Free radicals and acute pancreatitis: Much ado about … something

References

• Sanfey H, Bulkley GB, Cameron JL. The role of oxygen- derived free radicals in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1984;200:405–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanfey H, Bulkley GB, Cameron JL. The pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. The source and role of oxygen-derived free radicals in three different experimental models. Ann Surg 1985;201:633–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanfey H, Sarr MG, Bulkley GB, Cameron JL. Oxygen-derived free radicals and acute pancreatitis: a review. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1986;548:109–118.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson RJ, Jeffrey IJ, Kay PM, Braganza JM. Peroxidised linoleic acid and experimental pancreatitis. Int J Pancreatol 1986;1:237–248.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rutledge PL, Saluja AK, Powers RE, Steer ML. Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in diet-induced hemorrhagic pancreatitis in mice. Gastroenterology 1987;93:41–47.
   Google Scholar
• Wisner JR, Renner IG. Allopurinol attenuates caerulein induced acute pancreatitis in the rat. Gut 1988;29:926–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rau B, Poch B, Gansauge F, Bauer A, Nüssler AK, Nevalainen T, et al. Pathophysiologic role of oxygen free radicals in acute pancreatitis: initiating event or mediator of tissue damage?Ann Surg 2000;231:352–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manso MA, Ramudo L, De Dios I. Extrapancreatic organ impairment during acute pancreatitis induced by bile-pancreatic duct obstruction. Effect of N-acetylcysteine. Int J Exp Pathol 2007;88:343–349.
   Google Scholar
• Kyriakides C, Jasleen J, Wang Y, Moore FD, Ashley SW, Hechtman HB. Neutrophils, not complement, mediate the mortality of experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Pancreas 2001;22:40–46.
   Google Scholar
• Guice KS, Oldham KT, Caty MG, Johnson KJ, Ward PA. Neutrophil-dependent, oxygen-radical mediated lung injury associated with acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1989;210: 740–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wacke R, Kirchner A, Prall F, Nizze H, Schmidt W, Fischer U, et al. Up-regulation of cytochrome P450 1A2, 2C9, and 2E1 in chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 1998;16:521–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallig MA. Xenobiotic metabolism, oxidant stress and chronic pancreatitis. Focus on glutathione. Digestion 1998; 59:13–24.
   Google Scholar
• Rutishauser SC, Ali AE, Jeffrey IJ, Hunt LP, Braganza JM. Toward an animal model of chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatobiliary secretion in hamsters on long-term treatment with chemical inducers of cytochromes P450. Int J Pancreatol 1995; 18:117–126.
   Google Scholar
• Guyan PM, Uden S, Braganza JM. Heightened free radical activity in pancreatitis. Free Radic Biol Med 1990;8: 347–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonaka A, Manabe T, Kyogoku T, Tamura K, Tobe T. Evidence for a role of free radicals by synthesized scavenger, 2-octadecylascorbic acid, in cerulein-induced mouse acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37:274–279.
   Google Scholar
• Guice KS, Miller DE, Oldham KT, Townsend CM Jr, Thompson JC. Superoxide dismutase and catalase: a possible role in established pancreatitis. Am J Surg 1986;151: 163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederau C, Ude K, Niederau M, Lüthen R, Strohmeyer G, Ferrell LD, Grendell JH. Effects of the seleno-organic substance Ebselen in two different models of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 1991;6:282–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Ferrell LD, Sukhabote RJ, Grendell JH. Glutathione monoethyl ester ameliorates caerulein-induced pancreatitis in the mouse. J Clin Invest 1992;89:109–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenberg MH, Büchler M, Schädlich H, Younes M, Bültmann B, Beger HG. Involvement of oxygen radicals and phospholipase A2 in acute pancreatitis of the rat. Klin Wochenschr 1989;67:166–170.
   Google Scholar
• Koiwai T, Oguchi H, Kawa S, Yanagisawa Y, Kobayashi T, Homma T. The role of oxygen free radicals in experimental acute pancreatitis in the rat. Int J Pancreatol 1989;5: 135–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steer ML, Rutledge PL, Powers RE, Saluja M, Saluja AK. The role of oxygen-derived free radicals in two models of experimental acute pancreatitis: effects of catalase, superoxide dismutase, dimethylsulfoxide, and allopurinol. Klin Wochenschr 1991;69:1012–1017.
   Google Scholar
• Nonaka A, Manabe T, Tobe T. Effect of a new synthetic ascorbic acid derivative as a free radical scavenger on the development of acute pancreatitis in mice. Gut 1991;32:528–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Closa D, Bulbena O, Rosello-Catafau J, Fernandez-Cruz L, Gelpi E. Effect of prostaglandins and superoxide dismutase administration on oxygen free radical production in experimental acute pancreatitis. Inflammation 1993;17:563–571.
   Google Scholar
• Schoenberg MH, Büchler M, Younes M, Kirchmayr R, Brückner UB, Beger HG. Effect of antioxidant treatment in rats with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:1034–1040.
   Google Scholar
• Yagci G, Gul H, Simsek A, Buyukdogan V, Onguru O, Zeybek N, et al. Beneficial effects of N-acetylcysteine on sodium taurocholate-induced pancreatitis in rats. J Gastroenterol 2004;39:268–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czakó L, Takács T, Varga IS, Tiszlavicz L, Hai DQ, Hegyi P, et al. Involvement of oxygen-derived free radicals in L- arginine-induced acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43: 1770–1777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankisch PG, Pohl U, Otto J, Wereszczynska-Siemiatkowska U, Gröne HJ. Xanthine oxidase inhibitor in acute experimental pancreatitis in rats and mice. Pancreas 1989;4:436–440.
   Google Scholar
• Creagh TA, Leahy AL, Bouchier-Hayes DJ, Tormey W, Leader M, Broe PJ. Oxygen free radicals and acute pancreatitis: fact or fiction?Ir J Med Sci 1993;162:497–498.
   Google Scholar
• Booth DM, Mukherjee R, Sutton R, Criddle DN. Calcium and reactive oxygen species in acute pancreatitis: friend or foe?Antioxid Redox Signal 2011;15:2683–2698.
   Google Scholar
• Kishimoto W, Nakao A, Nakano M, Takahashi A, Inaba H, Takagi H. Detection of superoxide free radicals in rats with acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 1995;11:122–126.
   Google Scholar
• Inoue S, Nakao A, Kishimoto W, Murakami H, Harada A, Nonami T, Takagi H. LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) and ICAM-1 (CD54) antibodies attenuate superoxide anion release from polymorphonuclear leukocytes in rats with experimental acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 1996;12:183–188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gutierrez PT, Folch-Puy E, Bulbena O, Closa D. Oxidised lipids present in ascitic fluid interfere with the regulation of the macrophages during acute pancreatitis, promoting an exacerbation of the inflammatory response. Gut 2008;57:642–648.
   Google Scholar
• Folch E, Gelpí E, Roselló-Catafau J, Closa D. Free radicals generated by xanthine oxidase mediate pancreatitis-associated organ failure. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43:2405–2410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Closa D, Bulbena O, Hotter G, Roselló-Catafau J, Fernández-Cruz L, Gelpí E. Xanthine oxidase activation in cerulein- and taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Arch Int Physiol Biochim Biophys 1994;102:167–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonaka A, Manabe T, Tamura K, Asano N, Imanishi K, Tobe T. Changes of xanthine oxidase, lipid peroxide and superoxide dismutase in mouse acute pancreatitis. Digestion 1989;43:41–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanyalçin T, Sözmen EY, Taskiran D, Ozütemiz O, Batur Y, Kutay F. The endogenous scavengers in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1995;33: 195–199.
   Google Scholar
• Varga IS, Matkovics B, Hai DQ, Kotormán M, Takács T, Sasvári M. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system changes in acute L-arginine pancreatitis in rats. Acta Physiol Hung 1997–1998;85:129–138.
   Google Scholar
• Gómez-Cambronero L, Camps B, de La Asunción JG, Cerdá M, Pellín A, Pallardó FV, et al. Pentoxifylline ameliorates cerulein-induced pancreatitis in rats: role of glutathione and nitric oxide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;293:670–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman SH, Srinivasan AR, Nicolaou A. Transsulfuration pathway defects and increased glutathione degradation in severe acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2009;54:675–682.
   Google Scholar
• Wereszczynska-Siemiatkowska U, Mroczko B, Siemiatkowski A, Szmitkowski M, Borawska M, Kosel J. The importance of interleukin 18, glutathione peroxidase, and selenium concentration changes in acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2004;49: 642–650.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matalka II, Mhaidat NM, Fatlawi LA. Antioxidant activity of simvastatin prevents L-arginine-induced acute toxicity of pancreas. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol 2013;5: 102–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esrefoglu M, Gül M, Ates B, Yilmaz I. Ultrastructural clues for the protective effect of ascorbic acid and N-acetylcysteine against oxidative damage on caerulein-induced pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2006;6:477–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereda J, Escobar J, Sandoval J, Rodríguez JL, Sabater L, Pallardó FV, et al. Glutamate cysteine ligase up-regulation fails in necrotizing pancreatitis. Free Radic Biol Med 2008;44:1599–1609.
   Google Scholar
• Yubero S, Ramudo L, Manso MA, De Dios I. The role of redox status on chemokine expression in acute pancreatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009;1792:148–154.
   Google Scholar
• Schulz HU, Niederau C. Oxidative stress-induced changes in pancreatic acinar cells: insights from in vitro studies. Hepatogastroenterology 1994;41:309–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederau C, Klonowski H, Schulz HU, Sarbia M, Lüthen R, Häussinger D. Oxidative injury to isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells vs. isolated zymogen granules. Free Radic Biol Med 1996;20:877–886.
   Google Scholar
• Sevillano S, De la Mano AM, Manso MA, Orfao A, De Dios I. N-acetylcysteine prevents intra-acinar oxygen free radical production in pancreatic duct obstruction-induced acute pancreatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003;1639:177–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo JY, Kim H, Seo JT, Kim KH. Oxidative stress induced cytokine production in isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells: effects of small-molecule antioxidants. Pharmacology 2002; 64:63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Bernal C, García-Morales OH, Domínguez C, Martin-Gallán P, Calvo JJ, Ferreira L, Pérez-González N. Nitric oxide protects against pancreatic subcellular damage in acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2004;28:e9–e15.
   Google Scholar
• Mukherjee R, Criddle DN, Gukovskaya A, Pandol S, Petersen OH, Sutton R. Mitochondrial injury in pancreatitis. Cell Calcium 2008;44:14–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen OH, Sutton R. Ca2+ signalling and pancreatitis: effects of alcohol, bile and coffee. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006;27:113–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B, Nicotera P. Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003;4:552–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth DM, Murphy JA, Mukherjee R, Awais M, Neoptolemos JP, Gerasimenko OV, et al. Reactive oxygen species induced by bile acid induce apoptosis and protect against necrosis in pancreatic acinar cells. Gastroenterology 2011;140:2116–2125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gül M, Eşrefoğlu M, Oztürk F, Ateş B, Otlu A. The beneficial effects of pentoxifylline on caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2009;54:555–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chardavoyne R, Asher A, Bank S, Stein TA, Wise L. Role of reactive oxygen metabolites in early cardiopulmonary changes of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34:1581–1584.
   Google Scholar
• Murakami H, Nakao A, Kishimoto W, Nakano M, Takagi H. Detection of O2- generation and neutrophil accumulation in rat lungs after acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Surgery 1995;118:547–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demols A, Van Laethem JL, Quertinmont E, Legros F, Louis H, Le Moine O, Devière J. N-acetylcysteine decreases severity of acute pancreatitis in mice. Pancreas 2000;20:161–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang T, Mao YF, Liu SQ, Hou J, Cai ZY, Hu JY, et al. Protective effects of the free radical scavenger edaravone on acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 630:152–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabrowski A, Gabryelewicz A. The effect of nafamostat mesilate (FUT-175) and gabexate mesilate (FOY) on multiorgan oxidant-antioxidant balance in acute experimental pancreatitis. J Physiol Pharmacol 1994;45:455–465.
   Google Scholar
• Gilgenast O, Brandt-Nedelev B, Wiswedel I, Lippert H, Halangk W, Reinheckel T. Differential oxidative injury in extrapancreatic tissues during experimental pancreatitis: modification of lung proteins by 4-hydroxynonenal. Dig Dis Sci 2001;46:932–937.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dabrowski A, Gabryelewicz A. Nitric oxide contributes to multiorgan oxidative stress in acute experimental pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:943–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng S, Yan WM, Yang B, Shi J, Song M, Zhao Y. A crucial role of nitric oxide in acute lung injury secondary to the acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010;29: 329–337.
   Google Scholar
• Ang AD, Adhikari S, Ng SW, Bhatia M. Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms and nitric oxide production in acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury. Pancreatology 2009;9:150–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yubero S, Ramudo L, Manso MA, Collía F, De Dios I. Evaluation of N-acetylcysteine treatment in acute pancreatitis-induced lung injury. Inflamm Res 2012;61:699–705.
   Google Scholar
• Folch E, Salas A, Panés J, Gelpí E, Roselló-Catafau J, Anderson DC, et al. Role of P-selectin and ICAM-1 in pancreatitis-induced lung inflammation in rats: significance of oxidative stress. Ann Surg 1999;230:792–798; discussion 798–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Closa D, Folch-Puy E. Oxygen free radicals and the systemic inflammatory response. IUBMB Life 2004;56:185–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaishon R, Szold O, Weinbroum AA. Acute lung injury following pancreas ischaemia-reperfusion: role of xanthine oxidase. Eur J Clin Invest 2006;36:831–837.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar J, Pereda J, Arduini A, Sandoval J, Moreno ML, Pérez S, et al. Oxidative and nitrosative stress in acute pancreatitis. Modulation by pentoxifylline and oxypurinol. Biochem Pharmacol 2012;83:122–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granell S, Bulbena O, Genesca M, Sabater L, Sastre J, Gelpi E, Closa D. Mobilization of xanthine oxidase from the gastrointestinal tract in acute pancreatitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2004;4:1.
   Google Scholar
• Granell S, Serrano-Mollar A, Folch-Puy E, Navajas D, Farre R, Bulbena O, Closa D. Oxygen in the alveolar air space mediates lung inflammation in acute pancreatitis. Free Radic Biol Med 2004;37:1640–1647.
   Google Scholar
• Picard-Ami LA Jr, MacKay A, Kerrigan CL. Pathophysiology of ischemic skin flaps: differences in xanthine oxidase levels among rats, pigs, and humans. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991; 87:750–755.
   Google Scholar
• Wang XD, Deng XM, Haraldsen P, Andersson R, Ihse I. Antioxidant and calcium channel blockers counteract endothelial barrier injury induced by acute pancreatitis in rats. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995;30:1129–1136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XD, Wang Q, Andersson R, Ihse I. Alterations in intestinal function in acute pancreatitis in an experimental model. Br J Surg 1996;83:1537–1543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco-Pons N, Gea-Sorlí S, Closa D. Release of inflammatory mediators by adipose tissue during acute pancreatitis. J Pathol 2010;221:175–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereda J, Pérez S, Escobar J, Arduini A, Asensi M, Serviddio G, et al. Obese rats exhibit high levels of fat necrosis and isoprostanes in taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis. PLoS One 2012;7:e44383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perrin-Cocon L, Diaz O, André P, Lotteau V. Modified lipoproteins provide lipids that modulate dendritic cell immune function. Biochimie 2013;95:103–108.
   Google Scholar
• Salomon RG. Structural identification and cardiovascular activities of oxidized phospholipids. Circ Res 2012;111: 930–946.
   Google Scholar
• Volinsky R, Kinnunen PKJ. Oxidized phosphatidylcholines in membrane-level cellular signaling: from biophysics to physiology and molecular pathology. FEBS J 2013;280: 2806–2816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navina S, Acharya C, DeLany JP, Orlichenko LS, Baty CJ, Shiva SS, et al. Lipotoxicity causes multisystem organ failure and exacerbates acute pancreatitis in obesity. Sci Transl Med 2011;3:107ra110.
   Google Scholar
• Franco-Pons N, Casas J, Fabriàs G, Gea-Sorlí S, de-Madaria E, Gelpí E, Closa D. Fat necrosis generates proinflammatory halogenated lipids during acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 2013; 257:943–951.
   Google Scholar
• Spickett CM. Chlorinated lipids and fatty acids: an emerging role in pathology. Pharmacol Ther 2007;115:400–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Testoni PA. Preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis: where are we?JOP 2003;4:22–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez-Torres H, Rodriguez-Lomeli X, Davalos-Cobian C, Garcia-Correa J, Maldonado-Martinez JM, Medrano-Muñoz F, et al. Oral allopurinol to prevent hyperamylasemia and acute pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:1600–1606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsinelos P, Kountouras J, Chatzis J, Christodoulou K, Paroutoglou G, Mimidis K, et al. High-dose allopurinol for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective randomized double-blind controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;61:407–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budzyńska A, Marek T, Nowak A, Kaczor R, Nowakowska-Dulawa E. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of prednisone and allopurinol in the prevention of ERCP- induced pancreatitis. Endoscopy 2001;33:766–772.
   Google Scholar
• Mosler P, Sherman S, Marks J, Watkins JL, Geenen JE, Jamidar P, et al. Oral allopurinol does not prevent the frequency or the severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;62:245–250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katsinelos P, Kountouras J, Paroutoglou G, Beltsis A, Mimidis K, Zavos C. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine does not prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;62: 105–111.
   Google Scholar
• Milewski J, Rydzewska G, Degowska M, Kierzkiewicz M, Rydzewski A. N-acetylcysteine does not prevent post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography hyperamylasemia and acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:3751–3755.
   Google Scholar
• Lavy A, Karban A, Suissa A, Yassin K, Hermesh I, Ben-Amotz A. Natural beta-carotene for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Pancreas 2004;29:e45–e50.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng M, Chen Y, Bai J, Xin Y, Pan X, Zhao L. Meta- analysis of prophylactic allopurinol use in post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. Pancreas 2008;37:247–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu WJ, Wei CY, Yin RX. Antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr J 2013;12:23.
   Google Scholar
• Uden S, Bilton D, Nathan L, Hunt LP, Main C, Braganza JM. Antioxidant therapy for recurrent pancreatitis: placebo- controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1990;4:357–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du WD, Yuan ZR, Sun J, Tang JX, Cheng AQ, Shen DM, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of high-dose vitamin C on acute pancreatitis and its potential mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol 2003;9:2565–2569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sateesh J, Bhardwaj P, Singh N, Saraya A. Effect of antioxidant therapy on hospital stay and complications in patients with early acute pancreatitis: a randomised controlled trial. Trop Gastroenterol 2009;30:201–206.
   Google Scholar
• Virlos IT, Mason J, Schofield D, McCloy RF, Eddleston JM, Siriwardena AK. Intravenous n-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid and selenium-based anti-oxidant therapy in severe acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003;38: 1262–1267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal D, Bhalla A, Bhasin DK, Pandhi P, Sharma N, Rana S, Malhotra S. Safety and efficacy of vitamin-based antioxidant therapy in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:174–179.
   Google Scholar
• Siriwardena AK, Mason JM, Balachandra S, Bagul A, Galloway S, Formela L, et al. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of intravenous antioxidant (n-acetylcysteine, selenium, vitamin C) therapy in severe acute pancreatitis. Gut 2007;56:1439–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar