Non-Ketogenic, Low Carbohydrate Diet Predicts Lower Affective Distress, Higher Energy Levels and Decreased Fibromyalgia Symptoms in Middle-Aged Females with Fibromyalgia Syndrome as Compared to the Western Pattern Diet

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients – United States, 1971–2000 February 6, 2004/53(04): pp. 80–82. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Retrieved March 2, 2013 from: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5304a3.htm
   Google Scholar
• Christensen L, Burrows R: Dietary treatment of depression. Behav Ther 21: 183–193, 1990
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisinger J, Planatmura A, Ayavou, T: Glycolysis abnormalities in fibromyalgia. J Am Coll Nutr 13: 144–148, 1994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzichi L, Giannaccini G, Betti L, Fabbrini L, Schmid L, Palego L, Giacomelli C, et al: ATP, calcium and magnesium levels in platelets of patients with primary fibromyalgia. Clin Biochem 41: 1084–1090, 2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtsson A, Henriksson KG, Larsson, J: Reduced high-energy phosphate levels in the painful muscles of patients with primary fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 29: 817–821, 1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somer E: Food and Mood, Henry Holt, New York, 1995
   Google Scholar
• Bell IR, Baldwin CM, Stoltz E, Walsh BT, Schwartz GE: EEG beta 1 oscillation and sucrose sensitization in fibromyalgia with chemical intolerance. Int J Neurosci 108: 31–42, 2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, L, Somers S: Comparison of nutrient intake among depressed and non-depressed individuals. Int J Eat Disorder 20: 105–109, 1996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wurtman, RJ, Wurtman, JJ: Carbohydrates and depression. Sci Am January: 68–75, 1989
   Google Scholar
• Bjorvell H, Ronnberg S, Rossner, S: Eating patterns described by a group of treatment seeking overweight women and normal weight women. Scand J Behav Ther 14: 147–156, 1985
   Google Scholar
• Christensen L, Krietsch K, White B, Stagner B: Impact of a dietary change on emotional distress. J Abnorm Psychol 94: 565–579, 1985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy P, Likhodii S, Nylen K, Burnham WM: The antidepressant properties of the ketogenic diet. Biol Psychiat 56: 981–983, 2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Anci KE, Watts KL, Kanarek, RB, Taylor HA: Low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets: Effects on cognition and mood. Appetite 52: 96–103, 2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halton TL, Willett WC, Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB: Potato and French fry consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Cin Nutr 83: 284–290, 2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu FB, Rimm E, Smith-Warner SA, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Sampson L, Willett WC: Reproducibility and validity of dietary patterns assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. Am J Clin Nutr 69: 243–249, 1999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelley-Tremblay J, Ernst A, Kline J: The effects of sucrose consumption on left-frontal asymmetry and anger in persons with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Muscoloskelet Pain 17: 334–349, 2009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher TJ: Effects of nutrients on brain function. Progress in Brain Research Vol. 122. Edited by EA Mayer, CB Saper, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, 1999, pp. 187–194
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, Bennett RM, Bombardier C, Goldenberg DL, Tuqwell P, et al.: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum 33: 160–172, 1990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Educational and Industrial Testing Service EdITS Manual for the Profile of Mood States (Rev. Ed.), EdITS, San Diego, 1992
   Google Scholar
• Zigmond, AS, Snaith, RP: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiat Scand 67: 361–370, 1983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkhardt CS, Clark SR, Bennett RM: The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire: Development and validation. J Rheumatol 18: 728–733, 1991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piatti PM, Monti LD, Baruffaldi L, Magni F, Paroni R, Fermo I, Costa S, et al.: Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves glucose oxidation and spares lean body mass: Comparison to hypocaloric high carbohydrate diet. Metabolism 43: 1481–1487, 1995
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galletly C, Moran L, Noakes M, Clifton P, Tomlinson L, Norman R: Psychological benefits of a low-protein, low-carbohydrate diet in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome – A pilot study. Appetite 49: 590–593, 2007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spring B, Maller O, Wurtman J, Digman L, Cozolino L: Effects of protein and carbohydrate meals on mood and performance: Interactions with sex and age. J Psychiat Res 17: 155–167, 1983
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruskin, DN, Masino, SA: The nervous system and metabolic dysregulation: emerging evidence converges on ketogenic diet therapy. Frontiers in Neuroscience 6: 1–12, 2012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harth, M: The fibromyalgia tender points: Use them or lose them? A brief review of the controversy. J Rheum 34: 914–922, 2007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar