The emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

References

• Almyroudis NG, Fuller A, Jakubowski A, et al. Pre- and post-engraftment bloodstream infection rates and associated mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2005;7:11–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poutsiaka DD, Price LL, Ucuzian A, et al. Bloodstream infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is associated with increased mortality. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007;40:63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulska M, Del Bono V, Bruzzi P, et al. Mortality after bloodstream infections in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Infection 2012;40:271–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trecarichi EM, Tumbarello M, Spanu T, et al. Incidence and clinical impact of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and fluoroquinolone resistance in bloodstream infections caused by Escherichia coli in patients with hematological malignancies. J Infect 2009;58:299–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freifeld AG, Bow EJ, Sepkowitz KA, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer:2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:56–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzo PA, Hathorn JW, Hiemenz J, et al. A randomized trial comparing ceftazidime alone with combination antibiotic therapy in cancer patients with fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1986;315:552–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyland MJ, Bayston KF, Cohen J, et al. A comparative study of imipenem versus piperacillin plus gentamicin in the initial management of febrile neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992;30:843–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cometta A, Calandra T, Gaya H, et al. Monotherapy with meropenem versus combination therapy with ceftazidime plus amikacin as empiric therapy for fever in granulocytopenic patients with cancer. The International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell’Adulto Infection Program. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:1108–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Favero A, Menichetti F, Martino P, et al. A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing piperacillin-tazobactam with and without amikacin as empiric therapy for febrile neutropenia. Clin Infect Dis 2011;33:1295–1301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievert DM, Ricks P, Edwards JR, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections:summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009-2010. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013;34:1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Management of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms In Healthcare Settings, 2006. Available from: www.cdc.gov/hicpac/mdro/mdro_0.html/
   Google Scholar
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 20th information supplement (June 2010 update). CLSI M100-S20-U. Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 2003;31:1250–1256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstock DM, Conlon M, Iovino C, et al. Colonization, bloodstream infection, and mortality caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus early after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007;13:615–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vydra J, Shanley RM, George I, et al. Enterococcal bacteremia is associated with increased risk of mortality in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:764–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamboj M, Chung D, Seo SK, et al. The changing epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) bacteremia in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010;16:1576–1581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery R, Kalaycio M, Pohlman B, et al. Early vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) bacteremia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is associated with a rapidly deteriorating clinical course. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005;35:497–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arias CA, Murray BE. The rise of the Enterococcus: beyond vancomycin resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012;10:266–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnacho-Montero J, Garcia-Garmendia JL, Barrero-Almodovar A, et al. Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis. Crit Care Med 2003;31:2742–2751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:1589–1596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamboj M, Cohen N, Gilhuley K, et al. Emergence of daptomycin-resistant VRE: experience of a single institution. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32:391–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez E, Gomez-Gil R, Borobia AM, et al. Improving linezolid use decreases the incidence of resistance among Gram-positive microorganisms. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013;41:174–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wudhikarn K, Gingrich RD, de Magalhaes Silverman M. Daptomycin nonsusceptible enterococci in hematologic malignancy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: an emerging threat. Ann Hematol 2013;92:129–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaksic B, Martinelli G, Perez-Oteyza J, et al. Efficacy and safety of linezolid compared with vancomycin in a randomized, double-blind study of febrile neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:597–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos S, Ball AM, Liewer SE, et al. Rhabdomyolysis during therapy with daptomycin. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:e108–e110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb HM, Figgitt DP, Faulds D. Quinupristin/dalfopristin: a review of its use in the management of serious gram-positive infections. Drugs 1999;58:1061–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control 2008;36:309–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey AM, Zilberberg MD. Secular trends of hospitalization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection in the United States, 2000-2006. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30:184–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley CR, Fraise AP. Heat and chemical resistance of enterococci. J Hosp Infect 1996;34:191–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taur Y, Xavier JB, Lipuma L, et al. Intestinal domination and the risk of bacteremia in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:905–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donskey CJ, Chowdhry TK, Hecker MT, et al. Effect of antibiotic therapy on the density of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the stool of colonized patients. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1925–1932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ubeda C, Taur Y, Jenq RR, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus domination of intestinal microbiota is enabled by antibiotic treatment in mice and precedes bloodstream invasion in humans. J Clin Invest 2010;120:4332–4341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauci AS, Dale DC, Balow JE. Glucocorticosteroid therapy: mechanisms of action and clinical considerations. Ann Intern Med 1976;84:304–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar