The A–Z of bacterial translation inhibitors

References

• Aarestrup FM and Jensen LB. 2000. Presence of variations in ribosomal protein L16 corresponding to susceptibility of enterococci to oligosaccharides (Avilamycin and evernimicin). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:3425–3427.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adrian PV, Mendrick C, Loebenberg D, McNicholas P, Shaw KJ, Klugman KP, Hare RS and Black TA. 2000a. Evernimicin (SCH27899) inhibits a novel ribosome target site: analysis of 23S ribosomal DNA mutants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:3101–3106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adrian PV, Zhao W, Black TA, Shaw KJ, Hare RS and Klugman KP. 2000b. Mutations in ribosomal protein L16 conferring reduced susceptibility to evernimicin (SCH27899): implications for mechanism of action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:732–738.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agmon I, Auerbach T, Baram D, Bartels H, Bashan A, Berisio R, Fucini P, Hansen H, Harms J, Kessler M, Peretz M, Schluenzen F, Yonath A and Zarivach R. 2003. On peptide bond formation, translocation, nascent protein progression and the regulatory properties of ribosomes. Eur J Biochem 270:2543–2556.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agrawal R, Penczek P, Grassucci R and Frank J. 1998. Visualization of elongation factor G on the Escherichia coli 70S ribosome: The mechanism of translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:6134–6138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal RK, Heagle AB, Penczek P, Grassucci RA and Frank J. 1999. EF-G-dependent GTP hydrolysis induces translocation accompanied by large conformational changes in the 70S ribosome. Nature Struct Biol 6:643–647.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agrawal RK, Linde J, Sengupta J, Nierhaus KH and Frank J. 2001. Localization of L11 protein on the ribosome and elucidation of its involvement in EF-G-dependent translocation. J Mol Biol 311:777–787.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen G, Zavialov A, Gursky R, Ehrenberg M and Frank J. 2005. The cryo-EM structure of a translation initiation complex from Escherichia coli. Cell 121:703–712.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aoki H, Ke L, Poppe SM, Poel TJ, Weaver EA, Gadwood RC, Thomas RC, Shinabarger DL and Ganoza MC. 2002. Oxazolidinone antibiotics target the P site on Escherichia coli ribosomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:1080–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagley M, Dale J, Merritt E and Xiong X. 2005. Thiopeptide antibiotics. Chem Rev 105:685–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker-Woudenberg IA, van Vianen W, van Soolingen D, Verbrugh HA and van Agtmael MA. 2005. Antimycobacterial agents differ with respect to their bacteriostatic versus bactericidal activities in relation to time of exposure, mycobacterial growth phase, and their use in combination. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:2387–2398.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balakin AG, Skripkin EA, Shatsky IN and Bogdanov AA. 1992. Unusual ribosome binding properties of messenger RNA encoding bacteriophage lambda repressor. Nucl Acids Res 20:563–571.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barbacid M and Vazquez D. 1974. (3H)anisomycin binding to eukaryotic ribosomes. J Mol Biol 84:603–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartz QR, Ehrlich J, Mold JD, Penner MA and Smith RM. 1951. Viomycin, a new tuberculostatic antibiotic. Am Rev Tuberc 63:4–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bashan A, Agmon I, Zarivach R, Schluenzen F, Harms J, Berisio R, Bartels H, Franceschi F, Auerbach T, Hansen HA, Kossoy E, Kessler M. and Yonath A. 2003. Structural basis of the ribosomal machinery for peptide bond formation, translocation, and nascent chain progression. Mol. Cell 11:91–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bauer G, Berens C, Projan S and Hillen W. 2004. Comparison of tetracycline and tigecycline binding to ribosomes mapped by dimethylsulphate and drug-directed Fe2+ cleavage of 16S rRNA. J Antimicrob Chemother 53:592–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belova L, Tenson T, Xiong LQ, McNicholas PM and Mankin AS. 2001. A novel site of antibiotic action in the ribosome: Interaction of evernimicin with the large ribosomal subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:3726–3731.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergeron J, Ammirati M, Danley D, James L, Norcia M, Retsema J, Strick CA, Su WG, Sutcliffe J and Wondrack L. 1996. Glycylcyclines bind to the high-affinity tetracycline ribosomal binding site and evade Tet(M)- and Tet(O)-mediated ribosomal protection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40:2226–2228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beringer M and Rodnina MV. 2007. The ribosomal peptidyl transferase. Mol Cell 26:311–321.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beringer M, Bruell C, Xiong L, Pfister P, Bieling P, Katunin VI, Mankin AS, Bottger EC and Rodnina MV. 2005. Essential mechanisms in the catalysis of peptide bond formation on the ribosome. J Biol Chem 280:36065–36072.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berisio R, Harms J, Schluenzen F, Zarivach R, Hansen H, Fucini P and Yonath A. 2003a. Structural insight into the antibiotic action of telithromycin on resistant mutants. J Bact 185:4276–4279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berisio R, Schluenzen F, Harms J, Bashan A, Auerbach T, Baram D and Yonath A. 2003b. Structural insight into the role of the ribosomal tunnel in cellular regulation. Nat. Struct. Biol. 10:366–370.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Besier S, Ludwig A, Brade V and Wichelhaus TA. 2003. Molecular analysis of fusidic acid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 47:463–469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Besier S, Ludwig A, Brade V and Wichelhaus TA. 2005. Compensatory adaptation to the loss of biological fitness associated with acquisition of fusidic acid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:1426–1431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhuyan BK. 1967. Pactamycin, an antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis. Biochem Pharmacol 16:1411–1420.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bilgin N, Richter AA, Ehrenberg M, Dahlberg AE and Kurland CG. 1990. Ribosomal RNA and protein mutants resistant to spectinomycin. EMBO J 9:735–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaha G, Gurel G, Schroeder SJ, Moore PB and Steitz TA. 2008. Mutations outside the anisomycin-binding site can make ribosomes drug-resistant. J Mol Biol 379:505–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard SC, Gonzalez RL, Kim HD, Chu S and Puglisi JD. 2004. tRNA selection and kinetic proofreading in translation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 11:1008–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boddeker N, Bahador G, Gibbs C, Mabery E, Wolf J, Xu L and Watson J. 2002. Characterization of a novel antibacterial agent that inhibits bacterial translation. RNA 8:1120–1128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bodley JW, Zieve FJ, Lin L and Zieve ST. 1969. Formation of the ribosome-G factor-GDP complex in the presence of fusidic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 37:437–443.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bommakanti AS, Lindahl L and Zengel JM. 2008. Mutation from guanine to adenine in 25S rRNA at the position equivalent to E. coli A2058 does not confer erythromycin sensitivity in Sacchromyces cerevisae. RNA 14:460–464.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borovinskaya MA, Pai RD, Zhang W, Schuwirth BS, Holton JM, Hirokawa G, Kaji H, Kaji A and Cate JH. 2007a. Structural basis for aminoglycoside inhibition of bacterial ribosome recycling. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14:727–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borovinskaya MA, Shoji S, Holton JM, Fredrick K and Cate JH. 2007b. A steric block in translation caused by the antibiotic spectinomycin. ACS Chem Biol 2:545–552.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borovinskaya MA, Shoji S, Fredrick K and Cate JH. 2008. Structural basis for hygromycin B inhibition of protein biosynthesis. RNA 14:1590–1599.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bosling J, Poulsen SM, Vester B and Long KS. 2003. Resistance to the peptidyl transferase inhibitor tiamulin caused by mutation of ribosomal protein L3. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:2892–2896.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brandi L, Marzi S, Fabbretti A, Fleischer C, Hill W, Lodmell J and Gualerzi C. 2004. The translation initiation functions of IF2: Targets for thiostrepton inhibition. J Mol Biol 335:881–894.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brandi L, Fabbretti A, Di Stefano M, Lazzarini A, Abbondi M and Gualerzi CO. 2006a. Characterization of GE82832, a peptide inhibitor of translocation interacting with bacterial 30S ribosomal subunits. RNA 12:1262–1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandi L, Fabbretti A, La Teana A, Abbondi M, Losi D, Donadio S and Gualerzi C. 2006b. Specific, efficient, and selective inhibition of prokaryotic translation initiation by a novel peptide antibiotic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandi L, Lazzarini A, Cavaletti L, Abbondi M, Corti E, Ciciliato I, Gastaldo L, Marazzi A, Feroggio M, Fabbretti A, Maio A, Colombo L, Donadio S, Marinelli F, Losi D, Gualerzi CO and Selva E. 2006. Novel tetrapeptide inhibitors of bacterial protein synthesis produced by a Streptomyces sp. Biochemistry 45:3692–3702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brink MF, Brink G, Verbeet MP and Deboer HA. 1994. Spectinomycin interacts specifically with the residues G(1064) and C(1192) in 16S rRNA, thereby potentially freezing this molecule into an inactive conformation. Nucleic Acids Res 22:325–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodersen DE, Clemons WM, Carter AP, Morgan-Warren RJ, Wimberly BT and Ramakrishnan V. 2000. The structural basis for the action of the antibiotics tetracycline, pactamycin, and hygromycin B on the 30S ribosomal subunit. Cell 103:1143–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks G, Burgess W, Colthurst D, Hinks JD, Hunt E, Pearson MJ, Shea B, Takle AK, Wilson JM and Woodnutt G. 2001. Pleuromutilins. Part 1. The identification of novel mutilin 14-carbamates. Bioorg Med Chem 9:1221–1231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burakovskii DE, Smirnova AS, Lesniak DV, Kiparisov SV, Leonov AA, Sergiev PV, Bogdanov AA and Dontsova OA. 2007. Interaction of 23S ribosomal RNA helices 89 and 91 of Escherichia coli contributes to the activity of IF2 but is insignificant for elongation factors functioning. Mol Biol (Mosk) 41:1031–1041.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burghardt H, Schimz KL and Muller M. 1998. On the target of a novel class of antibiotics, oxazolidinones, active against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. FEBS Lett 425:40–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabanas MJ, Vazquez D and Modolell J. 1978. Inhibition of ribosomal translocation by aminoglycoside antibiotics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 83:991–997.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cameron D, Thompson J, Gregory S, March P and Dahlberg A. 2004. Thiostrepton-resistant mutants of Thermus thermophilus. Nucleic Acids Res 32:3220–3227.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Canu A and Leclercq R. 2001. Overcoming bacterial resistance by dual target inhibition: the case of streptogramins. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord 1:215–225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carrasco L and Vazquez D. 1972. Survey of inhibitors in different steps of protein synthesis by mammalian ribosomes. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 25:732–737.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carter AP, Clemons WM, Brodersen DE, Morgan-Warren RJ, Wimberly BT and Ramakrishnan V. 2000. Functional insights from the structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit and its interactions with antibiotics. Nature 407:340–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celma ML, Monro RE and Vazquez D. 1970. Substrate and antibiotic binding sites at the peptidyl transferase centre of E. coli ribosomes. FEBS Lett 6:273–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Celma ML, Monro RE and Vazquez D. 1971. Substrate and antibiotic binding sites at the peptidyl transferase centre of E. coli ribosomes: binding of UACCA-leu to 50S subunits. FEBS Lett 13:247–251.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Champney WS. 2001. Bacterial ribosomal subunit synthesis: a novel antibiotic target. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord 1:19–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Champney WS. 2006. The other target for ribosomal antibiotics: inhibition of bacterial ribosomal subunit formation. Infect Disord Drug Targets 6:377–390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chin K, Shean CS and Gottesman ME. 1993. Resistance of lambda cI translation to antibiotics that inhibit translation initiation. J Bacteriol 175:7471–7473.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chinali G, Moureau P and Cocito C. 1984. The action of virginiamycin M on the acceptor, donor, and catalytic sites of peptidyltransferase. J Biol Chem 259:9563–9568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinali G, Nyssen E, Di Giambattista M and Cocito C. 1988a. Action of erythromycin and virginiamycin S on polypeptide synthesis in cell-free systems. Biochim Biophys Acta 951:42–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinali G, Nyssen E, Di Giambattista M and Cocito C. 1988b. Inhibition of polypeptide synthesis in cell-free systems by virginiamycin S and erythromycin. Evidence for a common mode of action of type B synergimycins and 14-membered macrolides. Biochim Biophys Acta 949:71–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chittum HS and Champney WS. 1994. Ribosomal protein gene sequence changes in erythromycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 176:6192–6198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopra I. 2002. New developments in tetracycline antibiotics: glycylcyclines and tetracycline efflux pump inhibitors. Drug Resist Updates 5:119–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopra I and Roberts M. 2001. Tetracycline antibiotics: mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 65:232–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocito C, DiGiambattista M, Nyssen E and Vannuffel P. 1997. Inhibition of protein synthesis by streptogramins and related antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 39:7–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colca JR, McDonald WG, Waldon DJ, Thomasco LM, Gadwood RC, Lund ET, Cavey GS, Mathews WR, Adams LD, Cecil ET, Pearson JD, Bock JH, Mott JE, Shinabarger DL, Xiong L and Mankin AS. 2003. Crosslinking in the living cell locates the site of action of oxazolidinone antibiotics. J Biol Chem 278:21972–21979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comartin DJ and Brown ED. 2006. Non-ribosomal factors in ribosome subunit assembly are emerging targets for new antibacterial drugs. Curr Opin Pharmacol 6:453–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell SR, Trieber CA, Stelzl U, Einfeldt E, Taylor DE and Nierhaus KH. 2002. The tetracycline resistance protein Tet(O) perturbs the conformation of the ribosomal decoding centre. Mol Microbiol 45:1463–1472.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Connell SR, Tracz DM, Nierhaus KH and Taylor DE. 2003. Ribosomal protection proteins and their mechanism of tetracycline resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:3675–3681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell SR, Takemoto C, Wilson DN, Wang H, Murayama K, Terada T, Shirouzu M, Rost M, Schuler M, Giesebrecht J, Dabrowski M, Mielke T, Fucini P, Yokoyama S and Spahn CM. 2007. Structural basis for interaction of the ribosome with the switch regions of GTP-bound elongation factors. Mol Cell 25:751–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell SR, Topf M, Qin Y, Wilson DN, Mielke T, Fucini P, Nierhaus KH and Spahn CM. 2008. A new tRNA intermediate revealed on the ribosome during EF4-mediated back-translocation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15:910–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly K, Rife JP and Culver G. 2008. Mechanistic insight into the ribosome biogenesis functions of the ancient protein KsgA. Mol Microbiol 70:1062–1075.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Contreras A and Vazquez D. 1977. Cooperative and antagonistic interactions of peptidyl-tRNA and antibiotics with bacterial ribosomes. Eur J Biochem 74:539–547.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cundliffe E, Dixon P, Stark M, Stöffler G, Ehrlich R, Stöffler-Meilicke M and Cannon M. 1979. Ribosomes in thiostrepton-resistant mutants of B. megaterium lacking a single 50S subunit protein. J Mol Biol 132:235–252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dandliker P, Pratt S, Nilius A, Black-Schaefer C, Ruan X, Towne D, Clark R, Englund E, Wagner R, Weitzberg M, Chovan L, Hickman R, Daly M, Kakavas S, Zhong P, Cao Z, David C, Xuei X, Lerner C, Soni N, Bui M, Shen L, Cai Y, Merta P, Saiki A and Beutel B. 2003. Novel antibacterial class. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:3831–3839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das B, Rudra S, Yadav A, Ray A, Rao AV, Srinivas AS, Soni A, Saini S, Shukla S, Pandya M, Bhateja P, Malhotra S, Mathur T, Arora SK, Rattan A and Mehta A. 2005. Synthesis and SAR of novel oxazolidinones: discovery of ranbezolid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15:4261–4267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidovich C, Bashan A, Auerbach-Nevo T, Yaggie RD, Gontarek RR and Yonath A. 2007. Induced-fit tightens pleuromutilins binding to ribosomes and remote interactions enable their selectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:4291–4296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidovich C, Bashan A and Yonath A. 2008. Structural basis for cross-resistance to ribosomal PTC antibiotics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:20665–20670.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies C, Bussiere DE, Golden BL, Porter SJ, Ramakrishnan V and White SW. 1998. Ribosomal proteins S5 and L6: High-resolution crystal structures and roles in protein synthesis and antibiotic resistance. J Mol Biol 279:873–888.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies J. 1990. What are antibiotics? Archaic functions for modern activities. Mol Microbiol 4:1227–1232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies J, Anderson P and Davis BD. 1965. Inhibition of protein synthesis by spectinomycin. Science 149:1096–1098.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis BD. 1987. Mechanism of bactericidal action of aminoglycosides. Microbiol Rev 51:341–350.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Depardieu F and Courvalin P. 2001. Mutation in 23S rRNA responsible for resistance to 16-membered macrolides and streptogramins in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:319–323.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Giambattista M, Vannuffel P, Sunazuka T, Jacob T, Omura S and Cocito C. 1986. Antagonistic interactions of macrolides and synergimycins on bacterial ribosomes. J Antimicrob Chemother 18:307–315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Giambattista M, Chinali G and Cocito C. 1989. The molecular basis of the inhibitory activities of type A and type B synergimycins and related antibiotics on ribosomes. J Antimicrob Chemother 24:485–507.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinos G, Wilson DN, Teraoka Y, Szaflarski W, Fucini P, Kalpaxis D and Nierhaus KH. 2004. Dissecting the ribosomal inhibition mechanisms of edeine and pactamycin: the universally conserved residues G693 and C795 regulate P-site tRNA binding. Mol Cell 13:113–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dornhelm P and Hogenauer G. 1978. The effects of tiamulin, a semisynthetic pleuromutilin derivative, on bacterial polypeptide chain initiation. Eur J Biochem 91:465–473.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Douthwaite S. 1992. Interaction of the antibiotics clindamycin and lincomycin with Escherichia coli 23S ribosomal RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 20:4717–4720.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Douthwaite S, Hansen LH and Mauvais P. 2000. Macrolide-ketolide inhibition of MLS-resistant ribosomes is improved by alternative drug interaction with domain II of 23S rRNA. Mol Microbiol 36:183–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douthwaite S, Crain P, Liu M and Poehlsgaard J. 2004. The tylosin-resistance methyltransferase RlmA(II) (TlrB) modifies the N-1 position of 23S rRNA nucleotide G748. J Mol Biol 337:1073–1077.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ermolenko DN, Spiegel PC, Majumdar ZK, Hickerson RP, Clegg RM and Noller HF. 2007. The antibiotic viomycin traps the ribosome in an intermediate state of translocation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14:493–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eustice DC, Feldman PA, Zajac I and Slee AM. 1988. Mechanism of action of DuP 721: inhibition of an early event during initiation of protein synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32:1218–1222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Munoz R, Monro RE, Torres-Pinedo R and Vazquez D. 1971. Substrate- and antibiotic-binding sites at the peptidyl transferase centre of E coli ribosomes. Studies on the chloramphenicol, lincomycin and erythromycin sites. Eur J Biochem 23:185–193.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fourmy D, Recht MI, Blanchard SC and Puglisi JD. 1996. Structure of the A-site of E. coli 16S ribosomal RNA complexed with an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Science 274:1367–1371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fourmy D, Yoshizawa S and Puglisi JD. 1998. Paromomycin binding induces a local conformational change in the A-Site of 16S rRNA. J Mol Biol 277:333–345.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franceschi F and Duffy EM. 2006. Structure-based drug design meets the ribosome. Biochem Pharmacol 71:1016–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrick K and Noller HF. 2003. Catalysis of ribosomal translocation by sparsomycin. Science 300:1159–1162.
   Google Scholar
• Fried HM and Warner JR. 1981. Cloning of yeast gene for trichodermin resistance and ribosomal protein L3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:238–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromm H, Efelman M, Aviv D and Galun E. 1987. The molecular basis for rRNA-dependent spectinomycin resistance in Nicotiana chloroplasts. EMBO J 6:3233–3237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Funatsu G, Schilitz E and Wittmann HG. 1971. Ribosomal proteins: XXVII. Localization of the amino acid exchanges in protein S5 from 2 E. coli mutants resistant to spectinomycin. Molec Gen Genet 114:106–111.
   Google Scholar
• Gale EF, Cundliffe E, Reynolds PE, Richmond MH and Waring MJ. 1981. Antibiotic inhibitors of ribosome function, pp. 278–379. In: The Molecular Basis of Antibiotic Action, Bristol, UK: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Marcos A, Morreale A, Guarinos E, Briones E, Remacha M, Ortiz AR and Ballesta JP. 2007. In vivo assembling of bacterial ribosomal protein L11 into yeast ribosomes makes the particles sensitive to the prokaryotic specific antibiotic thiostrepton. Nucleic Acids Res 35:7109–7117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaynor M and Mankin A. 2003. Macrolide antibiotics: binding site, mechanism of action, resistance. Curr Top Med Chem 3:949–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geigenmüller U and Nierhaus KH. 1990. Significance of the third tRNA binding site, the E Site, on E. coli ribosomes for the accuracy of translation: an occupied E site prevents the binding of non-cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA to the A site. EMBO J 9:4527–4533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrits MM, de Zoete MR, Arents NL, Kuipers EJ and Kusters JG. 2002. 16S rRNA mutation-mediated tetracycline resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:2996–3000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godtfredsen W, Roholt K and Tybring L. 1962a. Fucidin: a new orally active antibiotic. Lancet 1:928–931.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godtfredsen WO, Jahnsen S, Lorck H, Roholt K and Tybring L. 1962b. Fusidic acid: a new antibiotic. Nature 193:987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Lorenzo MG, Spahn CMT, Agrawal RK, Grassucci RA, Penczek P, Chakraburtty K, Ballesta JPG, Lavandera JL, Garcia-Bustos JF and Frank J. 2000. Three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy localization of EF2 in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 80S ribosome at 17.5 angstrom resolution. EMBO J 19:2710–2718.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez Jr RL, Chu S and Puglisi JD. 2007. Thiostrepton inhibition of tRNA delivery to the ribosome. RNA 13:2091–2097.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gregory ST and Dahlberg AE. 1999. Erythromycin resistance mutations in ribosomal proteins L22 und L4 perturb the higher order structure of 23S ribosomal RNA. J Mol Biol 289:827–834.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grigoriadou C, Marzi S, Kirillov S, Gualerzi CO and Cooperman BS. 2007. A quantitative kinetic scheme for 70 S translation initiation complex formation. J Mol Biol 373:562–572.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gromadski KB and Rodnina MV. 2004. Streptomycin interferes with conformational coupling between codon recognition and GTPase activation on the ribosome. Nat Struct Mol Biol 11:316–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gualerzi CO and Pon CL. 1990. Initiation of messenger-RNA translation in prokaryotes. Biochemistry 29:5881–5889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero MD and Modolell J. 1980. Hygromycin A, a novel inhibitor of ribosomal peptidyltransferase. Eur J Biochem 107:409–414.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guex N and Peitsch MC. 1997. SWISS-MODEL and the Swiss-PdbViewer: An environment for comparative protein modeling. Electrophoresis 18:2714–2723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurel G, Blaha G, Moore PB and Steitz TA. 2009. U2504 determines the species specificity of the A-site cleft antibiotics:the structures of tiamulin, homoharringtonine, and bruceantin bound to the ribosome. J Mol Biol 389:146–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanka LJ, Mason DJ and Sokolski WT. 1961. Actinospectacin, a new antibiotic. II. Microbiological assay. Antibiot Chemother 11:123–126.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen JL, Ippolito JA, Ban N, Nissen P, Moore PB and Steitz TA. 2002a. The structures of four macrolide antibiotics bound to the large ribosomal subunit. Mol Cell 10:117–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen JL, Schmeing TM, Moore PB and Steitz TA. 2002b. Structural insights into peptide bond formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:11670–11675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen JL, Moore PB and Steitz TA. 2003. Structures of five antibiotics bound at the peptidyl transferase center of the large ribosomal subunit. J Mol Biol 330:1061–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen LH, Mauvais P and Douthwaite S. 1999. The macrolide-ketolide antibiotic binding site is formed by structures in domains II and V of 23S ribosomal RNA. Mol Microbiol 31:623–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms J, Schluenzen F, Fucini P, Bartels H and Yonath A. 2004. Alterations at the peptidyl transferase centre of the ribosome induced by the synergistic action of the streptogramins dalfopristin and quinupristin. BMC Biol 2:4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms JM, Wilson DN, Schluenzen F, Connell SR, Stachelhaus T, Zaborowska Z, Spahn CM and Fucini P. 2008. Translational regulation via L11: molecular switches on the ribosome turned on and off by thiostrepton and micrococcin. Mol Cell 30:26–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausner TP, Atmadja J and Nierhaus KH. 1987. Evidence that the G2661 region of 23S rRNA is located at the ribosomal binding sites of both elongation factors. Biochimie 69:911–923.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hausner TP, Geigenmüller U and Nierhaus KH. 1988. The allosteric three site model for the ribosomal elongation cycle. New insights into the inhibition mechanisms of aminoglycosides, thiostrepton, and viomycin. J Biol Chem 263:13103–13111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayashi SF, Norcia LJL, Seibel SB and Silvia AM. 1997. Structure-activity relationships of hygromycin A and its analogs: Protein synthesis inhibition activity in a cell free system. J. Antibiot. 50:514–521.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heffron SE and Jurnak F. 2000. Structure of an EF-Tu complex with a thiazolyl peptide antibiotic determined at 2.35 A resolution: atomic basis for GE2270A inhibition of EF-Tu. Biochemistry 39:37–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hilgenfeld R, Mesters J and Hogg T. 2000. Insights into the GTPase mechanism of EF-Tu from structural studies, pp. 347–357. In: Garrett RA, Douthwaite SR, Liljas A, Matheson AT, Moore PB and Noller HF, eds The Ribosome. Structure, Function, Antibiotics, and Cellular Interactions, Washington, DC: ASM press.
   Google Scholar
• Hirokawa G, Kiel MC, Muto A, Selmer M, Raj VS, Liljas A, Igarashi K, Kaji H and Kaji A. 2002. Post-termination complex disassembly by ribosome recycling factor, a functional tRNA mimic. EMBO J 21:2272–2281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirokawa G, Nijman R, Raj V, Kaji H, Igarashi K and Kaji A. 2005. The role of ribosome recycling factor in dissociation of 70S ribosomes into subunits. RNA 11:1317–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgin LA and Hogenauer G. 1974. The mode of action of pleuromutilin derivatives. Effect on cell-free polypeptide synthesis. Eur J Biochem 47:527–533.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoeksema H and Knight JC. 1975. The production of dihydrospectinomycin by Streptomyces spectabilis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 28:240–241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hogenauer G. 1975. The mode of action of pleuromutilin derivatives. Location and properties of the pleuromutilin binding site on Escherichia coli ribosomes. Eur J Biochem 52:93–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hogg T, Mesters JR and Hilgenfeld R. 2002. Inhibitory mechanisms of antibiotics targeting elongation factor Tu. Curr Protein Pept Sci 3:121–131.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hughes RA and Moody CJ. 2007. From amino acids to heteroaromatics–thiopeptide antibiotics, nature’s heterocyclic peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 46:7930–7954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummel H and Boeck A. 1987a. 23S ribosomal RNA mutations in halobacteria conferring resistance to the anti-80 S ribosome targeted antibiotic anisomycin. Nucleic Acids Res 15:2431–2443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummel H and Boeck A. 1987b. Thiostrepton resistance mutations in the gene for 23S ribosomal RNA of halobacteria. Biochimie 69:857–861.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Humphrey W, Dalke A and Schulten K. 1996.. VMD - Visual Molecular Dynamics.. J. Molec. Graphics 14:33–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannou M, Coutsogeorgopoulos C and Drainas D. 1997. Determination of eukaryotic peptidyltransferase activity by pseudo-first-order kinetic analysis. Anal Biochem 247:115–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ippolito JA, Kanyo ZF, Wang D, Franceschi FJ, Moore PB, Steitz TA and Duffy EM. 2008. Crystal structure of the oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid bound to the 50S ribosomal subunit. J Med Chem 51:3353–3356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain A and Dixit P. 2008. Multidrug-resistant to extensively drug resistant tuberculosis: what is next? J Biosci 33:605–616.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johansen SK, Maus CE, Plikaytis BB and Douthwaite S. 2006. Capreomycin binds across the ribosomal subunit interface using tlyA-encoded 2’-O-methylations in 16S and 23S rRNAs. Mol Cell 23:173–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johanson U and Hughes D. 1995. A new mutation in 16S rRNA of Escherichia coli conferring spectinomycin resistance. Nucleic Acids Res 23:464–466.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jorgensen R, Ortiz PA, Carr-Schmid A, Nissen P, Kinzy TG and Andersen GR. 2003. Two crystal structures demonstrate large conformational changes in the eukaryotic ribosomal translocase. Nat Struct Biol 10:379–385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Justice MC, Hsu MJ, Tse B, Ku T, Balkovec J, Schmatz D and Nielsen J. 1998. Elongation factor 2 as a novel target for selective inhibition of fungal protein synthesis. J Biol Chem 273:3148–3151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaberdina AC, Szaflarski W, Nierhaus KH and Moll I. 2009. An unexpected type of ribosomes induced by kasugamycin: a look into ancestral times of protein synthesis? Mol Cell 33:227–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalia V, Miglani R, Purnapatre KP, Mathur T, Singhal S, Khan S, Voleti SR, Upadhyay DJ, Saini KS, Rattan A and Raj VS. 2009. Mode of action of Ranbezolid against staphylococci and structural modeling studies of its interaction with ribosomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:1427–1433.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kallia-Raftopoulos S and Kalpaxis DL. 1999. Slow sequential conformational changes in Escherichia coli ribosomes induced by lincomycin: kinetic evidence. Mol Pharmacol 56:1042–1046.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karimi R and Ehrenberg M. 1994. Dissociation rate of cognate peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site of hyper-accurate and error-prone ribosomes. Eur J Biochem 226:355–360.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz L and Ashley GW. 2005. Translation and protein synthesis: macrolides. Chem Rev 105:499–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehrenberg C and Schwarz S. 2007. Mutations in 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein S5 associated with high-level spectinomycin resistance in Pasteurella multocida. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:2244–2246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kehrenberg C, Schwarz S, Jacobsen L, Hansen L and Vester B. 2005. A new mechanism for chloramphenicol, florfenicol and clindamycin resistance: methylation of 23S ribosomal RNA at A2503. Mol Microbiol 57:1064–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloss P, Xiong L, Shinabarger DL and Mankin AS. 1999. Resistance mutations in 23 S rRNA identify the site of action of the protein synthesis inhibitor linezolid in the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center. J Mol Biol 294:93–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kofoed CB and Vester B. 2002. Interaction of avilamycin with ribosomes and resistance caused by mutations in 23S rRNA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:3339–3342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kohanski MA, Dwyer DJ, Hayete B, Lawrence CA and Collins JJ. 2007. A common mechanism of cellular death induced by bactericidal antibiotics. Cell 130:797–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohanski MA, Dwyer DJ, Wierzbowski J, Cottarel G and Collins JJ. 2008. Mistranslation of membrane proteins and two-component system activation trigger antibiotic-mediated cell death. Cell 135:679–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosolapov A and Deutsch C. 2009. Tertiary interactions within the ribosomal exit tunnel. Nat Struct Mol Biol 16:405–411.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kouvela EC, Petropoulos AD and Kalpaxis DL. 2006. Unraveling new features of clindamycin interaction with functional ribosomes and dependence of the drug potency on polyamines. J Biol Chem 281:23103–23110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurland CG, Hughes D and Ehrenberg M. 1996. Limitations of translational accuracy, pp. 979–1004. In: Neidhardt FC, ed. Escherichia coli and Salmonella, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Washington DC: ASM Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lai CJ and Weisblum B. 1971. Altered methylation of ribosomal RNA in an erythromycin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68:856–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laios E, Waddington M, Saraiya AA, Baker KA, O’Connor E, Pamarathy D and Cunningham PR. 2004. Combinatorial genetic technology for the development of new anti-infectives. Arch Pathol Lab Med 128:1351–1359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamb HM, Figgitt DP and Faulds D. 1999. Quinupristin/dalfopristin: a review of its use in the management of serious gram-positive infections. Drugs 58:1061–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landini P, Bandera M, Goldstein BP, Ripamonti F, Soffientini A, Islam K and Denaro M. 1992. Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by elongation-factor-Tu-binding antibiotics MDL-62,879 and Efrotomycin. Biochem J 283:649–652.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• La Teana A, Gualerzi CO and Dahlberg AE. 2001. Initiation factor IF 2 binds to the alpha-sarcin loop and helix 89 of Escherichia coli 23S ribosomal RNA. RNA 7:1173–1179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laurberg M, Kristensen O, Martemyanov K, Gudkov AT, Nagaev I, Hughes D and Liljas A. 2000. Structure of a mutant EF-G reveals domain III and possibly the fusidic acid binding site. J Mol Biol 303:593–603.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence L, Danese P, DeVito J, Franceschi F and Sutcliffe J. 2008. In vitro activities of the Rx-01 oxazolidinones against hospital and community pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:1653–1662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazaro E, Van dBL, San FA, Ottenheijm HC and Ballesta JP. 1991a. Chemical, biochemical and genetic endeavours characterizing the interaction of sparsomycin with the ribosome. Biochimie 73:1137–1143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazaro E, Vandenbroek LAGM, Felix AS, Ottenheijm HCJ and Ballesta JPG. 1991b. Biochemical and kinetic characteristics of the interaction of the antitumor antibiotic sparsomycin with prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Biochemistry 30:9642–9648.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazaro E, Rodriguezfonseca C, Porse B, Urena D, Garrett RA and Ballesta JPG. 1996. A sparsomycin-resistant mutant of Halobacterium salinarium lacks a modification at nucleotide U2603 in the peptidyl transferase centre of 23 S rRNA. J Mol Biol 261:231–238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leach KL, Swaney SM, Colca JR, McDonald WG, Blinn JR, Thomasco LM, Gadwood RC, Shinabarger D, Xiong L and Mankin AS. 2007. The site of action of oxazolidinone antibiotics in living bacteria and in human mitochondria. Mol Cell 26:393–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis C and Clapp HW. 1961. Actinospectacin, a new antibiotic. III. In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Antibiot Chemother 11:127–133.
   Google Scholar
• Liao R, Duan L, Lei C, Pan H, Ding Y, Zhang Q, Chen D, Shen B, Yu Y and Liu W. 2009. Thiopeptide biosynthesis featuring ribosomally synthesized precursor peptides and conserved posttranslational modifications. Chem Biol 16:141–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenthaler F and Trummlitz G. 1974. Structural basis for inhibition of protein synthesis by the aminoacyl-aminohexosyl-cytosine group of antibiotics. FEBS Lett 38:237–242.
   Google Scholar
• Liljas A, Kristensen O, Laurberg M, Al-Karadaghi S, Gudkov A, Martemyanov K, Hughes D and Nagaev I. 2000. The states, conformational dynamics, and fusidic acid-resistant mutants of elongation factor G, pp. 359–365. In: Garrett RA, Douthwaite SR, Liljas A, Matheson AT, Moore PB and Noller HF, eds. The Ribosome. Structure, Function, Antibiotics, and Cellular Interactions, Washington, DC: ASM press.
   Google Scholar
• Lin AH, Murray RW, Vidmar TJ and Marotti KR. 1997. The oxazolidinone eperezolid binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and competes with binding of chloramphenicol and lincomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:2127–2131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liou Y and Tanaka N. 1976. Dual actions of viomycin on the ribosomal functions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 71:477–483.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lobritz M, Hutton-Thomas R, Marshall S and Rice LB. 2003. Recombination proficiency influences frequency and locus of mutational resistance to linezolid in Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:3318–3320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lolk L, Pohlsgaard J, Jepsen AS, Hansen LH, Nielsen H, Steffansen SI, Sparving L, Nielsen AB, Vester B and Nielsen P. 2008. A click chemistry approach to pleuromutilin conjugates with nucleosides or acyclic nucleoside derivatives and their binding to the bacterial ribosome. J Med Chem 51:4957–4967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long KS, Hansen LH, Jakobsen L and Vester B. 2006. Interaction of pleuromutilin derivatives with the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:1458–1462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long KS, Poehlsgaard J, Hansen LH, Hobbie SN, Bottger EC and Vester B. 2009. Single 23S rRNA mutations at the ribosomal peptidyl transferase centre confer resistance to valnemulin and other antibiotics in Mycobacterium smegmatis by perturbation of the drug binding pocket. Mol Microbiol 71:1218–1227.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lovmar M, Nilsson K, Vimberg V, Tenson T, Nervall M and Ehrenberg M. 2006. The molecular mechanism of peptide-mediated erythromycin resistance. J Biol Chem 281:6742–6750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu J and Deutsch C. 2005. Folding zones inside the ribosomal exit tunnel. Nat Struct Mol Biol 12:1123–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu J and Deutsch C. 2008. Electrostatics in the ribosomal tunnel modulate chain elongation rates. J Mol Biol 384:73–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch SR, Gonzalez Jr, RL, and Puglisi JD. 2003. Comparison of x-ray crystal structure of the 30S subunit-antibiotic complex with NMR structure of decoding site oligonucleotide-paromomycin complex. Structure 11:43–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire BA. 2009. Inhibition of bacterial ribosome assembly: a suitable drug target? Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 73:22–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mankin AS. 2001. Ribosomal antibiotics. Molecular Biology 35:509–520.
   Google Scholar
• Mankin AS. 2008. Macrolide myths. Curr Opin Microbiol 11:414–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mankin AS, Leviev I and Garrett RA. 1994. Cross-hypersensitivity effects of mutations in 23 S rRNA yield insight into aminoacyl-tRNA binding. J Mol Biol 244:151–157.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mann PA, Xiong L, Mankin AS, Chau AS, Mendrick CA, Najarian DJ, Cramer CA, Loebenberg D, Coates E, Murgolo NJ, Aarestrup FM, Goering RV, Black TA, Hare RS and McNicholas PM. 2001. EmtA, a rRNA methyltransferase conferring high-level evernimicin resistance. Mol Microbiol 41:1349–1356.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marzi S, Knight W, Brandi L, Caserta E, Soboleva N, Hill WE, Gualerzi CO and Lodmell JS. 2003. Ribosomal localization of translation initiation factor IF2. RNA 9:958–969.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mason DJ, Dietz A and Smith RM. 1961. Actinospectacin, a new antibiotic. I. Discovery and biological properties. Antibiot Chemother 11:118–122.
   Google Scholar
• Matassova NB, Rodnina MV, Endermann R, Kroll HP, Pleiss U, Wild H and Wintermeyer W. 1999. Ribosomal RNA is the target for oxazolidinones, a novel class of translational inhibitors. RNA 5:939–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maus CE, Plikaytis BB and Shinnick TM. 2005. Molecular analysis of cross-resistance to capreomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, and viomycin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3192–3197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNicholas PM, Najarian DJ, Mann PA, Hesk D, Hare RS, Shaw KJ and Black TA. 2000. Evernimicin binds exclusively to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits translation in cell-free systems derived from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:1121–1126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNicholas PM, Mann PA, Najarian DJ, Miesel L, Hare RS and Black TA. 2001. Effects of mutations in ribosomal protein L16 on susceptibility and accumulation of evernimicin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:79–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menninger J and Otto D. 1982. Erythromycin, carbomycin and spiramycin inhibit protein synthesis by stimulating the dissociation of peptidyl-tRNA from ribosomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 21:811–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meskauskas A and Dinman JD. 2007. Ribosomal protein L3: gatekeeper to the A site. Mol Cell 25:877–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meskauskas A, Petrov AN and Dinman JD. 2005. Identification of functionally important amino acids of ribosomal protein L3 by saturation mutagenesis. Mol Cell Biol 25:10863–10874.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Micura R, Pils W, Hobartner C, Grubmayr K, Ebert M and Jaun B. 2001. Methylation of the nucleobases in RNA oligonucleotides mediates duplex-hairpin conversion. Nucleic Acids Res 29:3997–4005.
   Google Scholar
• Miller K, Dunsmore CJ, Fishwick CW and Chopra I. 2008. Linezolid and tiamulin cross-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus mediated by point mutations in the peptidyl transferase center. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:1737–1742.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Misumi M, Nishimura T, Komai T and Tanaka N. 1978. Interaction of kanamycin and related antibiotics with the large subunit of ribosomes and the inhibition of translocation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 84:358–365.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moazed D and Noller HF. 1987a. Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, carbomycin and vernamycin B protect overlapping sites in the peptidyl transferase region of 23S ribosomal RNA. Biochimie 69:879–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moazed D and Noller HF. 1987b. Interaction of antibiotics with functional sites in 16S ribosomal RNA. Nature 327:389–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moazed D and Noller HF. 1989. Interaction of tRNA with 23S rRNA in the ribosomal A, P, and E sites. Cell 57:585–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moazed D, Robertson JM and Noller HF. 1988. Interaction of elongation factors EF-G and EF-Tu with a conserved loop in 23S RNA. Nature 334:362–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modolell J and Vazquez D. 1977. The inhibition of ribosomal translocation by viomycin. Eur J Biochem 81:491–497.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohrle VG, Tieleman LN and Kraal B. 1997. Elongation factor Tu1 of the antibiotic GE2270A producer Planobispora rosea has an unexpected resistance profile against EF-Tu targeted antibiotics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 230:320–326.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moll I and Bläsi U. 2002. Differential inhibition of 30S and 70S translation initiation complexes on leaderless mRNA by kasugamycin. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 297:1021–1026.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moll I, Hirokawa G, Kiel MC, Kaji A and Blasi U. 2004. Translation initiation with 70S ribosomes: an alternative pathway for leaderless mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 32:3354–3363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monro RE, Celma ML and Vazquez D. 1969. Action of sparsomycin on ribosome-catalysed peptidyl transfer. Nature 222:356–358.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore P and Steitz T. 2003. The structural basis of large ribosomal subunit function. Annu Rev Biochem 72:813–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhtar TA and Wright GD. 2005. Streptogramins, oxazolidinones, and other inhibitors of bacterial protein synthesis. Chem Rev 105:529–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myasnikov A, Marzi S, Simonetti A, Giuliodori A, Gualerzi C, Yusupova G, Yusupov M and Klaholz B. 2005. Conformational transition of initiation factor 2 from the GTP- to GDP-bound state visualized on the ribosome. Nat Struct Mol Biol 12:1145–1149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicolaou K, Safina M, Zak M, Lee S, Nevalainen M, Bella M, Estrada A, Funke C, Zécri F and Bulat S. 2005a. Total synthesis of thiostrepton. Retrosynthetic analysis and construction of key building blocks. J Am Chem Soc 127:1159–1175.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolaou K, Zak M, Safina M, Estrada A, Lee S and Nevalainen M. 2005b. Total synthesis of thiostrepton. Assembly of key building blocks and completion of the synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 127:11176–11183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolaou KC, Chen JS, Edmonds DJ and Estrada AA. 2009. Recent advances in the chemistry and biology of naturally occurring antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 48:660–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen P, Kjeldgaard M, Thirup S, Polekhina G, Reshetnikova L, Clark BF and Nyborg J. 1995. Crystal structure of the ternary complex of Phe-tRNAPhe, EF-Tu, and a GTP analog. Science 270:1464–1472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen P, Hansen J, Ban N, Moore PB and Steitz TA. 2000. The structural basis of ribosome activity in peptide bond synthesis. Science 289:920–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyssen E, Di Giambattista M and Cocito C. 1989. Analysis of the reversible binding of virginiamycin M to ribosome and particle functions after removal of the antibiotic. Biochim Biophys Acta 1009:39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogle JM, Brodersen DE, Clemons Jr WM, Tarry MJ, Carter AP and Ramakrishnan V. 2001. Recognition of cognate transfer RNA by the 30S ribosomal subunit. Science 292:897–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogle JM, Murphy FV, Tarry MJ and Ramakrishnan V. 2002. Selection of tRNA by the ribosome requires a transition from an open to a closed form. Cell 111:721–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogle J, Carter A and Ramakrishnan V. 2003. Insights into the decoding mechanism from recent ribosome structures. TIBS 28:259–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okura A, Kinoshita T and Tanaka N. 1970. Complex formation of fusidic acid with G factor, ribosome and guanosine nucleotide. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 41:1545–1550.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Otaka T and Kaji A. 1975. Release of (oligo)peptidyl-tRNA from ribosomes by erythromycin A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:2649–2652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan D, Kirillov SV and Cooperman BS. 2007. Kinetically competent intermediates in the translocation step of protein synthesis. Mol Cell 25:519–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pape T, Wintermeyer W and Rodnina MV. 2000. Conformational switch in the decoding region of 16S rRNA during aminoacyl-tRNA selection on the ribosome. Nat Struct Bio 7:104–107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parfait R and Cocito C. 1980. Lasting damage to bacterial ribosomes by reversibly bound virginiamycin M. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:5492–5496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parfait R, de Bethune MP and Cocito C. 1978. A spectrofluorimetric study of the interaction between virginiamycin S and bacterial ribosomes. Mol Gen Genet 166:45–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parfait R, Di Giambattista M and Cocito C. 1981. Competition between erythromycin and virginiamycin for in vitro binding to the large ribosomal subunit. Biochim Biophys Acta 654:236–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parish LC and Parish JL. 2008. Retapamulin: a new topical antibiotic for the treatment of uncomplicated skin infections. Drugs Today (Barc) 44:91–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parmeggiani A and Nissen P. 2006b. Elongation factor Tu-targeted antibiotics: four different structures, two mechanisms of action. FEBS Lett 580:4576–4581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmeggiani A, Krab IM, Watanabe T, Nielsen RC, Dahlberg C, Nyborg J and Nissen P. 2006. Enacyloxin IIa pinpoints a binding pocket of elongation factor Tu for development of novel antibiotics. J Biol Chem 281:2893–2900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peske F, Savelsbergh A, Katunin VI, Rodnina MV and Wintermeyer W. 2004. Conformational changes of the small ribosomal subunit during elongation factor G-dependent tRNA-mRNA translocation. J Mol Biol 343:1183–1194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pestka S. 1969a. Studies on the formation of transfer ribonucleic acid-ribosome complexes. X. Phenylalanyl-oligonucleotide binding to ribosomes and the mechanism of chloramphenicol action. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 36:589–595.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pestka S. 1969b. Studies on the formation of transfer ribonucleic acid-ribosome complexes. XI. Antibiotic effects on phenylalanyl-oligonucleotide binding to ribosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 64:709–714.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petropoulos AD, Xaplanteri MA, Dinos GP, Wilson DN and Kalpaxis DL. 2004. Polyamines affect diversely the antibiotic potency: insight gained from kinetic studies of the blasticidin S and spiramycin interactions with functional ribosomes. J Biol Chem 279:26518–26525.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petropoulos AD, Kouvela EC, Starosta AL, Wilson DN, Dinos GP and Kalpaxis DL. 2009. Time-resolved binding of azithromycin to Escherichia coli ribosomes. J Mol Biol 385:1179–1192.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pfister P, Hobbie S, Vicens Q, Bottger E and Westhof E. 2003. The molecular basis for A-site mutations conferring aminoglycoside resistance: relationship between ribosomal susceptibility and X-ray crystal structures. Chembiochem 4:1078–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pioletti M, Schlunzen F, Harms J, Zarivach R, Gluhmann M, Avila H, Bashan A, Bartels H, Auerbach T, Jacobi C, Hartsch T, Yonath A and Franceschi F. 2001. Crystal structures of complexes of the small ribosomal subunit with tetracycline, edeine and IF3. EMBO J 20:1829–1839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittenger RC, Wolfe RN, Hoehn PN, Daily WA and McGuire JM. 1953. Hygromycin. I. Preliminary studies in the production and biologic activity on a new antibiotic. Antibiot Chemother 3:1268–1278.
   Google Scholar
• Poehlsgaard J and Douthwaite S. 2003. Macrolide antibiotic interaction and resistance on the bacterial ribosome. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 4:140–148.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poehlsgaard J, Pfister P, Bottger EC and Douthwaite S. 2005. Molecular mechanisms by which rRNA mutations confer resistance to clindamycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:1553–1555.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polacek N and Mankin AS. 2005. The ribosomal peptidyl transferase center: structure, function, evolution, inhibition. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 40:285–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porse BT and Garrett RA. 1999. Sites of interaction of streptogramin A and B antibiotics in the peptidyl transferase loop of 23 S rRNA and the synergism of their inhibitory mechanisms. J Mol Biol 286:375–387.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porse B, Rodriguez-Fonseca C, Leviev I and Garrett R. 1995. Antibiotic inhibition of the movement of tRNA substrates through a peptidyl transferase cavity. Biochem Cell Biol 73:877–885.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porse BT, Leviev I, Mankin AS and Garrett RA. 1998. The antibiotic thiostrepon inhibits a functional transition within protein L11 at the ribosomal GTPase centre. J Mol Biol 276:391–404.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porse BT, Cundliffe E and Garrett RA. 1999a. The antibiotic micrococcin acts on protein L11 at the ribosomal GTPase centre. J Mol Biol 287:33–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porse BT, Kirillov SV, Awayez MJ, Ottenheijm HC and Garrett RA. 1999b. Direct crosslinking of the antitumor antibiotic sparsomycin, and its derivatives, to A2602 in the peptidyl transferase center of 23S-like rRNA within ribosome-tRNA complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:9003–9008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poulet FM, Veneziale R, Vancutsem PM, Losco P, Treinen K and Morrissey RE. 2005. Ziracin-induced congenital urogenital malformations in female rats. Toxicol Pathol 33:320–328.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poulsen SM, Kofoed C and Vester B. 2000. Inhibition of the ribosomal peptidyl transferase reaction by the mycarose moiety of the antibiotics carbomycin, spiramycin and tylosin. J Mol Biol 304:471–481.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pringle M, Poehlsgaard J, Vester B and Long KS. 2004. Mutations in ribosomal protein L3 and 23S ribosomal RNA at the peptidyl transferase centre are associated with reduced susceptibility to tiamulin in Brachyspira spp. isolates. Mol Microbiol 54:1295–1306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prystowsky J, Siddiqui F, Chosay J, Shinabarger DL, Millichap J, Peterson LR and Noskin GA. 2001. Resistance to linezolid: characterization of mutations in rRNA and comparison of their occurrences in vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:2154–2156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin Y, Polacek N, Vesper O, Staub E, Einfeldt E, Wilson DN and Nierhaus KH. 2006. The highly conserved LepA is a ribosomal elongation factor that back-translocates the ribosome. Cell 127:721–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakauskaite R and Dinman JD. 2008. rRNA mutants in the yeast peptidyltransferase center reveal allosteric information networks and mechanisms of drug resistance. Nucleic Acids Res 36:1497–1507.
   Google Scholar
• Ramu H, Mankin A and Vazquez-Laslop N. 2009. Programmed drug-dependent ribosome stalling. Mol Microbiol 71:811–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen BA, Gluzman Y and Tally FP. 1994. Inhibition of protein synthesis occurring on tetracycline-resistant, TetM-protected ribosomes by a novel class of tetracyclines, the glycylcyclines. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38:1658–1660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rheinberger HJ and Nierhaus KH. 1990. Partial release of AcPhe-Phe-transfer RNA from ribosomes during Poly(U)-dependent Poly(Phe) synthesis and the effects of chloramphenicol. Eur J Biochem 193:643–650.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rife JP and Moore PB. 1998. The structure of a methylated tetraloop in 16S ribosomal RNA. Structure 6:747–756.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodnina MV, Savelsbergh A, Matassova NB, Katunin VI, Semenkov YP and Wintermeyer W. 1999. Thiostrepton inhibits the turnover but not the GTPase of elongation factor G on the ribosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:9586–9590.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodriguez-Fonseca C, Amils R and Garrett RA. 1995. Fine structure of the peptidyl transferase centre on 23 S-like rRNAs deduced from chemical probing of antibiotic-ribosome complexes. J Mol Biol 247:224–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers MJ, Cundliffe E and McCutchan TF. 1998. The antibiotic micrococcin is a potent inhibitor of growth and protein synthesis in the malaria parasite. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:715–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosendahl G and Douthwaite S. 1994. The antibiotics micrococcin and thiostrepton interact directly with 23S rRNA nucleotides 1067A and 1095A. Nucleic Acids Res 22:357–363.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross JI, Eady EA, Cove JH and Cunliffe WJ. 1998. 16S rRNA mutation associated with tetracycline resistance in a gram- positive bacterium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:1702–1705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saager B, Rohde H, Timmerbeil BS, Franke G, Pothmann W, Dahlke J, Scherpe S, Sobottka I, Heisig P and Horstkotte MA. 2008. Molecular characterisation of linezolid resistance in two vancomycin-resistant (VanB) Enterococcus faecium isolates using Pyrosequencing. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 27:873–878.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saarma U and Remme J. 1992. Novel mutants of 23S RNA – characterization of functional properties. Nucleic Acids Res 20:3147–3152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanbonmatsu KY, Joseph S and Tung CS. 2005. Simulating movement of tRNA into the ribosome during decoding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:15854–15859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander P, Belova L, Kidan YG, Pfister P, Mankin AS and Bottger EC. 2002. Ribosomal and non-ribosomal resistance to oxazolidinones: species-specific idiosyncrasy of ribosomal alterations. Mol Microbiol 46:1295–1304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savelsbergh A, Rodnina MV and Wintermeyer W. 2009. Distinct functions of elongation factor G in ribosome recycling and translocation. RNA 15:772–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayle RA and Milner-White EJ. 1995. RASMOL: biomolecular graphics for all. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schäfer MA, Tastan AO, Patzke S, Blaha G, Spahn CM, Wilson DN and Nierhaus KH. 2002. Codon-anticodon interaction at the P Site is a prerequisite for tRNA interaction with the small ribosomal subunit. J Biol Chem 277:19095–19105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schlünzen F, Zarivach R, Harms J, Bashan A, Tocilj A, Albrecht R, Yonath A and Franceschi F. 2001. Structural basis for the interaction of antibiotics with the peptidyl transferase centre in eubacteria. Nature 413:814–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlünzen F, Harms JM, Franceschi F, Hansen HA, Bartels H, Zarivach R and Yonath A. 2003. Structural basis for the antibiotic activity of ketolides and azalides. Structure (Camb) 11:329–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlünzen F, Pyetan E, Fucini P, Yonath A and Harms J. 2004. Inhibition of peptide bond formation by pleuromutilins: the structure of the 50S ribosomal subunit from Deinococcus radiodurans in complex with tiamulin. Mol Microbiol 54:1287–1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlünzen F, Takemoto C, Wilson DN, Kaminishi T, Harms JM, Hanawa-Suetsugu K, Szaflarski W, Kawazoe M, Shirouzu M, Nierhaus KH, et al. 2006. The antibiotic kasugamycin mimics mRNA nucleotides to destabilize tRNA binding and inhibit canonical translation initiation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13:871–878.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmeing TM, Seila AC, Hansen JL, Freeborn B, Soukup JK, Scaringe SA, Strobel SA, Moore PB and Steitz TA. 2002. A pre-translocational intermediate in protein synthesis observed in crystals of enzymatically active 50S subunits. Nat Struct Biol 9:225–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmeing TM, Huang KS, Kitchen DE, Strobel SA and Steitz TA. 2005a. Structural insights into the roles of water and the 2’ hydroxyl of the P site tRNA in the peptidyl transferase reaction. Mol Cell 20:437–448.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmeing TM, Huang KS, Strobel SA and Steitz TA. 2005b. An induced-fit mechanism to promote peptide bond formation and exclude hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNA. Nature 438:520–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuette JC, Murphy FVt, Kelley AC, Weir JR, Giesebrecht J, Connell SR, Loerke J, Mielke T, Zhang W, Penczek PA, Ramakrishnan V and Spahn CM. 2009. GTPase activation of elongation factor EF-Tu by the ribosome during decoding. EMBO J 28:755–765.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuwirth BS, Day JM, Hau CW, Janssen GR, Dahlberg AE, Cate JH and Vila-Sanjurjo A. 2006. Structural analysis of kasugamycin inhibition of translation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13:879–886.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selmer M, Dunham C, Murphy Ft, Weixlbaumer A, Petry S, Kelley A, Weir J and Ramakrishnan V. 2006. Structure of the 70S ribosome complexed with mRNA and tRNA. Science 313:1935–1942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo H, Abedin S, Kamp D, Wilson DN, Nierhaus KH and Cooperman BS. 2006. EF-G-dependent GTPase on the ribosome. Conformational change and fusidic acid inhibition. Biochemistry 45:2504–2514.
   Google Scholar
• Shastry M, Nielsen J, Ku T, Hsu MJ, Liberator P, Anderson J, Schmatz D and Justice MC. 2001. Species-specific inhibition of fungal protein synthesis by sordarin: identification of a sordarin-specificity region in eukaryotic elongation factor 2. Microbiology 147:383–390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shinabarger DL, Marotti KR, Murray RW, Lin AH, Melchior EP, Swaney SM, Dunyak DS, Demyan WF and Buysse JM. 1997. Mechanism of action of oxazolidinones: effects of linezolid and eperezolid on translation reactions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:2132–2136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoji S, Walker SE and Fredrick K. 2006. Reverse translocation of tRNA in the ribosome. Mol Cell 24:931–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigmund CD and Morgan EA. 1982. Erythromycin resistance due to a mutation in a ribosomal RNA operon of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:5602–5606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siibak T, Peil L, Xiong L, Mankin A, Remme J and Tenson T. 2009. Erythromycin- and chloramphenicol-induced ribosomal assembly defects are secondary effects of protein synthesis inhibition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:563–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonovic M and Steitz TA. 2009. A structural view on the mechanism of the ribosome-catalyzed peptide bond formation. Biochim Biophys Acta. Epub ahead of print.
   Google Scholar
• Skinner R, Cundliffe E and Schmidt FJ. 1983. Site of action of a ribosomal RNA methylase responsible for resistance to erythromycin and other antibiotics. J Biol Chem 258:12702–12706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skripkin E, McConnell TS, DeVito J, Lawrence L, Ippolito JA, Duffy EM, Sutcliffe J and Franceschi F. 2008. R chi-01, a new family of oxazolidinones that overcome ribosome-based linezolid resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:3550–3557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spahn CMT and Prescott CD. 1996. Throwing a spanner in the works: antibiotics and the translational apparatus. J Mol Med 74:423–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spahn CM, Gomez-Lorenzo MG, Grassucci RA, Jorgensen R, Andersen GR, Beckmann R, Penczek PA, Ballesta JP and Frank J. 2004. Domain movements of elongation factor eEF2 and the eukaryotic 80S ribosome facilitate tRNA translocation. EMBO J 23:1008–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel PC, Ermolenko DN and Noller HF. 2007. Elongation factor G stabilizes the hybrid-state conformation of the 70S ribosome. RNA 13:1473–1482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spizek J, Novotna J and Rezanka T. 2004. Lincosamides: chemical structure, biosynthesis, mechanism of action, resistance, and applications. Adv Appl Microbiol 56:121–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark H, Rodnina MV, Rinkeappel J, Brimacombe R, Wintermeyer W and Vanheel M. 1997. Visualization of Elongation Factor Tu On the Escherichia Coli Ribosome. Nature 389:403–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steitz TA. 2008. A structural understanding of the dynamic ribosome machine. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:242–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirpe F and Battelli MG. 2006. Ribosome-inactivating proteins: progress and problems. Cell Mol Life Sci 63:1850–1866.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suhadolnik R. 1970. Nucleoside Antibiotics, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Sutcliffe JA. 2005. Improving on nature: antibiotics that target the ribosome. Curr Opin Microbiol 8:534–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svab Z and Maliga P. 1991. Mutation Proximal to the Transfer-RNA Binding Region of the Nicotiana Plastid 16S rRNA Confers Resistance to Spectinomycin. Mol Gen Genet 228:316–319.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swaney SM, Aoki H, Ganoza MC and Shinabarger DL. 1998. The oxazolidinone linezolid inhibits initiation of protein synthesis in bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:3251–3255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szaflarski W, Vesper O, Teraoka Y, Plitta B, Wilson DN and Nierhaus KH. 2008. New features of the ribosome and ribosomal inhibitors: non-enzymatic recycling, misreading and back-translocation. J Mol Biol 380:193–205.
   Google Scholar
• Tai P-C, Wallace BJ and Davis BD. 1974. Selective action of erythromycin on initiating ribosomes. Biochemistry 13:4653–4659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takashima H. 2003. Structural consideration of macrolide antibiotics in relation to the ribosomal interaction and drug design. Curr Top Med Chem 3:991–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi S, Hirayama K, Ueda K, Sakai H and Yonehara H. 1958. Blasticidin S, a new antibiotic. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 11:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan GT, Deblasio A and Mankin AS. 1996. Mutations in the peptidyl transferase center of 23 S rRNA reveal the site of action of sparsomycin, a universal inhibitor of translation. J Mol Biol 261:222–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tenson T and Ehrenberg M. 2002. Regulatory nascent peptides in the ribosomal tunnel. Cell 108:591–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenson T and Mankin A. 2001. Short peptides conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics. Peptides 22:1661–1668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenson T, Lovmar M and Ehrenberg M. 2003. The mechanism of action of macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B reveals the nascent peptide exit path in the ribosome. J Mol Biol 330:1005–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson CJ, Skinner RH, Thompson J, Ward JM, Hopwood DA and Cundliffe E. 1982. Biochemical characterization of resistance determinants cloned from antibiotic-producing streptomycetes. J Bacteriol 151:678–685.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson J, Cundliffe E and Stark M. 1979. Binding of thiostrepton to a complex of 23S rRNA with ribosomal protein L11. Eur J Biochem 98:261–265.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson J, Cundliffe E and Dahlberg AE. 1988. Site-directed mutagenesis of Escherichia coli 23S ribosomal RNA at position 1067 within the GTP hydrolysis center. J Mol Biol 203:457–465.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson J, O’Connor M, Mills JA and Dahlberg AE. 2002. The protein synthesis inhibitors, oxazolidinones and chloramphenicol, cause extensive translational inaccuracy in vivo. J Mol Biol 322:273–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson J, Pratt CA and Dahlberg AE. 2004. Effects of a number of classes of 50S inhibitors on stop codon readthrough during protein synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:4889–4891.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ticu C, Nechifor R, Nguyen B, Desrosiers M and Wilson KS. 2009. Conformational changes in switch I of EF-G drive its directional cycling on and off the ribosome. EMBO J 28:2053-2065.
   Google Scholar
• Trieber CA and Taylor DE. 2002. Mutations in the 16S rRNA genes of Helicobacter pylori mediate resistance to tetracycline. J Bacteriol 184:2131–2140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tripathi S, Kloss PS and Mankin AS. 1998. Ketolide resistance conferred by short peptides. J Biol Chem 273:20073–20077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu D, Blaha G, Moore P and Steitz T. 2005. Structures of MLSBK antibiotics bound to mutated large ribosomal subunits provide a structural explanation for resistance. Cell 121:257–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulbrich B, Mertens G and Nierhaus KH. 1978. Cooperative binding of 3’ fragments of tRNA to the peptidyltransferase centre of E. coli ribosomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 190:149–154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vallabhaneni H and Farabaugh PJ. 2009. Accuracy modulating mutations of the ribosomal protein S4-S5 interface do not necessarily destabilize the rps4-rps5 protein-protein interaction. RNA 15:1100–1109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valle M, Sengupta J, Swami NK, Grassucci RA, Burkhardt N, Nierhaus KH, Agrawal RK and Frank J. 2002. Cryo-EM reveals an active role for aminoacyl-tRNA in the accommodation process. EMBO J 21:3557–3567.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valle M, Zavialov A, Li W, Stagg SM, Sengupta J, Nielsen RC, Nissen P, Harvey SC, Ehrenberg M and Frank J. 2003. Incorporation of aminoacyl-tRNA into the ribosome as seen by cryo-electron microscopy. Nat Struct Biol 10:899–906.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vannuffel P, Digiambattista M and Cocito C. 1992. The role of rRNA bases in the interaction of peptidyltransferase inhibitors with bacterial ribosomes. J Biol Chem 267.
   Google Scholar
• Vannuffel P, Digiambattista M and Cocito C. 1994. Chemical probing of a virginiamycin M-promoted conformational change of the peptidyl-transferase domain. Nucleic Acids Res 22:4449–4453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasquez D. 1979. Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Vester B and Douthwaite S. 2001. Macrolide resistance conferred by base substitutions in 23S rRNA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicens Q and Westhof E. 2001. Crystal structure of paromomycin docked into the eubacterial ribosomal decoding A site. Structure (Camb) 9:647–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicens Q and Westhof E. 2003. Molecular recognition of aminoglycoside antibiotics by ribosomal RNA and resistance enzymes: an analysis of x-ray crystal structures. Biopolymers 70:42–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vila-Sanjurjo A, Squires CL and Dahlberg AE. 1999. Isolation of kasugamycin resistant mutants in the 16 S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 293:1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Villa E, Sengupta J, Trabuco LG, LeBarron J, Baxter WT, Shaikh TR, Grassucci RA, Nissen P, Ehrenberg M, Schulten K and Frank J. 2009. Ribosome-induced changes in elongation factor Tu conformation control GTP hydrolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:1063–1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vimberg V, Xiong L, Bailey M, Tenson T and Mankin A. 2004. Peptide-mediated macrolide resistance reveals possible specific interactions in the nascent peptide exit tunnel. Mol Microbiol 54:376–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogeley L, Palm GJ, Mesters JR and Hilgenfeld R 2001. Conformational change of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) induced by antibiotic binding. Crystal structure of the complex between EF-Tu.GDP and aurodox. J. Biol. Chem. 276:17149–17155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vourloumis D, Winters GC, Simonsen KB, Takahashi M, Ayida BK, Shandrick S, Zhao Q, Han Q and Hermann T. 2005. Aminoglycoside-hybrid ligands targeting the ribosomal decoding site. Chembiochem 6:58–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh C. 2000. Molecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistance. Nature 406:775–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T, Izaki K and Takahashi H. 1982. New polyenic antibiotics active against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. I. Isolation and purification of antibiotics produced by Gluconobacter sp. W-315. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 35:1141–1147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watanabe T, Sugiyama T, Takahashi M, Shima J, Yamashita K, Izaki K, Furihata K and Seto H. 1992. New polyenic antibiotics active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. IV. Structural elucidation of enacyloxin IIa. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 45:470–475.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weisblum B. 1995. Insights into erythromycin action from studies of its activity as inducer of resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:797–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitby M. 1999. Fusidic acid in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 12 Suppl 2:S67–71.
   Google Scholar
• Wieland Brown LC, Acker MG, Clardy J, Walsh CT and Fischbach MA. 2009. Thirteen posttranslational modifications convert a 14-residue peptide into the antibiotic thiocillin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:2549–2553.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willcox RR. 1962. Trobicin (actinospectacin), a new injectable antibiotic in the treatment of gonorrhoea. Br J Vener Dis 38:150–153.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willie GR, Richman N, Godtfredsen WP and Bodley JW. 1975. Some characteristics of and structural requirements for the interaction of 24,25-dihydrofusidic acid with ribosome – elongation factor g Complexes. Biochemistry 14:1713–1718.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson DN. 2004. Antibiotics and the inhibition of ribosome function, pp. 449–527. In: Nierhaus K and Wilson D, eds, Protein Synthesis and Ribosome Structure, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson DN and Nierhaus KH. 2006. The E-site Story: The importance of maintaining two tRNAs on the ribosome during protein synthesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 63:2725–2737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson DN and Nierhaus KH. 2007. The weird and wonderful world of bacterial ribosome regulation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 42:187–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson DN, Harms JM, Nierhaus KH, Schlünzen F and Fucini P. 2005. Species-specific antibiotic-ribosome interactions: Implications for drug development. Biol Chem 386:1239–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson DN, Schluenzen F, Harms JM, Starosta AL, Connell SR and Fucini P. 2008. The oxazolidinone antibiotics perturb the ribosomal peptidyl-transferase center and effect tRNA positioning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:13339–13344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson JE, Pestova TV, Hellen CUT and Sarnow P. 2000. Initiation of protein synthesis from the A site of the ribosome. Cell 102:511–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittmann HG, Stoffler G, Apirion D, Rosen L, Tanaka K, Tamaki M, Takata R, Dekio S and Otaka E. 1973. Biochemical and genetic studies on two different types of erythromycin resistant mutants of Escherichia coli with altered ribosomal proteins. Mol Gen Genet 127:175–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodcock J, Moazed D, Cannon M, Davies J and Noller HF. 1991. Interaction of antibiotics with A- and P-site-specific bases in 16S ribosomal RNA. EMBO J 10:3099–3103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wool IG. 1984. The mechanism of action of the cytotoxic nuclease a-sarcin and its use to analyse ribosome structure. TIBS 9:14–17.
   Google Scholar
• Wool IG, Gluck A and Endo Y. 1992. Ribotoxin recognition of ribosomal RNA and a proposal for the mechanism of translocation. Trends Biochem Sci 17:266–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu YJ and Su WG. 2001. Recent developments on ketolides and macrolides. Curr Med Chem 8:1727–1758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wurmbach P and Nierhaus KH. 1983. The inhibition pattern of antibiotics on the extent and accuracy of tRNA binding to the ribosome, and their effect on the subsequent steps in chain elongation. Eur J Biochem 130:9–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xing YY and Draper DE. 1996. Cooperative interactions of RNA and thiostrepton antibiotic with two domains of ribosomal protein L11. Biochemistry 35:1581–1588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong L, Shah S, Mauvais P and Mankin AS. 1999. A ketolide resistance mutation in domain II of 23S rRNA reveals the proximity of hairpin 35 to the peptidyl transferase centre. Mol Microbiol 31:633–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada T, Mizugichi Y, Nierhaus KH and Wittmann HG. 1978. Resistance to viomycin conferred by RNA of either ribosomal subunit. Nature 275:460–461.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamaguchi I, Shibata H, Seto H and Misato T. 1975. Isolation and purification of blasticidin S deaminase from Aspergillus terreus. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 28:7–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yassin A and Mankin AS. 2007. Potential new antibiotic sites in the ribosome revealed by deleterious mutations in RNA of the large ribosomal subunit. J Biol Chem 282:24329–24342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yassin A, Fredrick K and Mankin AS. 2005. Deleterious mutations in small subunit ribosomal RNA identify functional sites and potential targets for antibiotics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:16620–16625.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yusupov MM, Yusupova GZ, Baucom A, Lieberman K, Earnest TN, Cate JH and Noller HF. 2001. Crystal structure of the ribosome at 5.5 A resolution. Science 292:883–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaher HS and Green R. 2009a. Fidelity at the molecular level: lessons from protein synthesis. Cell 136:746–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaher HS and Green R. 2009b. Quality control by the ribosome following peptide bond formation. Nature 457:161–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zarazaga M, Tenorio C, Del Campo R, Ruiz-Larrea F and Torres C. 2002. Mutations in ribosomal protein L16 and in 23S rRNA in Enterococcus strains for which evernimicin MICs differ. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:3657–3659.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeef LAH, Bosch L, Anborgh PH, Cetin R, Parmeggiani A and Hilgenfeld R. 1994. Pulvomycin-resistant mutants of E-coli elongation factor Tu. EMBO J 13:5113–5120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zimmermann RA, Garvin RT and Gorini L. 1971. Alteration of a 30S ribosomal protein accompanying the ram mutation in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68:2263–2267.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar