909
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles: Clinical

Chlorambucil for the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) – a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 2047-2057 | Received 25 Nov 2015, Accepted 09 Feb 2016, Published online: 16 Mar 2016

References

  • Zent CS, Kyasa MJ, Evans R, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence is substantially higher than estimated from tumor registry data. Cancer. 2001;92:1325–1330.
  • Seftel MD, Demers AA, Banerji V, et al. High incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) diagnosed by immunophenotyping: a population-based Canadian cohort. Leuk Res. 2009;33:1463–1468.
  • Howlader N, Noone A, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2012. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute.
  • Rai KR, Sawitsky A, Cronkite EP, et al. Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1975;46:219–234.
  • Tsimberidou AM, Wen S, O’Brien S, et al. Assessment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma by absolute lymphocyte counts in 2,126 patients: 20 years of experience at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:4648–4656.
  • Swerdlow S, Campo E, Harris, NL, et al. World health organization classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. France: IARC Press; 2008.
  • Gribben JG. How I treat CLL up front. Blood. 2009;115:187–197.
  • Hillmen P, Skotnicki AB, Robak T, et al. Alemtuzumab compared with chlorambucil as first-line therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol2007;25:5616–5623.
  • Jaksic B, Brugiatelli M, Krc I, et al. High dose chlorambucil versus Binet’s modified cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone regimen in the treatment of patients with advanced B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Results of an international multicenter randomized trial. Int Cancer. 1997;79:2107–2114.
  • Robak T, Bloński JZ, Kasznicki M, et al. Cladribine with prednisone versus chlorambucil with prednisone as first-line therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: report of a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Blood. 2000;96:2723–2729.
  • Richards S, Clarke M, Wheatley K, et al. Chemotherapeutic options in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:861–868.
  • Steurer M, Pall G, Richards S, et al. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 1996. p. CD004270.
  • Eichhorst BF, Busch R, Stilgenbauer S, et al. First-line therapy with fludarabine compared with chlorambucil does not result in a major benefit for elderly patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2009;114:3382–3391.
  • Knauf WU, Lissichkov T, Aldaoud A, et al. Phase III randomized study of bendamustine compared with chlorambucil in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:4378–4384.
  • Goede V, Fischer K, Busch R, et al. Obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil in patients with CLL and coexisting conditions. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1101–1110.
  • Burger JA, Tedeschi A, Barr PM, et al. Ibrutinib as initial therapy for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2425–2437.
  • Hillmen P, Robak T, Janssens A, et al. Chlorambucil plus ofatumumab versus chlorambucil alone in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (COMPLEMENT 1): a randomised, multicentre, open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2015;385:1873–1883.
  • Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21:1539–1558.
  • Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315:629–634.
  • Catovsky D, Richards S, Matutes E, et al. Assessment of fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (the LRF CLL4 Trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:230–239.
  • Catovsky D, Fooks J, Richards S. The UK Medical Research Council CLL trials 1 and 2. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol. 1988;30423–427.
  • Else M, Cocks K, Crofts S, et al. Quality of life in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 5-year results from the multicenter randomized LRF CLL4 trial. Leuk Lymphoma. 2012;53:1289–1298.
  • Hansen MM, Andersen E, Christensen BE, et al. CHOP versus prednisolone + chlorambucil in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): preliminary results of a randomized multicenter study. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol. 1988;30:433–436.
  • Hansen M, Andersen E, Birgens H, et al. CHOP versus chlorambucil + prednisolone in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 1991;5(Suppl):97–100.
  • Kimby E, Björkholm M, Gahrton G, et al. Chlorambucil/prednisone vs. CHOP in symptomatic low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: a randomized trial from the Lymphoma Group of Central Sweden. Ann Oncol. 1994;5(Suppl):67–71.
  • Knauf WU, Lissitchkov T, Aldaoud A, et al. Bendamustine compared with chlorambucil in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: updated results of a randomized phase III trial. Br J Haematol. 2012;159:67–77.
  • Montserrat E, Alcalá A, Alonso C, et al. A randomized trial comparing chlorambucil plus prednisone vs cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and prednisone in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia stages B and C. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol. 1988;30:429–432.
  • Morrison VA, Rai KR, Peterson BL, et al. Impact of therapy with chlorambucil, fludarabine, or fludarabine plus chlorambucil on infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: intergroup study cancer and leukemia group B 9011. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:3611–3621.
  • Mulligan SP, Karlsson K, Strömberg M, et al. Cladribine prolongs progression-free survival and time to second treatment compared to fludarabine and high-dose chlorambucil in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2014;55:2769–2777.
  • Rai KR, Peterson BL, Appelbaum FR, et al. Fludarabine compared with chlorambucil as primary therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1750–1757.
  • Rai K, Peterson B, Appelbaum F, et al. Long-term survival analysis of the North American Intergroup Study C9011 Comparing fludarabine (F) and chlorambucil (C) in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Blood. 2009;114:224. In: Abstract 536.
  • Raphael B, Andersen JW, Silber R, et al. Comparison of chlorambucil and prednisone versus cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone as initial treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: long-term follow-up of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9:770–776.
  • Spriano M, Chiurazzi F, Liso V, et al. Multicentre prospective randomized trial of fludarabine versus chlorambucil and prednisone in previously untreated patients with active B-CLL: final report. Hematol Cell Ther. 2000;42:93.
  • Travade P. The experience of the French Cooperative Group in the treatment of CLL.. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol. 1990;32:313–317.
  • Zittoun R, de Witte T. EORTC Leukemia Cooperative Group. A randomized phase II trial of high-dose chlorambucil vs. fludarabine in patients with advanced B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematol Cell Ther. 1999;41:127–136.
  • French Cooperative Group on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Is the CHOP regimen a good treatment for advanced CLL? Results from two randomized clinical trials. Leuk Lymphoma. 1994;13:449–456.
  • Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008;111:5446–5456.
  • Cheson BD, Bennett JM, Grever M, et al. National Cancer Institute-sponsored Working Group guidelines for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: revised guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Blood. 1996;87:4990–4997.
  • Jaksić B, Vitale B. Total tumour mass score (TTM): a new parameter in chronic lymphocyte leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1981;49:405–413.
  • Cheson BD, Bennett JM, Rai KR, et al. Guidelines for clinical protocols for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: recommendations of the National Cancer Institute-sponsored working group. Am J Hematol. 1988;29:152–163.
  • Systematic review of purine analog treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: lessons for future trials. Haematologica. 2012;97:428–436.
  • Eichhorst BF, Busch R, Schweighofer C, et al. Due to low infection rates no routine anti-infective prophylaxis is required in younger patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia during fludarabine-based first line therapy. Br J Haematol. 2007;136:63–72.
  • Morrison VA, Rai KR, Peterson BL, et al. Therapy-related myeloid leukemias are observed in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia after treatment with fludarabine and chlorambucil: results of an intergroup study, cancer and leukemia group B 9011. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:3878–3884.
  • Niederle N, Megdenberg D, Balleisen L, et al. Bendamustine compared to fludarabine as second-line treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Hematol. 2013;92:653–660.
  • Eichhorst B, Fink AM, Bush R, et al. Frontline Chemoimmunotherapy with Fludarabine (F), Cyclophosphamide (C), and Rituximab (R) (FCR) shows superior efficacy in comparison to Bendamustine (B) and Rituximab (BR) in previously untreated and physically fit patients (pts) with advanced Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): final analysis of an International, Randomized Study of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG) (CLL10 Study). 56th American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting and Exposition; December 6–9, 2014; San Francisco, CA. Blood (Suppl). 2014: Abstract 642.
  • Terasawa T, Trikalinos Na, Djulbegovic B, et al. Comparative efficacy of first-line therapies for advanced-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a multiple-treatment meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev. 2013;39:340–349.
  • Cheng MM, Goulart B, Veenstra DL, et al. A network meta-analysis of therapies for previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Treat Rev. 2012;38:1004–1011.
  • Oscier D, Dearden C, Eren E, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis, investigation and management of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2012;159:541–564.
  • Ghielmini M, Vitolo U, Kimby E, et al. ESMO Guidelines consensus conference on malignant lymphoma 2011 part 1: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Ann Oncol. 2013;24:561–576.
  • Hallek M, Fischer K, Fingerle-Rowson G, et al. Addition of rituximab to fludarabine and cyclophosphamide in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010;376:1164–1174.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.