of antiperspirant action by aluminum salts. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1981; 32: 67
   Google Scholar
• Quatrale R. P., Thomas E. L., Birnbaum J. E. The site of antiperspirant action by aluminum salts in the eccrine sweat glands of the axilla. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1985; 36: 435
   Google Scholar
• Strassburger J., Coble D. W. Infrared characterization of human sweat glands inhibited with aluminum chlorohydrate. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1987; 38: 109
   Google Scholar
• Lyon I., Klotz I. M. The interaction of epidermal protein with aluminum salts. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. Sci. Ed. 1958; 47: 509
   Google Scholar
• Blank I. H., Jones J. L., Gould E. A study of the penetration of aluminum salts into excised human skin. Proc. Sci. Sect. Toilet Goods Assoc 1958; 29: 32
   Google Scholar
• Alder J. F., Batoreu M. C. C., Pearse A. D., Marks R. Depth concentration profiles obtained by carbon furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for nickel and aluminium in human skin. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1986; 1: 365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen H., Bergan-Skar B. Itching problems among potroom workers in factories using recycled alumina. Contact Dermatitis 1980; 6: 42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall A. F. Occupational contact dermatitis among aircraft workers. JAMA 1944; 125: 179
   Google Scholar
• Williams S., Freemont A. J. Aerosol anti-perspirants and axillary granulomata. Br. Med. J. 1984; 288: 1651
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcia-Patos V., Alomar A., Illeonart R., Cistero A., Matias-Guiu X. Subcutaneous nodules and aluminium sensitivity in patients under hyposensitivity immunotherapy. Med. Cutan. Ibero-Latino-Am. 1990; 18: 83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Böhler-Sommeregger K., Lindemayr H. Contact sensitivity to aluminum. Contact Dermatitis 1986; 15: 278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosnes A., Flechet M. L., Revuz J. Inflammatory nodular reactions after hepatitis B vaccination due to aluminium sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 1990; 23: 65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost L., Johansen P., Pedersen S., Veien N., Aabel Ostergaard P., Nielsen M. H. Persistent subcutaneous nodules in children hypersensitized with aluminium-containing allergen extracts. Allergy 1985; 40: 368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemmensen O., Knudsen H. E. Contact sensitivity to aluminium in a patient hyposensitized with aluminium precipitated grass pollen. Contact Dermatitis 1980; 6: 305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelain P. Y., Castelain M., Vervloet D., Garbe L., Mallet B. Sensitization to aluminium by aluminium-precipitated dust and pollen extracts. Contact Dermatitis 1988; 19: 58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer T., Rystedt I. A case of contact sensitivity to aluminium. Contact Dermatitis 1982; 8: 343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang K. Y., Bice D., Hoffmann E., D'Amato R., Salvaggio J. Experimental studies of sensitization to beryllium, zirconium, and aluminum compounds in the rabbit. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1977; 59: 425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenny A. T., Pope C. G., Waddington H., Wallace U. The antigenic value of the toxin-antitoxin precipitates of Ramon. J. Pathol. Bacterid. 1926; 29: 31
   Google Scholar
• Edelman R. Vaccine adjuvants. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1980; 2: 370
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walls R. S. Eosinophil response to alum adjuvants: involvement of T cells in non-antigen-dependent mechanisms. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1977; 156: 431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers C. N., Cornwall L. H. Normal arsenic and its significance from the point of view of legal medicine. Am. J. Syphilol. 1925; 9: 647
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan W. D. Toxicity of Arsenic Compounds. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1962; 22: 33
   Google Scholar
• Webb J. L. Enzymic and Metabolic Inhibitors, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York 1966; 635
   Google Scholar
• Buchet J. P. Lauwerys, R., and Roels, H., Comparison of the urinary excretion of arsenic metabolites after a single oral dose of sodium arsenite, mono-methylarsonate, or dimethylarsinate in man. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1981; 48: 71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood J. M. Biological cycles for toxic elements in the environment. Science 1974; 183: 1049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride B. C., Wolfe R. S. Biosynthesis of dimethylarsine by methanobacterium. Biochemistry 1971; 10: 4312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg G. R., Allen I. K. A proposed arsenic cycle in an agronomic ecosystem. Arsenical Pesticides, E. A. Woolson. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1975; 124
   Google Scholar
• Woolson E. A. Generation of alkylarsines from soil. Weed Sci. 1977; 25: 412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreae M. O. Arsenic speciation in seawater and interstitial waters: the influence of biological-chemical interactions on the chemistry of a trace element. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1979; 24: 440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martindale W. Arsenic and arsenic compounds. The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 27th ed., A. Wade. Pharmaceutical Press, London 1977; 1721
   Google Scholar
• Stocken L. A., Thompson R. H. S. British anti-lewisite. I. Arsenic derivatives of thiol proteins. Biochem. J. 1946; 40: 529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clough P. Incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in England and Wales. Br. Med. J. 1980; 280: 112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaldívar R., Guillier A. Environmental and clinical investigations on endemic chronic arsenic poisoning in infants and children. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. I. Abt. Orig., Reihe B, Hyg., Praev. Med. 1977; 165: 226
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arguello R. A., Cenget D. D., Tello E. E. Cancer and endemic arsenicalism in the Cordoba region. Rev. Argent. Dermatosifilol. 1938; 22: 461
   Google Scholar
• Morton W., Starr G., Pohl D., Stoner J., Wagner S., Weswig P. Skin cancer and water arsenic in Lane County, Oregon. Cancer 1976; 37: 2523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindmarsh J. T., McLetchie O. R., Heffernan L. P. M., Hayne O. A., Ellenberger H. A., McCurdy R. F., Thiebaux H. J. Electromyographic abnormalities in chronic environmental arsenicalism. J. Anal. Toxicol. 1977; 1: 270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipp R. Arsenic exposure: health effects and the risk of cancer. Rev. Environ. Health 1985; 5: 27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dickerson O. B. Arsenic. Metals in the Environment, H. A. Waldron. Academic Press, London 1980; 1
   Google Scholar
• Luten J. B., Riekwel-Booy G., Rauchbaar A. Occurrence of arsenic in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), nature of organo-arsenic compound present and its excretion by man. Environ. Health Perspect. 1982; 45: 165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh L. M., Summer M. E., Keeney D. R. Occurrence and distribution of arsenic in soils and plants. Environ. Health Perspect. 1977; 19: 67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaldívar R., Prunés L., Ghai G. L. Arsenic dose in patients with cutaneous carcinomata and hepatic hemangio-endothelioma after environmental and occupational exposure. Arch. Toxicol. 1981; 47: 145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lüchtrath H. The consequences of chronic arsenic poisoning among Moselle wine growers. Pathoanatomical investigations of post-mortem examinations performed between 1960 and 1977. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 1983; 105: 173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery H., Waisman M. Epithelioma attributable to arsenic. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1941; 4: 365
   Google Scholar
• Holmqvist I. Occupational arsenical dermatitis. A study among employees at a copper ore smelting work including investigations of skin reactions to contact with arsenic compounds. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1951; 31(26)1, (Suppl.)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birmingham D. J., Key M. M., Holaday D. A., Perone V. B. An outbreak of arsenical dermatoses in a mining community. Arch. Dermatol. 1965; 91: 457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magos L. Epidemiological and experimental aspects of metal carcinogenesis: physicochemical properties, kinetics, and the active species. Environ. Health Perspect. 1991; 95: 157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cebrian M. E., Albores A., Aguilar M., Blakely E. Chronic arsenic poisoning in the north of Mexico. Hum. Toxicol. 1983; 2: 121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leyh F., Rothlaender J. P. Multiple bowenoide Arsen-Keratosen. Dermatosen Beruf Umwelt. 1985; 33: 99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osborne E. D. Microchemical studies of arsenic in arsenical pigmentation and keratoses. Arch. Dermatol. Syphiloi 1925; 12: 773
   Google Scholar
• Pelfrene A. Arsenic and cancer: the still unanswered question. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1976; 1: 1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garb L. G., Hine C. H. Arsenical neuropathy: residual effects following acute industrial exposure. J. Occup. Med. 1977; 19: 567
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leoncini F. Contributo alia conoscenza delle dermatosi cutanee da arsenicismo professionale. Zentralbl. Haut-Geschlechtskr. 1933; 44: 188
   Google Scholar
• Tamponi M. Dermatosi professionale da arsenico. Zentralbl. Haut-Geschlechtskr. 1935; 52: 98
   Google Scholar
• Waters W. A., Williams J. H. Hydrolyses and derivatives of some vesicant arsenicals. J. Chem. Soc. 1950; 18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindgren A., Vahter M., Dencker L. Autoradiographic studies on the distribution of arsenic in mice and hamsters administered74As-arsenite orarsenate. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1982; 51: 253
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott A. The retention of arsenic in the late cutaneous complications of its administration. Br. J. Dermatol. 1958; 70: 195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domonkos A. N. Neutron activation analysis of arsenic in normal skin, keratoses, and epitheliomas. AMA Arch. Dermatol. 1959; 80: 672
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammer D. I., Finklea J. F., Hendricks R. H., Shy C. M., Horton R. J. Hair trace metal levels and environmental exposure. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1971; 93: 84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatt A., Secord C. A., Tiefenbach B., Jervis R. E. Scalp hair as a monitor of community exposure to environmental pollutants. Hair, Trace Elements, and Human Illness, A. C. Brown, R. C. Crounse. Praeger, New York 1980; 46
   Google Scholar
• Molin L., Wester P. O. The estimated daily loss of trace elements from normal skin by desquamation. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1976; 36: 679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutkiewicz T. Experimental studies on arsenic absorption routes in rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 1977; 19: 173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Contact Dermatitis, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1986; 134
   Google Scholar
• Wahlberg J. E., Boman A. Contact sensitivity to arsenical compounds. Clinical and experimental studies. Dermatosen Beruf Umwelt 1968; 34: 10
   Google Scholar
• Penneys N. S. Gold therapy: dermatologic uses and toxicities. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1979; 1: 315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comroe B. I. The use and abuse of gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 1945; 128: 848
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freyberg R. H. Gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Allied Conditions, J. L. Hollander. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1972; 455
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt O. E. L. Chrysiasis. Arch. Dermatol. 1941; 44: 446
   Google Scholar
• Cox A. J., Marich K. W. Gold in the dermis following gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arch. Dermatol. 1973; 108: 655
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Everett M. A. Metal discoloration. Clinical Dermatology, D. J. Demis. Harper and Row, Hagerstown 1979; 4
   Google Scholar
• Levantine A., Almeyda J. Drug induced changes in pigmentation. Br. J. Dermatol. 1973; 89: 105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shelley W. B., Epstein E. Contact-sensitivity to gold as a chronic papular eruption. Arch. Dermatol. 1963; 87: 388
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowyer A. Epidermal reactions and prolonged dermal reactions to patch testing with gold salts. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1967; 47: 9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penneys N. S., Ackerman A. B., Gottlieb N. L. Gold dermatitis. A clinical and histopathological study. Arch. Dermatol. 1974; 109: 372
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cortell R., Richards R. K. Development of tolerance to gold salts in rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1942; 49: 121
   Google Scholar
• Fox J. M., Kennedy R., Rostenberg A. Eczematous contact-sensitivity to gold. Arch. Dermatol. 1961; 83: 956
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kligman A. M. The identification of contact allergens by human assay. III. The maximization test: procedure for screening and rating contact sensitizers. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1966; 47: 393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone R. L., Claflin A., Penneys N. S. Erythema nodosum following gold sodium thiomalate therapy. Arch. Dermatol. 1973; 107: 602
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walzer R. A., Feinstein R., Shapiro L., Einbinder J. Severe hypersensitivity reaction to gold. Positive lymphocyte transformation test. Arch. Dermatol. 1972; 106: 231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Budden M. G., Wilkinson D. S. Skin and nail lesions from gold potassium cyanide [letter]. Contact Dermatitis 1978; 4: 172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelley W. B., Juhlin L. Selective uptake of contact allergens by the Langerhans cells. Arch. Dermatol. 1977; 113: 187
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ochsner E. H. Biochemistry of topical applications: use of boric acid in septic infections. JAMA 1917; 68: 220
   Google Scholar
• Kahlenberg L. On the passage of boric acid through the skin by osmosis. J. Biol. Chem. 1924; 62: 149
   Google Scholar
• Freimuth H. C., Fisher R. S. The effect of pH and the presence of other elements in solution on the absorption of boron. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1958; 30: 83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen G. H. Percutaneous absorption of boric acid from boron-containing preparations in rats. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol 1970; 28: 413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pfeiffer C. C., Jenney E. H. The pharmacology of boric acid and boron compounds. Bull. Nat. Formul. Comm. 1950; 18: 57
   Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer C. C., Hallman L. F., Gersh I. Boric acid ointment: a study of possible intoxication in treatment of burns. JAMA 1945; 128: 266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokinger H. E. The halogens and the nonmetals boron and silicon. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 2A, Toxicology, 3rd ed., G. D. Clayton, F. E. Clayton. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1981; 2978
   Google Scholar
• Fisher R. S., Freimuth H. C., O'Connor K. A., Johns V. Boron absorption from borated talc. JAMA 1955; 157: 503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozendaal H. M. Clinical observations on the toxicology of boron hydrides. AMA Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup Med. 1951; 4: 257
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Svirbely J. L. Toxicity tests of decarborane for laboratory animals. I. Acute toxicity studies. AMA Arch. Ind. Health 1955; 11: 132
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cammer P., Lundborg M., Hellström P. Alveolar macrophages and 5μm particles coated with different metals. Arch. Environ. Health 1974; 29: 211
   Google Scholar
• Kang K. Y., Salvaggio J. Effects of asbestos and beryllium compounds on the alveolar macrophages. Med. J. Osaka Univ. 1976; 27: 47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinsdale D., Skilleter D. N., Seawright A. A. Selective injury to rat liver Kupffer cells caused by beryllium phosphate: an explanation of reticuloendothelial blockade. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1981; 62: 383
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skilleter D. N. Biochemical properties of beryllium potentially relevant to its carcinogenicity. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 1984; 7: 213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy H. L. Beryllium disease—experience with investigation required to establish etiology of occupational disease. Research Methodology and Potential in Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Vol. 107, L. M. Schuman, A. M. Lilienfeld. New York Academy of Sciences, New York 1963; 525
   Google Scholar
• Ivannikov A. T., Popov B. A., Parfenova I. M. Resorption of soluble beryllium compounds through the injured skin. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 1982; 9: 50
   Google Scholar
• Belman S. Beryllium binding of epidermal constituents. J. Occup. Med. 1969; 11: 175
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeNardi J. Berylliosis. AMA Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 1953; 8: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hannon J. W. G. Beryllium disease. Report of the section on Nature and Prevalence Committee on Occupational Diseases of the Chest, American College of Chest Physicians. Dis. Chest. 1965; 48: 550
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krivanek N. D., Reeves A. L. The effect of chemical forms of beryllium on the production of the immunologic response. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1972; 33: 45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves A. L. The immunotoxicity of beryllium. Immunotoxicology: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Immunotoxicology, G. G. Gibson, R. Hubbard, D. V. Parke. Academic Press, London 1983; 261
   Google Scholar
• Vorwald A. J., Reeves A. L. Pathologic changes induced by beryllium compounds. AMA Arch. Ind. Health 1959; 19: 190
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tepper L. B. Beryllium. Metals in the Environment, H. A. Waldron. Academic Press, London 1980; 25
   Google Scholar
• Epstein W. L. Granulomatous hypersensitivity. Prog. Allergy 1967; 11: 36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eisen H. N., Orris L., Belman S. Elicitation of delayed allergic skin reactions with haptens: the dependence of elicitation on hapten combination with protein. J. Exp. Med. 1952; 95: 473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisen H. N., Belman S. Studies of hypersensitivity to low molecular weight substances. II. Reactions of some allergenic substituted dinitrobenzenes with cysteine or cystine of skin proteins. J. Exp. Med. 1953; 98: 533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alekseeva O. G. Ability of beryllium compounds to cause allergy of the delayed type. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 1965; 9: 20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alekseeva O. G., Volkova A. P., Svinkina N. V. [On the mechanism underlying the action of beryllium on the organism]. Farmakol. Toksikol. 1966; 29: 353
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stiefel T., Schuize K., Zorn H., Tolg G. Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic studies of beryllium. Arch. Toxicol. 1980; 45: 81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberts B., Bray D., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., Watson J. D. Cell signaling. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed., B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts, J. D. Watson. Garland Publishing, New York 1989; 710
   Google Scholar
• Martin R. B. Bioinorganic chemistry of calcium. Calcium and Its Role in Biology, Vol. 17, H. Sigel. Marcel Dekker, New York 1984; 1
   Google Scholar
• Bikle D. D. Agents that affect bone mineral homeostasis. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 3rd ed., B. G. Katzung. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT 1987; 497
   Google Scholar
• Stryer L. Biochemistry, 3rd ed. W. H. Freeman, New York 1988; 988
   Google Scholar
• Stüttgen G., Betzler H. Zur Frage der Permeation von Elektrolyten durch die Haut. I. Mitteilung: Vitroversuche mit radioaktivmarkierten Ca++, So4- - und PO4—-ionen an Meerschweinchen- und Müsehaut. Arch. Klin. Exp. Dermatol. 1956; 203: 472
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stüttgen G., Betzler H. Zur Frage der Permeation von Elektrolyten durch die Haut. II. Mitteilung in vitro- und vivo-Versuche an menschlicher Haut mit45Ca+ +. Arch. Klin. Exp. Dermatol. 1957; 204: 165
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wheeland R. G., Roundtree J. M. Calcinosis cutis resulting from percutaneous penetration and deposition of calcium. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1985; 12: 172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sneddon I. B., Archibald R. M. Traumatic calcinosis of the skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 1958; 70: 211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christenson O. B. An exogenous variety of pseudoxanthoma elasticum in old farmers. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1978; 58: 319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forslind B., Grundin T. G., Lindberg M., Roomans G. M., Werner Y. Recent advances in X-ray microanalysis in dermatology. Scanning Electron Microsc. 1985; 687: 695
   Google Scholar
• Menon G. K., Grayson S., Elias P. M. Ionic calcium reservoirs in mammalian epidermis: ultrastructural localization by ion-capture cytochemistry. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1985; 84: 508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaksson B., Lindholm B., Sjögren B. A critical evaluation of the calcium balance technic. II. Dermal calcium losses. Metabolism 1967; 16: 303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell H. H., Hamilton T. S. The dermal excretion under controlled environmental conditions of nitrogen and minerals in human subjects, with particular reference to calcium and iron. J. Biol. Chem. 1949; 178: 345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consolazio C. F., Matoush L. O., Neslon R. A., Hackler L. R., Preston E. E. Relationship between calcium in sweat, calcium balance, and calcium requirements. J. Nutr. 1962; 78: 78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sky-Peck H. H. Trace metals and neoplasia. Clin. Physiol. Biochem. 1986; 4: 99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowen H. J. M. Trace Elements in Biochemistry. Academic Press, London 1966; 61
   Google Scholar
• Frieberg L., Piscator M., Nordberg G. F., Kjellström T. Cadmium in the Environment, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Cleveland 1974; 23
   Google Scholar
• Foulkes E. C. Absorption of cadmium. Cadmium. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 80, E. C. Foulkes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1986; 75
   Google Scholar
• Wahlberg J. E. Percutaneous toxicity of metal compounds. Arch. Environ. Health 1965; 11: 201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn J. R., Emmett E. A. The excretion of trace metals in human sweat. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1978; 8: 270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjoernber A. Reactions to light in yellow tattoos from cadmium sulfide. Arch. Dermatol. 1963; 88: 267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wester R. C., Maibach H. I., Sedik L., Melendres J., DiZio S., Jamall I., Wade M. In vitro percutaneous absorption of cadmium from water and soil into human skin. Toxicologist 1991; 11: 289
   Google Scholar
• Wahlberg J. E. Routine patch testing with cadmium chloride. Contact Dermatitis 1977; 3: 293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beisel W. R. Single nutrients and immunity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1982; 35: 417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith R. M. Cobalt in the nutrition of humans and other nonruminants. Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, Vol. 1, 5th ed., W. Mertz. Academic Press, Orlando 1987; 172
   Google Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Contact Dermatitis, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1986; 723
   Google Scholar
• Price M. L., MacDonald D. M. Cheilitis and cobalt allergy related to ingestion of vitamin B12. Contact Dermatitis 1981; 7: 352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nørgaard O. Investigations with radioactive nickel, cobalt and sodium on the resorption through the skin in rabbits, guinea-pigs and man. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1957; 37: 440
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzuki-Yasumoto M., Inaba J. Absorption and metabolism of radioactive cobalt compounds through normal and wounded skins. Diagnosis and Treatment of Incorporated Radionuclides. Proc. Int. Semin. on Diagnosis and Treatment of Incorporated Radionuclides. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna 1976; 119
   Google Scholar
• Okubo S. [Contact urticaria to cobalt chloride—comparison of urticarial response between open patch test and scratch test (author's transl.)]. Nippon Hifuka Gakkai Zasshi. Jpn. J. Dermatol. 1981; 91: 809
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wahlberg J. E. Percutaneous absorption of sodium chromate (51Cr), cobaltous (58Co), and mercuric (203Hg) chlorides through excised human and guinea pig skin. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1965; 45: 415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camarasa J. G., Alomar A. Photosensitization to cobalt in a bricklayer. Contact Dermatitis 1981; 7: 154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romaguera C., Lecha M., Grimalt F., Muniesa A. M., Mascaro J. M. Photocontact dermatitis to cobalt salts. Contact Dermatitis 1982; 8: 383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Contact dermatitis: at home and abroad. Cutis. 1972; 10: 719
   Google Scholar
• Shirakawa T., Kusaka Y., Fujimura N., Kato M., Heki S., Morimoto K. Hard metal asthma: cross immunological and respiratory reactivity between cobalt and nickel. Thorax. 1990; 45: 267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlberg J. E., Boman A. Sensitization and testing of guinea pigs with cobalt chloride. Contact Dermatitis 1978; 4: 128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birmingham D. Nickel and cobalt hypersensitivity. Arch. Dermatol. 1953; 68: 740
   Google Scholar
• Allenby C. F., Basketter D. A. Minimum eliciting patch test concentrations of cobalt. Contact Dermatitis. 1989; 20: 185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin E. Contact Dermatitis. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1980; 313
   Google Scholar
• DaFonseca A. Joint sensitization with chromium, cobalt and nickel in cement eczema. Acta Dermo-Sifiliogr. 1970; 61: 151
   Google Scholar
• Müller R., Breucker G. Cobalt as work-dependent eczematogen and as co-allergen with chromium and nickel. Dermatol. Wochenschr. 1968; 154: 276
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiec-Swierczynska M. Occupational dermatoses and allergy to metals in Polish construction workers manufacturing prefabricated building units. Contact Dermatitis 1990; 23: 27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz K., Mertz W. Chromium (III) and the glucose tolerance factor. Arch. Biochem. Bio-phys. 1959; 85: 292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gammelgaard B., Fullerton A., Avnstorp C., Menné T. Permeation of chromium salts through human skin in vitro. Contact Dermatitis 1992; 27: 302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams R. M. Metals. Chromium. Occupational Skin Diseases, 2nd ed., R. M. Adams. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1990; 208
   Google Scholar
• Rudner E. J. North American group results. Contact Dermatitis 1977; 3: 208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langård S., Vigander T. Occurrence of lung cancer in workers producing chromium pigments. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1983; 40: 71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schroeder H. A., Balassa J. C., Tipton I. H. Abnormal trace metals in man—chromium. J. Chronic Dis. 1962; 15: 941
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheehan P. J., Meyer D. M., Sauer M. M., Paustenbach D. J. Assessment of the human health risks posed by exposure to chromium-contaminated soils. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1991; 32: 161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie O. H. J., Dinh-Nguyen N. G., Vincent J., Hellgren L., Pimlott W. Spark source mass spectrographic study of metal allergenic substances on the skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1976; 67: 587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samitz M. H., Shrager J. Patch test reaction to hexavalent and trivalent chromium compounds. Arch. Dermatol. 1966; 94: 304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samitz M. H., Katz S. A., Schreiner D. M., Gross P. R. Chromium-protein interactions. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1969; 49: 142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronaugh R. L., Stewart R. F., Simon M. Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. VII. Use of excised human skin. J. Pharm. Sci. 1986; 75: 1094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czernilewski A., Brykolski D., Depczyk D. Experimental investigations on penetration of radioactive chromium (51Cr) through the skin. Dermatologica 1965; 131: 384
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samitz M. H., Katz S., Shrager J. D. Studies of the diffusion of chromium compounds through skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1967; 48: 514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mali J. W. H., Van Kooten W. J., Van Neer F. C. J., Spruit D. Quantitative aspects of chromium sensitization. Acta Derm. Venereal. 1964; 44: 44
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BangPedersen N., Fregert S., Naversten Y., Rorsman H. Patch testing and absorption of chromium. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1970; 50: 431
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baranowska-Dutkiewicz B. Absorption of hexavalent chromium by skin in man. Arch. Toxicol. 1981; 47: 47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutkiewicz T., Przechera M. Estimation of chromium compounds absorption through the skin. Ann. Acad. Med. Lodzensis 1966; 8: 189
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald J. J., Brooks T. A new cell for in vitro skin permeability studies—chromium (III)/(VI) human epidermis investigations. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1979; 72: 198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlberg J. E. Percutaneous absorption of trivalent and hexavalent chromium (51Cr) through excised human and guinea pig skin. Dermatologica 1970; 141: 288
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wahlberg J. E., Skog E. The percutaneous absorption of sodium chromate (51Cr) in the guinea pig. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1963; 43: 102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh E. N. Chromate hazards in industry. JAMA 1953; 153: 1305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paustenbach D. J., Sheehan P. J., Paull J. M., Wisser L. M., Finley B. L. Review of the allergic contact dermatitis hazard posed by chromium-contaminated soil: identifying a “safe” concentration. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1992; 37: 177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menné T., Brandup F., Thestrup-Pedersen K., Veien N. K., Andersen J. R., Yding F., Valeur G. Patch test reactivity to nickel alloys. Contact Dermatitis 1987; 16: 255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polak L. Immunology of chromium. Chromium: Metabolism and Toxicity, D. Burrows. CRC Press, Cleveland 1973; 64
   Google Scholar
• Smith A. R. Chrome poisoning with manifestations of sensitization. JAMA 1931; 97: 95
   Google Scholar
• Joules H. Asthma from sensitisation to chromium. Lancet 1932; 2: 182
   Google Scholar
• Novey H. S., Habib M., Wells I. D. Asthma and IgE antibodies induced by chromium and nickel salts. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1983; 72: 407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mali J. W. H., Malten K., Van Neer F. C. J. Allergy to chromium. Arch. Dermatol. 1966; 93: 41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polak L., Turk J. L., Frey J. R. Studies on contact hypersensitivity to chromium compounds. Prog. Allergy 1973; 17: 145
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen H. A. Experimental production of circulating antibodies to chromium. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1962; 38: 13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samitz M. H., Katz S. Preliminary studies on the reduction and binding of chromium with skin. Arch. Dermatol. 1963; 88: 816
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samitz M. H., Katz S. A study of the chemical reactions between chromium and skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1964; 43: 35
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polak L., Turk J. L., Frey J. R. Studies on contact hypersensitivity to chromium compounds. Prog. Allergy 1973; 17: 153
   Google Scholar
• VanNeer F. C. J. Readies op intracutane injecties van drie en zeswaardige chroomverbindgen bij gesensibiliseerde mensen, vackens en caviae. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 1965; 189: 1684
   Google Scholar
• VanNeer F. C. J. Sensitization of guinea pigs to chromium compounds. Nature 1963; 198: 1013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Contact Dermatitis, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1986; 36
   Google Scholar
• Breit R., Türk R. B. M. The medical and social fate of the dichromate allergic patients. Br. J. Dermatol. 1976; 94: 349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan D. J., Dannaker C. J., Lai S., Maibach H. I. An international survey on the prognosis of occupational contact dermatitis of the hands. Dermatosen Beruf Umwelt 1990; 38: 143
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wass U., Wahlberg J. E. Chromated steel and contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1991; 24: 114
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheiner D. M., Katz S. A. Chromium complexes and allergic eczematous chromium dermatitis. Rev. Latino Am. Quim. 1973; 3: 160
   Google Scholar
• Samitz M. H., Gross S. Effects of hexavalent and trivalent chromium compounds on the skin. Arch. Dermatol. 1961; 84: 404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada M., Niwa Y., Fujimoto F., Yoshinaga H. Lymphocyte transformation in allergic contact dermatitis. Nippon Hifuka Gakkai Zas-shi. Jpn. J. Dermatol. 1972; 82: 94
   Google Scholar
• Hart E. B., Steenbock H., Waddell J., Elvehjem C. A. Iron in nutrition. VII. Copper as a supplement to iron for hemoglobin building in the rat. J. Biol. Chem. 1928; 77: 797
   Google Scholar
• Evans G. W., Majors P. F., Cornatzer W. E. Mechanism for cadmium and zinc antagonism of copper metabolism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1970; 40: 1142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans G. W., Cornatzer W. E. Copper and zinc metalloproteins in the rat. Fed. Proc. 1970; 29: 695
   Google Scholar
• Starcher B. C. Studies on the mechanism of copper absorption in the chick. J. Nutr. 1969; 97: 321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagenfeldt K. Studies on the mode of action of the Copper-T device. Acta Endocrinol. Suppl. (Copenhagen) 1972; 169: 3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oster G., Salgo M. P. The copper intrauterine device and its mode of action. N. Engl. J. Med. 1975; 293: 432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menkes J. H., Alter M., Steigleder G. K., Weakley D. R., Sung J. H. A sex-linked recessive disorder with retardation of growth, perculiar hair and focal cerebral and cerebellar degeneration. Pediatrics 1962; 29: 764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid R., Winkler J. Überdie Kutane Kupferresorption aus einer Kupfer Enthaltenden Salbe. Klin. Wuchenschr. 1938; 17: 559
   Google Scholar
• Whitehouse M. W., Rainsford K. D., Ardlie N. G., Young I. G., Brune K. Alternatives to aspirin, derived from biological sources. Agents Actions Suppl. 1977; 1977: 43
   Google Scholar
• Beverdige S. J., Whitehouse M. W., Walker W. R. Lipophilic copper(II) formulations: some correlations between their composition and anti-inflammatory/anti-arthritic activity when applied to the skin of rats. Agents Actions 1982; 12: 225
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Odintsova N. A. Permeability of human skin to potassium and copper ions and their ultrastructural localization. Chem. Abstr. 1978; 89: 360
   Google Scholar
• Bentur Y., Koren G., McGuigan M., Spielberg S. P. An unusual skin exposure to copper; clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 1988; 26: 371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker W. R., Beveridge S. J. Copper salicylates: physicochemical studies and potential biological importance. Inorg. Perspect. Biol. Med. 1979; 2: 93
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordlind K., Lidén S. Patch test reactions to metal salts in patients with oral mucosal lesions associated with amalgam restorations. Contact Dermatitis 1992; 27: 157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker W. R., Reeves R. R. Perfusion of intact skin by a saline solution of bis(glycinato) copper(II). Bioinorg. Chem. 1977; 7: 271
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker W. R., Beveridge S. J., Whitehouse M. W. Dermal copper drugs: the copper bracelet and Cu(II) salicylate complexes. Agents Actions Suppl. 1981; 8: 359
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saltzer E. I., Wilson J. W. Allergic contact dermatitis due to copper. Arch. Dermatol. 1968; 98: 375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frykholm K. O., Frithiof L., Fernstrom Å. I. B., Moberger G., Blohm S. G., Björn E. Allergy to copper derived from dental alloys as a possible cause of oral lesions of lichen planus. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1969; 49: 268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlberg A. T., Boman A., Wahlberg J. E. Copper—a rare sensitizer. Contact Dermatitis 1983; 9: 134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelley W. B., Shelley E. D., Ho A. K. S. Cholinergic urticaria: acetylcholine-receptor-dependent immediate-type hyeprsensitivity reaction to copper. Lancet 1983; 1: 843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barranco V. P. Eczematous dermatitis caused by internal exposure to copper. Arch. Dermatol. 1972; 106: 386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forck G., Kastner H., Wagner H. One case of allergic reaction due to copper-T. 2nd Int. Symp. Cont. Derm. Elsinore, March, 1977
   Google Scholar
• Romaguera C., Grimalt F. Contact dermatitis from a copper-containing intrauterine contraceptive device. Contact Dermatitis 1981; 7: 163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkoff J. R. Urticaria secondary to a copper intrauterine device. Int. J. Dermatol. 1976; 15: 594
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frentz G., Teilum D. Cutaneous eruptions and intrauterine contraceptive copper device. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1980; 60: 69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jouppila P., Niinimäki A., Mikkonen M. Copper allergy and copper IUD. Contraception 1979; 19: 631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbanks V. F., Fahey J. L., Beutler E. Clinical Disorders of Iron Metabolism, 2nd ed. Grune & Stratton, New York 1971
   Google Scholar
• Sato S. Iron deficiency: structural and microchemical changes in hair, nails, and skin. Semin. Dermatol. 1991; 10: 313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hård S. Non-anemic iron deficiency as an etiologic factor in diffuse loss of hair of the scalp in women. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1963; 43: 562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T., Manoguerra A. Comparison of pediatric poisoning hazards: an analysis of 3.8 million exposure incidents. A report from the American Association of Poison Control Centers. Pediatrics 1992; 89: 999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robotham J. L., Lietman P. S. Acute iron poisoning. A review. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1980; 134: 875
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neilands J. B., Bindereif A., Montgomerie J. Z. Genetic basis of iron assimilation in pathogenicEscherichia coli. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1985; 118: 179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neilands J. B. Methodology of siderophores. Struct. Bond. 1981; 58: 1
   Google Scholar
• Bergeron R. J., Braylan R., Goldey S., Ingeno M. Effects of theVibrio cholerae siderophore vibriobactin on the growth characteristics of L1210 cells [published erratum appears inBiochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 131(1), 585, 1986]. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1986; 136: 273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minato A., Fukuzawa H., Hirose S., Matsunaga Y. Radioisotopic studies on percutaneous absorption. I. Absorption of water-soluble substances from hydrophilic and absorption ointments through mouse skin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1967; 15: 1470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmqvist K. G., Carlsson L. E., Forslind B., Roomans G. M., Akselsson K. R. Proton and electron microprobe analysis of human skin. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sec. B, Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms 1984; 231(B3)611
   Google Scholar
• Pollycove M. Iron metabolism and kinetics. Semin. Hematol. 1966; 3: 235
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elder G. H. The cutaneous porphyrias. Semin. Dermatol. 1990; 9: 63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheney B. A., Lothe K., Morgan E. H., Sood S. K., Finch C. A. Internal iron exchange in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 1967; 212: 376
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hussain R., Patwardhan V. N., Sriramachari S. Dermal loss of iron in healthy Indian men. Indian J. Med. Res. 1960; 48: 235
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weintraub L. R., Demis D. J., Conrad M. E., Crosby W. H. Iron excretion by the skin. Selective localization of iron59 in epithelial cells. Am. J. Pathol. 1965; 46: 121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beamish M. R., Jacobs A. The measurement of iron clearance from the skin. Br. J. Haematol. 1968; 15: 231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nater J. P. Epidermale Überempfindlichkeit gegen Eisen. Hawarzt 1960; 11: 223
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baer R. L. Allergic contact sensitization to iron. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1973; 51: 35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer T. The optimization test. Curr. Probl. Dermatol. 1985; 14: 114
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burnet F. M. Immunological recognition of self. Science 1961; 133: 307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain E. B., Engstrom D. R., Brigham M. E., Henning T. A., Brezonik P. L. Increasing rates of atmospheric mercury deposition in midcontinental North America. Science 1992; 257: 784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slemr F., Langer E. Increase in global atmospheric concentrations of mercury inferred from measurements over the Atlantic Ocean. Nature 1992; 355: 434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jernelöv A. Conversion of mercury compounds. Chemical Fallout; Current Research on Persistent Pesticides, M. W. Miller, G. G. Berg. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL 1969; 68
   Google Scholar
• Jenson S., Jernelöv A. Biological methylation of mercury in aquatic organisms. Nature 1969; 223: 753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada M., Tonomura K. Formation of methylmercury compounds from inorganic mercury byClostridium cochlearium. J. Fermet. Technol. 1972; 50: 159
   Google Scholar
• Battigelli M. C. Mercury. Environment and Occupational Medicine, W. N. Rom. Little, Brown, Boston 1983; 449
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence D., Mudzinsky S., Rudosfsky U., Warner. Mechanisms of metal-induced immunotoxicity. Int. Semin. on the Immunological System as a Target for Toxic Damage, A. Berlin, J. Dean, M. H. Draper, E. M. B. Smith, F. Spreafico. Martinus Nijhoff, DordrechtThe Netherlands 1987; 293
   Google Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Contact Dermatitis, 3rd. Ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1986; 178
   Google Scholar
• Hughes W. L. A physicochemical rationale for the biological activity of mercury and its compound. Mercury and Its Compounds, Vol. 65, C. V. King. New York Academy of Sciences, New York 1957; 454
   Google Scholar
• Witten V. H., Grayson L. D., Birnbaum V. H. Studies of the mechanism of allergic eczematous contact dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1957; 28: 339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodde H. E., Kruithof M. A. M., Brussee J., Koerten H. K. Visualization of normal and enhanced HgCl2 transport through human skin in vitro. Int. J. Pharm. 1989; 53: 13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burge K. M., Winkelmann R. K. Mercury pigmentation. An electron microscopic study. Arch. Dermatol. 1970; 102: 51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lerner A. B. Effect of ions on melanin formation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1952; 18: 47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulido P., Kägi J. R. H., Vallee B. L. Isolation and some properties of human metallothionein. Biochemistry 1966; 5: 1768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson T. W. The pharmacology of mercury compounds. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 1972; 12: 375
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silberberg I. Ultrastructural identification of mercury in epidermis. Arch. Environ. Health 1972; 24: 129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodde H. E., Van den Brink I., Koerten H. K., De Haan F. H. N. Visualization of in vitro percutaneous penetration of mercuric chloride; transport through intercellular space versus cellular uptake through desmosomes. J. Controlled Release 1991; 15: 227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott A. The behaviour of radioactive mercury and zinc after application to normal and abnormal skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 1959; 71: 181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda M., Anzai S., Sakai M. Organic mercury poisoning. A case report. Yokohama Med. Bull. 1963; 14: 287
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okinaka S., Yoshikawa M., Mozai T., Mizuno Y., Terao T., Watanabe H., Ogihara K., Hirai S., Yoshino Y., Inose T., Anzai S., Tsuda M. Encephalomyelopathy due to an organic mercury compound. Neurology 1964; 14: 69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luders G., Fischer H., Hensel U. Hydrargyrosis cutis mit allgemeinen Vergiftungserscheinungen nach langdauernder Anwendung quecksilberhal-tiger Kosmetica. Hautarzt 1968; 19: 61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamar L. M., Bliss B. O. Localized pigmentation of the skin due to topical mercury. Arch. Dermatol. Syphilol. 1966; 93: 450
   Google Scholar
• Calvery H. O., Draize J. H., Laug E. P. The metabolism and permeability of normal skin. Physiol. Rev. 1946; 26: 495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friberg L., Skog E., Wahlberg J. E. Resorption of mercuric chloride and methyl mercury dicyandiamide in guinea-pigs through normal skin and through skin pre-treated with acetone, alkylaryl-sulphonate and soap. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1961; 41: 40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlberg J. E., Skog E. Percutaneous absorption of mercuric chloride in guinea-pigs. Effect of potassium iodide and the pretreatment of the skin with irritant concentrations of mercury. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1962; 42: 418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hursh J. B., Clarkson T. W., Miles E. F., Goldsmith L. A. Percutaneous absorption of mercury vapor by man. Arch. Environ. Health 1989; 44: 120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temesvári E., Daróczy J. Histological examination of immediate and delayed contact allergy provoked by mercuric chloride. Contact Dermatitis 1989; 21: 271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stopford W., Donovan D. H., Abou-Donia M. B., Menzel D. B. Glutathione peroxidase deficiency and mercury allergy: amelioration with selenium supplementation. Proc. Symp. on Selenium-Tellurium in the Environment. Industrial Health Foundation, Pittsburgh 1976; 105
   Google Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Recent developments in the diagnosis and management of drug eruptions. Med. Clin. North Am. 1959; 43: 787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeiden I., Oranje A. P., Vuzevski V. D., Stolz E. Mercury exanthem as occupational dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1980; 6: 88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama H., Niki F., Shono M., Hada S. Mercury exanthem. Contact Dermatitis 1983; 9: 411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Presence of mercury compound in plants. Am. J. Contact Dermatitis 1990; 1: 208
   Google Scholar
• Lachapelle J. M., Chabeau G., Ducombs G., Lacroix M., Martin P., Reuter G., Marot L. Enquěte multicentrique relative a la fréquence des tests épicutanés positifs au mercure et au thiom-ersal. Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 1988; 115: 793
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirano S., Yoshikawa K. Patch testing with European and American standard allergens in Japanese patients. Contact Dermatitis 1982; 8: 48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudner E. J., Clendenning W. E., Epstein E., Fisher A. A., Jillson O. F., Jordan W. P., Kanof N., Larsen W., Maibach H., Mitchell J. C., O'Quinn S. E., Schorr W. F., Sulzberger M. B. Epidemiology of contact dermatitis in North America: 1972. Arch. Dermatol. 1973; 108: 537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foussereau J., Laugier P. Allergic eczemas from metallic foreign bodies. Trans. St. John's Hosp. Dermatol. Soc. 1966; 52: 220
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VanKetal W. G., Roeleveld C. G. A curious case of allergy to mercuric compounds. Contact Dermatitis 1977; 3: 106
   Google Scholar
• Swaiman K. F., Flagler D. G. Mercury poisoning with central and peripheral nervous system involvement treated with penicillamine. Pediatrics 1971; 48: 639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roshchina T. A. [Toxicological features of indium antimonide and gallium arsenide—a new group of semiconductors], Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol 1966; 10: 30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roshchin A. V. Industrial aerosols of rare metals and their hygienic significance. Inhaled Part. 1970; 2: 811
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCord C. P., Meek S. F., Harrold G. C., Heussner C. E. The physiologic properties of indium and its compounds. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 1942; 24: 243
   Google Scholar
• Roshchin A. V., Taranenko L. A., Muratova N. Z. Sensitizing properties of indium, palladium, and vanadium. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 1982; 2: 5
   Google Scholar
• Alberts B., Bray D., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., Watson J. D. The plasma membrane. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed., B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts, J. D. Watson. Garland Publishing, New York 1989; 301
   Google Scholar
• Moeschlin S. Poisoning. Diagnosis and Treatment. Grune & Stratton, New York 1965; 159
   Google Scholar
• Blanquet L., Blanquet P., Cuvelier R., Mouly A., Arnaud Y. Effets des divers modes d'administration des gaz thermaux de Royat sur le pH du sang veineux. Ann. Inst. Hydrol. Climatol. 1953; 24: 45
   Google Scholar
• Namur M., Lecomte J., Vely W. Résorption transcutanée du CO2 lors du bain thermal carbo-gazeux. Rev. Md. Liège 1964; 19: 371
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poznanskaya N. B. The selective ionic permeability of the human skin. Fiziol. Z. SSSR Im. I. M. Secenova 1940; 28: 323
   Google Scholar
• Dubarry J. J., Blanquet P., Tamarelle C., Dubarry B. Transcutaneous penetration of ions in thermal balneotherapy. Bordeaux Méd. 1971; 4: 3703
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tamarelle C., Dubarry J. J. Quantitative study of percutaneous penetration in balneotherapy. Presse Therm. Clim. 1972; 109: 37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dobson R. L., Sato K. The secretion of salt and water by the eccrine sweat gland. Arch. Dermatol. 1972; 105: 366
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Consolazio C. F., Matoush L. O., Nelson R. A., Harding R. S., Canham J. E. Excretion of sodium, potassium, magnesium and iron in human sweat and the relation of each to balance and requirements. J. Nutr. 1963; 79: 407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grice K., Sattar H., Baker H. The cutaneous barrier to salts and water in psoriasis and in normal skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 1973; 88: 459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tregear R. T. The permeability of mammalian skin to ions. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1966; 46: 16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo J. S., Oriba H. A., Maibach H. I., Bailin P. L. Transepidermal potassium ion, chloride ion, and water flux across delipidized and cellophane tape-stripped skin. Dermatologica 1990; 180: 66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Underwood E. J. Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 4th ed. Academic Press, New York 1977; 175
   Google Scholar
• Beyer W., Imlay J., Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutases. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 1991; 40: 221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberley L. W., Kasemset Clair D., St., Autor A. P., Oberley T. D. Increase in manganese superoxide dismutase activity in the mouse heart after X-irradation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1987; 254: 69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorecki M., Beck Y., Hartman J. R., Fischer M., Weiss L., Tochner Z., Slavin S., Nimrod A. Recombinant human superoxide dismutases: production and potential therapeutical uses. Free Radical Res. Commun. 1991; 1: 401
   Google Scholar
• Rodier J. Manganese poisoning in Moroccan miners. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1955; 12: 21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertinchamps A. J., Miller S. T., Cotzias G. C. Interdependence of routes excreting manganese. Am. J. Physiol. 1966; 211: 217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doisy E. A. Micronutrient controls on biosynthesis of clotting proteins and cholesterol. 8th Conf. on Trace Substances in Environmental Health, D. D. Hemphill. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 1974; 193
   Google Scholar
• Ol'mezov V. V., Ostanin V. V., Savitskii K. A., Barinov A. V. [Intravascular hemolysis as a consequence of the resorptive action of potassium permanganate]. Pediatriia 1988; 93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NRC. Manganese—National Research Council, Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 1973; 80
   Google Scholar
• Stryer L. Biochemistry, 3rd ed. W. H. Freeman, New York 1988; 576
   Google Scholar
• Lener J., Bíbr B. Effects of molybdenum on the organism (a review). J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 1984; 28: 405
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bíbr B., Deyl Z., Lener J., Adam M. Investigation on the reaction of molybdenum with collagen in vivo. Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 1977; 10: 190
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bíbr B., Deyl Z., Lener J., Kucera J., Simkova M. The mechanism of action of molybdenum and tungsten upon collagen structures in vivo. Physiol. Bohemoslov. 1987; 36: 417
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dueva L. A., Stepanian S. S. [Clinico-immunologic characteristics and prevention of occupational allergic dermatoses due to molybdenum exposure]. Vestn. Dermatol. Venerol. 1989; 1989: 47
   Google Scholar
• Boman A., Wahlberg J. E., Hagelthorn G. Sensitizing potential of beryllium, copper and molybdenum compounds studied by the guinea pig maximization method. Contact Dermatitis. 1979; 5: 332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cage G. W., Dobson R. L. Sodium secretion and reabsorption in the human eccrine sweat gland. J. Clin. Invest. 1965; 44: 1270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlberg J. E. Transepidermal or transfollicular absorption. Acta Derm. Venereal. 1968; 48: 336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertz W. Some aspects of nutritional trace element research. Fed. Proc. 1970; 29: 1482
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen F. H. Nickel. Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, Vol. 1, 5th ed., W. Mertz. Academic Press, New York 1987; 245
   Google Scholar
• Li N. C., Doody E., White J. M. Some metal complexes of glycine peptides, histidine and related substances. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957; 79: 5859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenz C. R., Martell A. E. Metal complexes of camosine. Biochemistry 1964; 3: 750
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freeman H. C., Guss J. M., Sinclair R. L. Crystal structures of four nickel complexes of glycine and glycine peptides. J. Chem. Soc. D, Chem. Commun. 1968; 485: 1–12
   Google Scholar
• Coddington A., Perkins D. J. The interactions between native and chemically modified human serum albumin and the divalent ions of cobalt and nickel in aqueous solution. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1961; 54: 432
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costa M., Simmons-Hansen J., Bedrossian C. W. M., Bonura J., Caprioli R. M. Phagocytosis, cellular distribution, and carcinogenic activity of particulate nickel compounds in tissue culture. Cancer Res. 1981; 41: 2868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll R., Morgan L. G., Speizer F. E. Cancers of the lung and nasal sinuses in nickel workers. Br. J. Cancer 1970; 24: 623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley W. R., Lewis C. E. The “ruster” in industry. J. Occup. Med. 1960; 2: 23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hemingway J. D., Molokbia M. M. The dissolution of metallic nickel in artificial sweat. Contact Dermatitis 1987; 16: 99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avnstorp C., Menne T., Maibach H. Contact allergy to chromium and nickel. Immunotoxicity of Metals and Immunotoxicology, A. D. Dayan. Plenum Press, New York 1990; 83
   Google Scholar
• Menné T., Rasmussen K. Regulation of nickel exposure in Denmark. Contact Dermatitis 1990; 23: 57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells G. C. Effects of nickel on the skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 1956; 68: 237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett B. G. Environmental nickel pathways to man. Nickel in the Human Environment: Proc. Joint Symp. IARC, F. W. Sunderman, A. Aitio. Oxford University Press, New York 1984; 487
   Google Scholar
• Fullerton A., Andersen J. R., Hoelgaard A., Menne T. Permeation of nickel salts through human skin in vitro. Contact Dermatitis 1986; 15: 173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullerton A., Andersen J. R., Hoelgaard A. Permeation of nickel through human skin in vitro—effect of vehicles. Br. J. Dermatol. 1988; 118: 509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spruit D., Mali J. W. H., De Groot N. The interaction of nickel ions with human cadaverous dermis. Electric potential, absorption, swelling. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1965; 44: 103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menczel E., Bucks D. A. W., Westen R. C., Maibach H. I. Skin binding during percutaneous penetration. Percutaneous Absorption. Mechanisms, Methodology, Drug Delivery, R. I. Bronaugh, H. I. Maibach. Marcel Dekker, New York 1985; 43
   Google Scholar
• Mali J. W. H., Spruit D., Seutter E. Chelation in human sweat. Clin. Chim. Acta 1964; 9: 187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullerton A., Hoelgaard A. Binding of nickel to human epidermis in vitro. Br. J. Dermatol. 1988; 119: 675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samitz M. H., Katz S. A. Nickel—epidermal interactions: diffusion and binding. Environ. Res. 1976; 11: 34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberg J. J., Epstein W. L. Experimental nickel contact sensitization in man. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1963; 41: 413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharata H. H., Burnette R. R. Effect of dipolar aprotic permeability enhancers on the basal stratum corneum. J. Pharm. Sci. 1988; 77: 27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menné T., Maibach H. I. Reactions to systemic exposure to contact allergens: systemic contact allergy reactions (SCAR). Immunol. Allergy Pract. 1987; 9: 373
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd G. K. Dermal absorption and conjugation of nickel in relation to the induction of allergic contact dermatitis—preliminary results. 2nd Int. Conf. on Nickel Toxicology, S. S. Brown, F. W. Sunderman. Academic Press, London 1980; 145
   Google Scholar
• Nørgaard O. Investigations with radioactive Ni57 into the resorption of nickel through the skin in normal and in nickel-hypersensitive persons. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1955; 35: 111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Block G. T., Yeung M. Asthma induced by nickel. JAMA 1982; 247: 1600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunderman F. W. Potential toxicity from nickel contamination of intravenous fluids. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1983; 13: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlberg J. E. Sensitisation and testing of guinea pigs with nickel sulphate. Dermatologica 1976; 152: 321
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vilaplana J., Romaguera C., Grimalt F., Cornellana F. New trends in the use of metals in jewelry. Contact Dermatitis 1991; 25: 145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandjean P., Nielsen G. D., Andersen O. Human nickel exposure and chemobiokinetics. Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology, H. I. Maibach, T. Menne. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1989; 9
   Google Scholar
• Menné T., Christophersen J., Green A. Epidemiology of nickel dermatitis. Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology, H. I. Maibach, T. Menne. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1989; 109
   Google Scholar
• Nethercott J. R., Holness D. L., Adams R. M., Belsito D. V., De Leo V. A., Emmett E. A., Fowler J., Fisher A. A., Larsen W., Maibach H., Marks J., Rietschel R., Rosenthal L., Schorr W., Storrs F., Taylor J. Patch testing with a routine screening tray in North America, 1985 through 1989. I. Frequency of response. Am. J. Contact Dermatitis 1991; 2: 122
   Google Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Contact Dermatitis. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1986; 745
   Google Scholar
• Creason J. P., Hinner T. A., Bumgarner J. E., Pinkerton C. Trace elements in hair, as related to exposure in metropolitan New York. Clin. Chem. 1975; 21: 603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder H. A. A sensible look at air pollution by metals. Arch. Environ. Health 1970; 21: 798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basketter D. A., Briatico-Vangosa G., Kaestner W., Lally C., Bontinck W. J. Nickel, cobalt, and chromium in consumer products: a role in allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1993; 28: 15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein D. M., Kneip T. J., Kleinman M. T., Riddick R., Eisenbud M. Uptake and distribution of airborne trace metals in man. 8th Conf. on Trace Substances in Environmental Health, D. D. Hemphill. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 1974; 329
   Google Scholar
• Menné T., Thorboe A. Nickel dermatitis—nickel excretion. Contact Dermatitis 1976; 2: 353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin E., Di Michiel A. D., Brown S. S. Oral challenge in nickel-sensitive women with hand eczema. 2nd Int. Conf. on Nickel Toxicology, S. S. Brown, F. W. Sunderman. Academic Press, London 1980; 150
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder H. A., Balassa J. J., Tipton I. H. Abnormal trace metals in man—nickel. J. Chronic Dis. 1962; 15: 51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellen G., Van den Bosch-Tibbesma G., Douma F. F. Nickel content of various Dutch foodstuffs. Z. Lebensm.-Unters. Forsch. 1978; 166: 145
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wahlberg J. E. Nickel: animal sensitization assays. Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology, H. I. Maibach, T. Menne. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1989; 65
   Google Scholar
• Wahlberg J. E., Boman A. S. Cross-reactivity to palladium and nickel studied in the guinea pig. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1992; 72: 95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samitz M. H., Pomerantz H. Studies of the effects on the skin of nickel and chromium salts. AMA Arch. Ind. Health 1958; 18: 473
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Preininger T. Überempfindlichkeit gegen Nickel-geld. Dermatol. Wochenschr. 1934; 99: 1082
   Google Scholar
• Rothman S. Überempfindlichkeit gegen Hartgeld. Dermatol. Wochenschr. 1930; 90: 98
   Google Scholar
• Katz S. A., Samitz M. H. Leaching of nickel from stainless steel consumer commodities. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1975; 55: 113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malten K. E., Spruit D. The relative importance of various environmental exposures to nickel in causing contact hypersensitivity. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1969; 49: 14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picardo M., Zompetta C., De Luca C., Cristaudo A., Cannistraci C., Faggioni A., Santucci B. Nickel—keratinocyte interaction: a possible role in sensitization. Br. J. Dermatol. 1990; 122: 729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lammintausta K., Pitkanen O. P., Kalimo K., Jansen C. T. Interrelationship of nickel and cobalt contact sensitization. Contact Dermatitis. 1985; 13: 148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirilä V., Kajanne H. Sensitization to cobalt and nickel in cement eczema. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1965; 45: 9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimber I., Quirke S., Beck M. H. Attempts to identify the causative allergen in cases of allergic contact dermatitis using an in vitro lymphocyte transformation test. Toxicol. In Vitro 1990; 4: 302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Räsänen L., Tuomi M. Diagnostic value of the lymphocyte proliferation test in nickel contact allergy and provocation in occupational coin dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1992; 27: 250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Industrial Hygiene Association. Osmium and its compounds. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1968; 29: 621
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz L., Tulipan L., Birmingham D. J. Occupational Diseases of the Skin, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1957; 287
   Google Scholar
• Granick J. L., Sassa S., Granick S., Levere R. D., Kappas A. Studies in lead poisoning. II. Correlation between the ratio of activated to inactivated δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase of whole blood and blood lead level. Biochem. Med. 1973; 8: 149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassa S., Granick J. L., Granick S., Kappas A., Levere R. D. Studies in lead poisoning I. Microanalysis of erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels by spectrophotofluorometry in the detection of chronic lead intoxication in the subclinical range. Biochem. Med. 1973; 8: 135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haeger-Aronsen B., Abdulla M., Fristedt B. I. Effect of lead on δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in red blood cells. Arch. Environ. Health 1974; 29: 150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore M. R., Meredith P. A., Watson W. S., Sumner D. J., Taylor M. K., Goldberg A. The percutaneous absorption of lead-203 in humans from cosmetic preparations containing lead acetate, as assessed by whole-body counting and other techniques. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1980; 18: 399
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen A. J., Rose F. J. Review of lead toxicology relevant to the safety assessment of lead acetate as a hair colouring. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1991; 29: 485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilley S. G., Florence T. M., Stauber J. L. The use of sweat to monitor lead absorption through the skin. Sci. Total Environ. 1988; 76: 267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odintsova N. A. [Permeability of the epidermis for lead acetate according to fluorescence and electron-microscopic studies]. Vestn. Dermatol. Veneroi 1976; 19
   Google Scholar
• Rasetti L., Cappellaro F., Gaido P. Contribution to the study of saturnism by inhibited oils. Rass. Med. Ind. Ig. Lavoro 1961; 30: 71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmid R. Untersuchungen zur Pharmakognosie cutan wirkender Pharmaca oder deren Grundstoffe als Medikament-trager. Klin. Wochenschr. 1942; 21: 158
   Google Scholar
• Laug E. P., Kunze F. M. The penetration of lead through the skin. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 1948; 30: 256
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabinowitz M. B., Wetherill G. W., Kopple J. D. Lead metabolism in the normal human: stable isotope studies. Science 1973; 182: 725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiels D. O. The elimination of lead in sweat. Aust. Ann. Med. 1954; 3: 225
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabinowitz M. B., Wetherill G. W., Kopple J. D. Kinetic analysis of lead metabolism in healthy humans. J. Clin. Invest. 1976; 58: 260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastogi S. C., Clausen J. Absorption of lead through the skin. Toxicology 1976; 6: 371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pounds J. G. Percutaneous Absorption of Lead; NCTR Technical Report; Experiment Number 199. National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 1979; 5
   Google Scholar
• Bress W. C., Bidanset J. H. Percutaneous in vivo and in vitro absorption of lead. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1991; 33: 212
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fregert S. Allergic contact dermatitis from lead. Contact Dermatitis Newsl. 1973; 13: 352
   Google Scholar
• Czarnecki N., Fritsch P. Contact allergy to lead. Hautarzt 1978; 29: 445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Contact Dermatitis, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1986; 733
   Google Scholar
• Munro-Ashman D., Munro D. D., Hughes T. H. Contact dermatitis from palladium. Trans. St. John's Hosp. Dermatol. Soc. 1969; 55: 196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roshchin A. V. [Problem of metals in work hygiene]. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 1977; 28: 35
   Google Scholar
• Wahlberg J. E., Bowman A. Palladium chloride—a potential sensitizer in the guinea pig. Am. J. Contact Dermatitis 1990; 1: 112
   Google Scholar
• Guerra L., Misciali C., Borrello P., Melino M. Sensitization to palladium. Contact Dermatitis 1988; 19: 306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camarasa J. G., Serra-Baldrich E. Palladium contact dermatitis. Am. J. Contact Dermatitis 1990; 1: 114
   Google Scholar
• Rebandel P., Rudzki E. Allergy to palladium. Contact Dermatitis 1990; 23: 121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackel H., Miller K., Eisner P., Burg G. Unusual combined sensitization to palladium and other metals. Contact Dermatitis 1991; 24: 131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenberg B., Renshaw E., Van Camp L., Hartwick J., Drobnik J. Platinum-induced filamentous growth inEscherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 1967; 93: 716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman A., Dwyer F. P. Metal chelates in biological systems. Chelating Agents and Metal Chelates, F. P. Dwyer, D. P. Mellor. Academic Press, New York 1964; 383
   Google Scholar
• Roshchin A. V., Veselov V. G., Panova A. I. Industrial toxicology of metals of the platinum group. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 1984; 28: 17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Featherstone J., Dykes P. J., Marks R. The effect of platinum complexes on human skin cells in vivo and in vitro. Skin Pharmacol. 1991; 4: 169
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parrott J. L., Hebert R., Saindelle A., Ruff F. Platinum and platinosis. Allergy and histamine release due to some platinum salts. Arch. Environ. Health. 1969; 19: 685
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts A. E. Platinosis. A five year study of the effects of soluble platinum salts on employees in a platinum laboratory and refinery. AMA Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 1951; 4: 549
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levene G. M., Calnan C. D. Platinum sensitivity: treatment by specific hyposensitization. Clin. Allergy 1971; 1: 75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freedman S. O., Krupey J. Respiratory allergy caused by platinum salts. J. Allergy 1968; 42: 233
   Google Scholar
• Pepys J., Pickering C. A. C., Hughes E. G. Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents—complex salts of platinum. Clin. Allergy 1972; 2: 391
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cleare M. J., Hughes E. G., Jacoby B., Pepys J. Immediate (type I) allergic responses to platinum compounds. Clin. Allergy 1976; 6: 183
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lui J., Hsu C. Y., Liu Y. K., Cheng W. J. Therapeutic effect of antimony potassium tartrate in the treatment of schistosomiasis. Chin. Med. J. 1958; 76: 11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harvey S. C. Heavy metals: antimony. The Pharmacological Basis for Therapeutics; A Textbook of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics for Physicians and Medical Students, 3rd ed. Macmillan, New York 1965; 951
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson C. J. Antimony spots. Trans. St. John's Hosp. Dermatol. Soc. 1965; 51: 40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paschoud J. M. Deux cas d'eczéma de contact lichénoïde rappelant de très près le lichen plan. Dermatologica 1963; 127: 99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paschoud J. M. Notes cliniques au sujet des eczemas de contact professionnels par l'arsenic et l'antimoine. Dermatologica 1964; 129: 410
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schrauzer G. N. Selenium: anticarcinogenic action of an essential trace element. Proc. Symp. on Selenium-Tellurium in the Environment. Industrial Health Foundation, Pittsburgh 1976; 293
   Google Scholar
• Robertson D. S. F. Selenium—a possible teratogen. Lancet 1970; 1: 518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moxan A. L., Rhian M. Selenium poisoning. Physiol. Rev. 1943; 203: 305
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder H. A., Frost D. V., Balassa J. J. Essential trace metals in man: selenium. J. Chronic Dis. 1970; 23: 227
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schroeder H. A., Mitchener M. Selenium and tellurium in mice. Effects on growth, survival, and tumors. Arch. Environ. Health 1972; 24: 66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldfield J. E. The selenium story: a second chapter. Selenium in Biology and Medicine, J. E. Spallholz, J. L. Martin, H. E. Ganther. AVI Publishing, Westport, CT 1981; 1
   Google Scholar
• Gissel-Nielsen G. Selenium in soils and plants. Proc. Symp. on Selenium-Tellurium in the Environment. Industrial Health Foundation, Pittsburgh 1976; 10
   Google Scholar
• Hoekstra W. G. Biochemical role of selenium. 2nd Int. Symp. on Trace Element Metabolism in Animals, W. G. Hoekstra, J. W. Suttie, H. E. Ganther, W. Mertz. University Park Press, Baltimore 1974; 61
   Google Scholar
• Diplock A. T. The tocopherol-selenium interaction. Proc. Symp. on Selenium-Tellurium in the Environment. Industrial Health Foundation, Pittsburgh 1976; 158
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg M. H., Necheles T. F. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase deficiency. Biochemical studies on the mechanisms of drug-induced hemolysis. Am. J. Med. 1971; 50: 542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamberger R. J. Selenium in health and disease. Proc. Symp. on Selenium-Tellurium in the Environment. Industrial Health Foundation, Pittsburgh 1976; 253
   Google Scholar
• Andren A. W., Klein D. H., Tolmi Y. Selenium in coal-fired steam plant emissions. Environ. Sci. Tecnnol. 1975; 9: 856
   Google Scholar
• Medinsky M. A., Cuddihy R. G., McCleUan R. O. Systemic absorption of selenious acid and elemental selenium aerosols in rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1981; 8: 917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutkiewicz T., Dutkiewicz B., Balcerska I. Dynamics of organ and tissue distribution of selenium after intragastric and dermal administration of sodium selenite. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 1971; 4: 475
   Google Scholar
• Smith M. J., Westfall B. B. Further field studies on the selenium problem in relation to public health. Public Health Rep. 1937; 52: 1375
   Google Scholar
• Jaffé W. G. Effect of selenium intake in humans and in rats. Proc. Symp. on Selenium-Tellurium in the Environment. Industrial Health Foundation, Pittsburgh 1976; 188
   Google Scholar
• Yang G. Q., Wang S. Z., Zhou R. H., Sun S. Z. Endemic selenium intoxication of humans in China. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1983; 37: 872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover J. R. Environmental health aspects of selenium and tellurium. Proc. Symp. on Selenium-Tellurium in the Environment. Industrial Health Foundation, Pittsburgh 1976; 279
   Google Scholar
• Chen R. W., Whanger P. D., Fang S. C. Diversion of mercury binding in rat tissues by selenium: a possible mechanism of protection. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 1974; 6: 571
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slinger W. N., Hubbard D. M. Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis with a shampoo containing selenium disulfide. AMA Arch. Dermatol. Syphilol. 1951; 64: 41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sánchez J. L., Torres V. M. Double-blind efficacy study of selenium sulfide in tinea versicolor. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1984; 11: 235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro E. M., Pomerat C. M., Mullins J. F. Toxicity studies on selenium disulfide suspension. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1955; 11: 235
   Google Scholar
• Cummins L. M., Kimura E. T. Safety evaluation of selenium sulfide antidandruff shampoos. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1971; 20: 89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Contact Dermatitis, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1986; 739
   Google Scholar
• Fritsch P., De Saint Blanquat G., Derache R. [Nutritional and toxicological study of rats fed a diet containing tin (author's transl.)]. Toxicology 1977; 8: 165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudene C. Food contamination by metals. Trace Metals: Exposure and Health Effects: Proc. Res. Semin. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1979; 163
   Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi M., Tamamoto T. Effect of tin on calcium content in the bile of rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978; 45: 611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokinger H. E. The metals. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 2A, Toxicology, 3rd ed., G. D. Clayton, F. E. Clayton. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1981, 1961
   Google Scholar
• Barnes J. M., Stoner H. B. Toxic properties of some dialkyl and trialkyl tin salts. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1958; 15: 15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall C. A., Ludwig P. D. Evaluation of the potential use for several organotin compounds against the sheep blowfly (Lucilia spp.). Vet. Res. 1972; 90: 29
   Google Scholar
• Ascher K. R. S., Nissim S. Organotin compounds and their potential use in insect control. World Rev. Pest Control 1964; 3: 188
   Google Scholar
• Stoner H. B. Toxicity of triphenyltin. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1966; 23: 222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alajouanine T., Dérobert L., Thiéffry S. Étude clinique d'ensemble de 210 cas d'intoxication par les sels organiques d'étain. Rev. Neurol. 1958; 98: 85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menné T., Andersen K. E., Kaaber K., Osmundsen P. E., Andersen J. R., Yding F., Valeur G. Tin: an overlooked contact sensitizer. Contact Dermatitis 1987; 16: 9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penninks A. H., Seinen W. Immunotoxicity of organotin compounds. A cell biological approach to dialkyltin induced thymus atrophy. Int. Semin. on the Immunological System as a Target for Toxic Damage, A. Berlin, J. Dean, M. H. Draper, E. M. B. Smith, F. Spreafico. Martinus Nijhoff, DordrechtThe Netherlands 1987; 258
   Google Scholar
• Comar C. L. Some principles of strontium metabolism: implications, applications, limitations. Int. Symp. on Some Aspects of Strontium Metabolism, J. M. A. Lenihan, J. F. Loutit, J. H. Martin. Academic Press, London 1967; 17
   Google Scholar
• Shimmins J. G., Smith D. A., Nordin B. E. C., Burkinshaw L. A comparison between cal-cium-45 and strontium-85 absorption, excretion and skeletal uptake. Int. Symp. on Some Aspects of Strontium Metabolism, J. M. A. Lenihan, J. F. Loutit, J. H. Martin. Academic Press, London 1967; 149
   Google Scholar
• McClellan R. O., Jones R. K. 90Sr-Induced neoplasia: a selective review. Delayed Effects of Bone-Seeking Radionuclides, C. W. Mays, W. S. S. Jee, R. D. Lloyd, B. J. Stover, J. H. Dougherty, G. N. Taylor. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, UT 1969; 293
   Google Scholar
• Bruce R. S., Bartlett B. O., Scott Russell R. Time course of the transfer of strontium-90 through food chains to man. Int. Symp. on Some Aspects of Strontium Metabolism, J. M. A. Lenihan, J. F. Loutit, J. H. Martin. Academic Press, London 1967; 33
   Google Scholar
• Wahlberg J. E. Percutaneous absorption of radioactive strontium chloride Sr 89 (89SrCl2). A comparison with 11 other metal compounds. Arch. Dermatol. 1968; 97: 336
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loeffler R. K., Thomas V. A Quantitative study of percutaneous absorption. I. Absorption of radiostrontium chloride in minute quantities through intact and mechanically damaged rat skin. Nucl. Sci. Abstr. 1951; 5: 48
   Google Scholar
• Ilyin L. A., Ivannikov A. T., Parfenov Y. D., Stolyarov V. P. Strontium absorption through damaged and undamaged human skin. Health Phys. 1975; 29: 75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Il'in L. A., Ivannikov A. T., Parfenov I. D., Konstantinova T. P., Popov B. A. [Hygienic evaluation of the radiation hazard and the effectiveness of protection during contact of Sr85 with excoriations and intact integument of man]. Med. Radiol. 1975; 20: 44
   Google Scholar
• Barclay R. K., Peacock W. C., Karnofsky D. A. Distribution and excretion of radioactive thallium in the chick embryo, rat and man. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1953; 107: 178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyroth F. F. Thallium. A review and summary of medical literature. Public Health Rep. 1947; 197: 1, Suppl.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Occupational Safety and Health. RTECS—Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, Vol. 5, 1985–86 Ed. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, D.C. 1988; 4637
   Google Scholar
• Stolman A., Stewart C. P. Metallic poisons. Toxicology, Mechanisms and Analytical Methods, Vol. 1, C. P. Stewart, A. Stolman. Academic Press, New York 1960; 202
   Google Scholar
• Prick J. J. G., Smitt W. G. S., Muller L. General remarks and discussion of the literature. Thallium Poisoning, J. J. G. Prick, W. G. S. Smitt, L. Muller. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1955; 7
   Google Scholar
• Thyresson N. Experimental investigation on thallium poisoning in the rat. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1951; 31: 3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mullins L. J., Moore R. D. The movement of thallium ions in muscle. J. Gen. Physiol. 1960; 43: 759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeschlin S. Poisoning. Diagnosis and Treatment. Grune & Stratton, New York 1965; 162
   Google Scholar
• Reith J. F. Toxicological notes on thallium intoxication. Thallium Poisoning, J. J. G. Prick, W. G. S. Smitt, L. Muller. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1955; 121
   Google Scholar
• Willsky G. R. Vanadium in the biosphere. Vanadium in Biological Systems: Physiology and Biochemistry, N. DennisChasteen. Kluwer, DordrechtThe Netherlands 1990; 1
   Google Scholar
• Shechter Y., Meyerovitch J., Farfel Z., Sack J., Bruck R., Bar-Meir S., Amir S., Dengani H., Karlish S. J. D. Insulin mimetic effects of vanadium. Vanadium in Biological Systems: Physiology and Biochemistry, N. DennisChasteen. Kluwer, DordrechtThe Netherlands 1990; 129
   Google Scholar
• Zenz C. Vanadium. Metals in the Environment, H. A. Waldron. Academic Press, London 1980; 301
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen F. H., Uthus E. O. The essentiality and metabolism of vanadium. Vanadium in Biological Systems: Physiology and Biochemistry, N. DennisChasteen. Kluwer, DordrechtThe Netherlands 1990; 51
   Google Scholar
• Stokinger H. E. The Metals. Vanadium. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 2A, Toxicology, 3rd ed., G. D. Clayton, F. E. Clayton. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1981; 2013
   Google Scholar
• Thomas D. L. G., Stiebris K. Vanadium poisoning in industry. Med. J. Aust. 1956; 1: 607
   Google Scholar
• Hambidge K. M. Zinc deficiency in man: its origins and effects. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B 1981; 294: 129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans G. W. Zinc and its deficiency diseases. Clin. Physiol. Biochem. 1986; 4: 94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuramoto Y., Igarashi Y., Tagami H. Acquired zinc deficiency in breast-fed infants. Semin. Dermatol. 1991; 10: 309
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miyata S., Okuno T., Shimamura Y., Miyake T. Age-related changes of zinc absorption and excretion. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., L. Friberg, G. F. Nordberg, V. B. Vouk. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1986; 41
   Google Scholar
• Kapur S. P., Bhussry B. R., Rao S., Harmuth-Hoene E. Percutaneous uptake of zinc in rabbit skin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1974; 145: 932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derry J. E., McLean W. M., Freeman J. B. A study of the percutaneous absorption from topically applied zinc oxide ointment. JPEN 1983; 7: 131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keen C. L., Hurley L. S. Zinc absorption through skin: correction of zinc deficiency in the rat. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1977; 30: 528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven E. P., Cox A. J. The histochemical localization of histidine in the human epidermis and its relationship to zinc binding. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1963; 11: 782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wormser U., BenZakine S. Increased levels of hepatic and renal metallothionein in the rat and guinea pig after percutaneous application of zinc chloride. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1991; 46: 249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison M. E., Walls C., Korslund M. K., Ritchey S. J. An estimation of mineral losses through arm sweat of preadolescent children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1976; 29: 842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad A. S., Schulert A. R., Sandstead H. H., Miale A., Farid Z. Zinc, iron and nitrogen content of sweat in normal and deficient subjects. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1963; 62: 84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunnane S. C. Zinc: Clinical and Biochemical Significance. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1988; 57
   Google Scholar
• Weismann K. Zinc Deficiency and Effects of Systemic Zinc Therapy (dissertation). FADL's Forlag, Kobenhavn 1980; 40
   Google Scholar
• Weismann K. Zinc Deficiency and Effects of Systemic Zinc Therapy (dissertation). FADL's Forlag, Kobenhavn 1980; 18
   Google Scholar
• Millar M. J., Vincent N. R., Mawson C. A. An autoradiographic study of the distribution of zinc65 in rat tissues. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1961; 9: 111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portnoy B., Molokhia M. M. Zinc and the skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 1970; 83: 412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu J. M. Zinc as related to cysteine metabolism. Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease. Zinc and Copper. Vol. 1, A. S. Prasad, D. Oberleas. Academic Press, New York 1976; 295
   Google Scholar
• Ågren M. A. Percutaneous absorption of zinc from zinc oxide applied topically to intact skin in man. Dermatologica 1990; 180: 36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hallmans G., Lidén S. Penetration of65Zn through the skin of rats. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1979; 59: 105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaassen C. D. Absorption, distribution, and excretion of zinc pyridinethione in rabbits. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1976; 35: 581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Contact Dermatitis, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1986; 737
   Google Scholar
• Helander I., Mäkelä A. Contact urticaria to zinc diethyldithiocarbamate. Contact Dermatitis 1983; 9: 327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraker P. J. Zinc deficiency: a common immunodeficiency state. Surv. Immunol. Res. 1983; 2: 155
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiyoya S., Hanada K., Hashimoto I., Katabira Y. Influence of zinc deficiency on cell-mediated immunity. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., L. Friberg, G. F. Nordberg, V. B. Vouk. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1986; 37
   Google Scholar
• Fraker P. J., Zwickl C. M., Luecke R. W. Delayed type hypersensitivity in zinc deficient adult mice: impairment and restoration of responsivity to dinitrofluorobenzene. J. Nutr. 1982; 112: 309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenthal W. B. Zirconium in the ecology. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc 1973; 34: 128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein W. L., Alien J. R. Granulomatous hypersensitivity after use of zirconium-containing poison oak lotions. JAMA 1964; 190: 162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rublin L., Slepyan A. H., Weber L. F., Neuhauser I. Granulomas of axillas caused by deodorants. JAMA 1956; 162: 953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk J. L., Parker D. Sensitization with Cr, Ni, and Zr salts and allergic type granuloma formation in the guinea pig. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1977; 68: 341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criep L. H. Allergy to argyrol. JAMA 1943; 121: 421
   Google Scholar
• Veien N. K., Hattel T., Justesen O., Norholm A. Aluminium allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1986; 15: 295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler J. F. Allergic contact dermatitis to gold [letter]. Arch. Dermatol. 1988; 124: 181
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiesenfeld D., Ferguson M. M., Forsyth A., MacDonald D. G. Allergy to dental gold. Oral Surg. 1984; 57: 158
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mountcastle E. A., James W. D., Rodman O. G. Allergic contact stomatitis to a dental impression material [letter]. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1986; 15: 1055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilaplana J., Romaguera C., Grimalt F. Occupational and non-occupational allergic contact dermatitis from beryllium. Contact Dermatitis 1992; 26: 295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rystedt I. Evaluation and relevance of isolated test reactions to cobalt. Contact Dermatitis 1979; 5: 233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaaber K., Veien N. K. The significance of chromate ingestion in patients allergic to chromate. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1977; 57: 321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanUlsen J., Stolz E., Van Joost T. Chromate dermatitis from a homeopathic drug. Contact Dermatitis 1988; 18: 56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid D. J. Allergic reaction to copper cement. Br. Dent. J. 1968; 124: 92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VanJoost T., Habets J. M. W., Stolz E., Naafs B. The meaning of positive patch tests to copper sulphate in nickel allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1988; 18: 101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews K. P. Immediate type hypersensitivity to phenylmercuric compounds. Am. J. Med. 1968; 44: 310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Contact Dermatitis, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1986; 735
   Google Scholar
• Feuerman E. J. Recurrent contact dermatitis caused by mercury amalgam dental fillings. Int. J. Dermatol. 1975; 14: 657
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• España A., Alonso M. L., Soria C., Guimaraens D., Ledo A. Chronic urticaria after implantation of 2 nickel-containing dental prosthesis in a nickel-allergic patient. Contact Dermatitis 1989; 21: 204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osmundsen P. E. Contact urticaria from nickel and plastic additives (butylhydroxytoluene, oleylamide). Contact Dermatitis 1980; 6: 452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romaguera C., Vilaplana J., Grimalt F. Contact stomatitis from a dental prosthesis. Contact Dermatitis 1989; 21: 204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanKetel W. G., Niebber C. Allergy to palladium in dental alloys. Contact Dermatitis 1981; 7: 331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanLoon L. A. J., Van Elsas P. W., Van Joost T., Davidson C. L. Contact stomatitis and dermatitis to nickel and palladium. Contact Dermatitis 1984; 11: 294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Contact Dermatitis, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1986; 698
   Google Scholar
• Baker D. B., Gann P. H., Brooks S. M., Gallagher J., Bernstein I. L. Cross-sectional study of platinum salts sensitization among precious metals refinery workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1990; 18: 653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheard C. Contact dermatitis from platinum and related metals: report of a case. A.M.A. Arch. Dermatol. 1955; 71: 357
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisher A. A. Contact Dermatitis, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1986; 734
   Google Scholar
• Feinglos M. N., Jegasothy B. V. “Insulin” allergy due to zinc. Lancet 1979; 1: 122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordaan H. F., Sandler M. Zinc-induced granuloma—a unique complication of insulin therapy. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 1989; 14: 227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koizumi H., Tomoyori T., Kumakiri M., Ohkawara A. Acupuncture needle dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1989; 21: 352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar