13,259
Views
30
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Strategies for oral delivery and mitochondrial targeting of CoQ10

Pages 1868-1881 | Received 13 Oct 2014, Accepted 27 Nov 2014, Published online: 29 Dec 2014

References

  • Adlam VJ, Harrison JC, Porteous CM, et al. (2005). Targeting an antioxidant to mitochondria decreases cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. FASEB J 19:1088–95
  • Al-Hasso S. (2001). Coenzyme Q10: a review. Hospital Pharmacy 36:51–5
  • Ankola DD, Viswanad B, Bhardwaj V, et al. (2007). Development of potent oral nanoparticulate formulation of coenzyme Q10 for treatment of hypertension: can the simple nutritional supplements be used as first line therapeutic agents for prophylaxis/therapy? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 67:361–9
  • Araya H, Nagao S, Tomita M, Hayashi M. (2005a). The novel formulation design of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) type O/W microemulsion I: enhancing effects on oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble compounds in rats and beagle dogs. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 20:244–56
  • Araya H, Tomita M, Hayashi M. (2005b). The novel formulation design of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) type O/W microemulsion II: stable gastrointestinal absorption of a poorly water soluble new compound, ER-1258 in bile-fistula rats. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 20:257–67
  • Artursson P, Karlsson J. (1991). Correlation between oral drug absorption in humans and apparent drug permeability coefficients in human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 175:880–5
  • Atal CK, Dubey RK, Singh J. (1985). Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: evidence that piperine is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 232:258–62
  • Avis HJ, Hargreaves IP, Ruiter JP, et al. (2011). Rosuvastatin lowers coenzyme Q10 levels, but not mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis, in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr 158:458–62
  • Badmaev V, Majeed M, Prakash L. (2000). Piperine derived from black pepper increases the plasma levels of coenzyme Q10 following oral supplementation. J Nutr Biochem 11:109–13
  • Baker SK, Tarnopolsky MA. (2003). Targeting cellular energy production in neurological disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 12:1655–79
  • Balakrishnan P, Lee BJ, Oh DH, et al. (2009). Enhanced oral bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 by self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 374:66–72
  • Bank G, Kagan D, Madhavi D. (2011). Coenzyme Q10: clinical update and bioavailability. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 16:129–37
  • Barakat A, Shegokar R, Dittgen M, Müller RH. (2013). Coenzyme Q10 oral bioavailability: effect of formulation type. J Pharm Invest 43:431–45
  • Bhagavan HN, Chopra RK. (2006). Coenzyme Q10: absorption, tissue uptake, metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Free Radic Res 40:445–53
  • Bhagavan HN, Chopra RK. (2007). Plasma coenzyme Q10 response to oral ingestion of coenzyme Q10 formulations. Mitochondrion 7:S78–88
  • Bhagavan HN, Chopra RK, Craft NE, et al. (2007). Assessment of coenzyme Q10 absorption using an in vitro digestion-Caco-2 cell model. Int J Pharm 333:112–17
  • Bhandari KH, Newa M, Kim JA, et al. (2007). Preparation, characterization and evaluation of coenzyme Q10 binary solid dispersions for enhanced solubility and dissolution. Biol Pharm Bull 30:1171–6
  • Bhardwaj RK, Glaeser H, Becquemont L, et al. (2002). Piperine, a major constituent of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302:645–50
  • Bogeski I, Gulaboski R, Kappl R, et al. (2011). Calcium binding and transport by coenzyme Q. J Am Chem Soc 133:9293–303
  • Brown SE, Ross MF, Sanjuan-Pla A, et al. (2007). Targeting lipoic acid to mitochondria: synthesis and characterization of a triphenylphosphonium-conjugated alpha-lipoyl derivative. Free Radic Biol Med 42:1766–80
  • Caliph SM, Charman WN, Porter CJH. (2000). Effect of short-, medium-, and longchain fatty acid-based vehicles on the absolute oral bioavailability and intestinal lymphatic transport of halofantrine and assessment of mass balance in lymphcannulated and non-cannulated rats. J Pharm Sci 89:1073–84
  • Carli F, Chiellini EE, Bellich B, et al. (2005). Ubidecarenone nanoemulsified composite systems. Int J Pharm 291:113–18
  • Cheng B, Yuan QP, Sun XX, Li WJ. (2010). Enhanced production of coenzyme Q10 by overexpressing HMG-CoA reductase and induction with arachidonic acid in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 160:523–31
  • Cooper JM, Schapira AH. (2003). Friedreich’s Ataxia: disease mechanisms, antioxidant and coenzyme Q10 therapy. Biofactors 18:163–71
  • Cordero MD, Alcocer-Gómez E, De Miguel M, et al. (2013). Can coenzyme Q10 improve clinical and molecular parameters in fibromyalgia? Antioxid Redox Signal 19:1356–61
  • Costantinides PP. (1985). Lipid microemulsion for improving drug dissolution and oral absorption: physical and biopharmaceutical aspects. Pharm Res 12:161–72
  • Crane FL. (2001). Biochemical functions of coenzyme Q10. J Am Coll Nutr 20:591–8
  • Dimauro S, Hirano M, Schon EA. (2006). Approaches to the treatment of mitochondrial diseases. Muscle Nerve 34:265–83
  • Dokania S, Joshi AK. (2014). Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) – challenges and road ahead. Drug Deliv [Epub ahead of Print]
  • Dos Santos GC, Antunes LMG, Dos Santos AC, Bianchi MDLP. (2009). Coenzyme Q10 and its effects in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Brazilian J Pharm Sci 45:607–18
  • Eaimtrakarn S, Rama Prasad YV, Ohno T, et al. (2002). Absorption enhancing effect of labrasol on the intestinal absorption of insulin in rats. J Drug Target 10:255–60
  • Ebadi M, Govitrapong P, Sharma S, et al. (2001). Ubiquinone (coenzyme q10) and mitochondria in oxidative stress of parkinson’s disease. Biol Signals Recept 10:224–53
  • El-Abhar HS. (2010). Coenzyme Q10: a novel gastroprotective effect via modulation of vascular permeability, prostaglandin E, nitric oxide and redox status in indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer model. Eur J Pharmacol 649:314–19
  • Eriksson JG, Forsen TJ, Mortensen SA, Rohde M. (1999). The effect of coenzyme Q10 administration on metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biofactors 9:315–18
  • Eussen S, Klungel O, Garssen J, et al. (2010). Support of drug therapy using functional foods and dietary supplements: focus on statin therapy. Br J Nutr 103:1260–77
  • Frankovic M. (2006). Introduction to CoQ10. Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech 17:12–13
  • Fujimoto S, Kurihara N, Hirata K, Takeda T. (1993). Effects of coenzyme Q10 administration on pulmonary function and exercise performance in patients with chronic lung diseases. Clin Investig 71:S162–6
  • Gaba B, Fazil M, Ali A, et al. (2014). Nanostructured lipid (NLCs) carriers as a bioavailability enhancement tool for oral administration. Drug Deliv [Epub ahead of Print]
  • Gao X, Nishimura K, Hirayama F, et al. (2006). Enhanced dissolution and oral bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 in dogs by inclusion complexation with γ-cyclodextrin. Asian J Pharm Sci 1:95–102
  • Gawish AS, Zaki NM, Ola MG, Sadel HS. (2011). Clinical and microbiological assessment of Coenzyme Q-10 gel in treatment of chronic periodontitis. Egypt Dent J 57:1–9
  • Gürkan AS, Bozdaǧ-Dündar O. (2005). Coenzyme Q10. Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi 34:129–54
  • Gursoy RN, Benita S. (2004). Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) for improved oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. Biomed Pharmacother 58:173–82
  • Hamilton SJ, Chew GT, Watts GF. (2009). Coenzyme Q10 improves endothelial dysfunction in statin-treated type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 32:810–12
  • Hargreaves IP. (2003). Ubiquinone: cholesterol’s reclusive cousin. Ann Clin Biochem 40:207–18
  • Hargreaves IP, Duncan AJ, Heales SJR, Land JM. (2005). The effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coenzyme Q10: possible biochemical/clinical implications. Drug Safety 28:659–76
  • Hatanaka J, Kimura Y, Lai-Fu Z, Onoue S, Yamada S. (2008). Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characterization of water-soluble coenzyme Q(10) formulations. Int J Pharm 363:112–17
  • Hathcock JN, Shao A. (2006). Risk assessment for coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 45:282–8
  • Hyson HC, Kieburtz K, Shoulson I, et al. (2010). Safety and tolerability of high-dosage coenzyme Q10 in Huntington’s disease and healthy subjects. Mov Disord 25:1924–8
  • Ikematsu H, Nakamura K, Harashima S, et al. (2006). Safety assessment of coenzyme Q10 (Kaneka Q10) in healthy subjects: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 44:212–18
  • Itagaki S, Ochiai A, Kobayashi M, et al. (2008). Interaction of coenzyme Q10 with the intestinal drug transporter P-glycoprotein. J Agric Food Chem 56:6923–7
  • Itagaki S, Ochiai A, Kobayashi M, et al. (2010). Grapefruit juice enhance the uptake of coenzyme Q10 in the human intestinal cell-line Caco-2. Food Chem 120:552–5
  • Janicki B, Buzała M. (2012). Role of coenzyme Q10 in humans and animals. Rola Koenzymu Q10 w Organizmie Ludzi i Zwierz̧t 68:214–17
  • Jin MJ, Han HK. (2010). Effect of piperine, a major component of black pepper, on the intestinal absorption of fexofenadine and its implication on food-drug interaction. J Food Sci 75:H93–6
  • Kaikkonen J, Tuomainen TP, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT. (2002). Coenzyme Q10: absorption, antioxidative properties, determinants, and plasma levels. Free Radic Res 36:389–97
  • Katayama K, Fujita T. (1972). Studies on the lymphatic absorption of 1′,2′-(3H)-coenzyme Q10 in rats. Chem Pharm Bull 250:2585–92
  • Kawabata Y, Wada K, Nakatani M, et al. (2011). Formulation design for poorly water-soluble drugs based on biopharmaceutics classification system: basic approaches and practical applications. Int J Pharm 420:1–10
  • Kawasaki T. (1992). Antioxidant function of coenzyme Q. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 38:552–5
  • Khajuria A, Zutshi U, Bedi KL. (1998). Permeability characteristics of piperine on oral absorption–an active alkaloid from peppers and a bioavailability enhancer. Indian J Exp Biol 36:46–50
  • Kim JY, Kim S, Papp M, et al. (2010). Hydrotropic solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs. J Pharm Sci 99:3953–65
  • Kommuru TR, Ashraf M, Khan MA, Reddy IK. (1999). Stability and bioequivalence studies of two marketed formulations of coenzyme Q10 in beagle dogs. Chem Pharm Bull 47:1024–8
  • Kommuru TR, Gurley B, Khan MA, Reddy IK. (2001). Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) of coenzyme Q10: formulation development and bioavailability assessment. Int J Pharm 212:233–46
  • Koul S, Koul JL, Taneja SC, et al. (2000). Structure-activity relationship of piperine and its synthetic analogues for their inhibitory potentials of rat hepatic microsomal constitutive and inducible cytochrome P450 activities. Bioorg Med Chem 8:251–68
  • Koynova R, Tihova M. (2010). Nanosized self-emulsifying lipid vesicles of diacylglycerol-PEG lipid conjugates: biophysical characterization and inclusion of lipophilic dietary supplements. Biochim Biophys Acta 1798:646–53
  • Kwon SS, Nam YS, Lee JS, et al. (2002). Preparation and characterization of coenzyme Q10-loaded PMMA nanoparticles by a new emulsification process based on microfluidization. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 210:95–104
  • Land JM, Heales SJR, Duncan AJ, Hargreaves IP. (2007). Some observations upon biochemical causes of ataxia and a new disease entity ubiquinone, CoQ10 deficiency. Neurochem Res 32:837–43
  • Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM. (2003). The clinical use of HMG CoA-reductase inhibitors and the associated depletion of coenzyme Q10. A review of animal and human publications. Biofactors 18:101–11
  • Li Y, Fawcett JP, Zhang H, Tucker IG. (2008). Transport and metabolism of some cationic ubiquinone antioxidants (MitoQn) in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 33:199–204
  • Lin C, Engbersen JF. (2009). The role of the disulfide group in disulfide-based polymeric gene carriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 6:421–39
  • Lindmark T, Nikkila T, Artusson P. (1995). Mechanism of absorption enhancement by medium chain fatty acids in intestinal epithelial Caco-2 monolayers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 275:958–64
  • Littarru GP, Tiano L. (2005). Clinical aspects of coenzyme Q10: an update. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 8:641–6
  • Littarru GP, Tiano L. (2007). Bioenergetic and antioxidant properties of coenzyme Q10: recent developments. Mol Biotechnol 37:31–7
  • Littarru GP, Tiano L. (2010). Clinical aspects of coenzyme Q10: an update. Nutrition 26:250–4
  • Littlefield N, Beckstrand RL, Luthy KE. (2013). Statins’ effect on plasma levels of Coenzyme Q10 and improvement in myopathy with supplementation. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 26:85–90
  • Liu ZX, Artmann C. (2009). Relative bioavailability comparison of different coenzyme Q10 formulations with a novel delivery system. Altern Ther Health Med 15:42–6
  • Lo YL. (2000). Phospholipids as multidrug resistance modulators of the transport of epirubicin in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell layers and everted gut sacs of rats. Biochem Pharmacol 60:1381–90
  • Lutka A, Pawlaczyk J. (1995). Inclusion complexation of coenzyme Q10 with cyclodextrins. Acta Pol Pharm 52:379–86
  • Lutka A, Pawlaczyk J. (1996a). Investigation of inclusion complexes of coenzyme Q10 with c-cyclodextrin and methyl-b-cyclodextrin (MS = 0.97). Part I. Comparison of complexation methods in the solution state. Acta Pol Pharm 53:193–6
  • Lutka A, Pawlaczyk J. (1996b). Investigation of inclusion complexes of coenzyme Q10 with cyclodextrin and methyl-b-cyclodextrin (MS = 0.97). Part II. The influence of complexation temperature (heating method) on coenzyme Q10 solubility. Acta Pol Pharm 53:197–201
  • Mahlin D, Bergstrom CA. (2013). Early drug development predictions of glass-forming ability and physical stability of drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 49:323–32
  • Makabi-Panzu B, Sprott GD, Patel GB. (1998). Coenzyme Q10 in vesicles composed of archaeal ether lipids or conventional lipids enhances the immuno-adjuvanticity to encapsulated protein. Vaccine 16:1504–10
  • Marcoff L, Thompson PD. (2007). The role of coenzyme Q10 in statin-associated myopathy. A systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 49:2231–7
  • Matejikova J, Kucharska J, Pancza D, Ravingerova T. (2008). The effect of antioxidant treatment and NOS inhibition on the incidence of ischemia-induced arrhythmias in the diabetic rat heart. Physiol Res 57:S55–60
  • Matsuda Y, Masahara R. (1983). Photostability of solid-state ubidecarenone at ordinary and elevated temperatures under exaggerated UV irradiation. J Pharm Sci 72:1198–203
  • Mauludin R. (2009). Nanosuspensions of poorly soluble drugs for oral administration [PhD Thesis]. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin
  • Meng X, Zu Y, Zhao X, et al. (2012). Characterization and pharmacokinetics of coenzyme Q10 nanoparticles prepared by a rapid expansion of supercritical solution process. Pharmazie 67:161–7
  • Milagros Rocha M, Victor VM. (2007). Targeting antioxidants to mitochondria and cardiovascular diseases: the effects of mitoquinone. Med Sci Monit 13: RA132–45
  • Miyake Y, Shouzu A, Nishikawa M, et al. (1999). Effect of treatment with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on serum coenzyme Q10 in diabetic patients. Arzneimittelforschung 49:324–9
  • Miyamoto S, Kawai A, Higuchi S, et al. (2009). Structural studies of coenzyme Q10 inclusion complex with c-cyclodextrin using chemical analyses and molecular modeling. Chem Bio Informatics J 9:1–11
  • Mizuno K, Tanaka M, Nozaki S, et al. (2008). Antifatigue effects of coenzyme Q10 during physical fatigue. Nutrition 24:293–9
  • Mortensen SA, Vadhanavikit S, Muratsu K, Folkers K. (1990). Coenzyme Q10: clinical benefits with biochemical correlates suggesting a scientific breakthrough in the management of chronic heart failure. Int J Tissue React 12:155–62
  • Murphy MP. (2008). Targeting lipophilic cations to mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1777:1028–31
  • Murphy MP, Smith RA. (2007). Targeting antioxidants to mitochondria by conjugation to lipophilic cations. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 47:629–56
  • Murphy MP, Smith RAJ. (2000). Drug delivery to mitochondria: the key to mitochondrial medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 41:235–50
  • Naini AB, Quinzii CM, Navas P, et al. (2006). Genetics of primary CoQ10 deficiency. Curr Genomics 7:343–9
  • Nanjwade BK, Kadam VT, Manvi FV. (2013). Formulation and characterization of nanostructured lipid carrier of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10). J Biomed Nanotechnol 9:450–60
  • Nazzal S, Guven N, Reddy IK, Khan MA. (2002a). Preparation and characterization of coenzyme Q10-Eudragit solid dispersion. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 28:49–57
  • Nazzal S, Nutan M, Palamakula A, et al. (2002b). Optimization of a self-nanoemulsified tablet dosage form of ubiquinone using response surface methodology: effect of formulation ingredients. Int J Pharm 240:103–14
  • Nazzal S, Smalyukh II, Lavrentovich OD, Khan MA. (2002c). Preparation and in vitro characterization of a eutectic based semisolid self-nanoemulsified drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of ubiquinone: mechanism and progress of emulsion formation. Int J Pharm 235:247–65
  • Nazzal S, Zaghloul AA, Khan MA. (2002d). Effect of extra-granular microcrystalline cellulose on compaction, surface roughness and in-vitro dissolution of a self-nanoemulsified solid dosage form of ubiquinone. Pharm Technol 26:86–98
  • Nehilla BJ, Allen PG, Desai TA. (2008). Surfactant-free, drug-quantum-dot coloaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles: towards multifunctional nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2:538–44
  • Nepal PR, Han HK, Choi HK. (2010). Enhancement of solubility and dissolution of coenzyme Q10 using solid dispersion formulation. Int J Pharm 383:147–53
  • New RRC, Kirby CJ. (1999). Solubilisation aids. US Patent No 5968549
  • Nishimura K, Higashi T, Yoshimatsu A, et al. (2008). Pseudorotaxane-like supramolecular complex of coenzyme Q10 with gamma-cyclodextrin formed by solubility method. Chem Pharm Bull 56:701–6
  • Nucci C, Tartaglione R, Cerulli A, et al. (2007). Retinal damage caused by high intraocular pressure-induced transient ischemia is prevented by coenzyme Q10 in rat. Int Rev Neurobiol 82:397–406
  • Ochiai A, Itagaki S, Kurokawa T, et al. (2007). Improvement in intestinal coenzyme q10 absorption by food intake. Yakugaku Zasshi 127:1251–4
  • Onoue S, Uchida A, Kuriyama K, et al. (2012). Novel solid self-emulsifying drug delivery system of coenzyme Q(1)(0) with improved photochemical and pharmacokinetic behaviors. Eur J Pharm Sci 46:492–9
  • Ooya T, Yui N. (1999). Polyrotaxanes: synthesis, structure, and potential in drug delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 16:289–330
  • Palamakula A. (2004a). Biopharmaceutical classification and development of limonene-based self-nanoemulsified capsule dosage form of coenzyme Q10. Texas Tech University Sciences Center, PhD Dissertation, 80–83
  • Palamakula A. (2004b). Biopharmaceutical classification and development of limonene-based self-nanoemulsified capsule dosage form of coenzyme Q10. Texas Tech University Sciences Center, PhD Dissertation, 55–79
  • Palamakula A, Khan MA. (2004). Evaluation of cytotoxicity of oils used in coenzyme Q10 Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS). Int J Pharm 273:63–73
  • Palamakula A, Nutan MT, Khan MA. (2004). Response surface methodology for optimization and characterization of limonene-based coenzyme Q10 self-nanoemulsified capsule dosage form. AAPS PharmSciTech 5:e66
  • Palamakula A, Soliman M, Khan MM. (2005). Regional permeability of coenzyme Q10 in isolated rat gastrointestinal tracts. Pharmazie 60:212–14
  • Palazzoni G, Pucello D, Littarru GP, et al. (1997). Coenzyme Q10 and colorectal neoplasms in aged patients. Rays 22:73–6
  • Pepe S, Marasco SF, Haas SJ, et al. (2007). Coenzyme Q10 in cardiovascular disease. Mitochondrion 7:S154–67
  • Persson EM, Gustafsson AS, Carlsson AS, et al. (2005). The effects of food on the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs in human and in model small intestinal fluids. Pharm Res 22:2141–51
  • Porteous CM, Logan A, Evans C, et al. (2010). Rapid uptake of lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cations by mitochondria in vivo following intravenous injection: implications for mitochondria-specific therapies and probes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1800:1009–17
  • Porter CJH, Charman WN. (1997). Uptake of drugs into the intestinal lymphatics after oral administration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 25:71–89
  • Prosek M, Butinar J, Lukanc B, et al. (2008). Bioavailability of water-soluble CoQ10 in beagle dogs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 47:918–22
  • Prosek M, Smidovnik A, Fir M, et al. (2005). Water-soluble coenzyme Q10 in inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin, process of preparing, and use thereof. PCT Patent Application No. PCT/SI2005/000013 (WO 2005/111224)
  • Quinzii CM, Dimauro S, Hirano M. (2007). Human coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Neurochem Res 32:723–7
  • Quinzii CM, Hirano M. (2010). Coenzyme Q and mitochondrial disease. Dev Disabil Res Rev 16:183–8
  • Ratnam DV, Chandraiah G, Meena AK, et al. (2009). The co-encapsulated antioxidant nanoparticles of ellagic acid and coenzyme Q10 ameliorates hyperlipidemia in high fat diet fed rats. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 9:6741–6
  • Rosenberg J, Breitenbach J. (2004). Stable dosage forms containing Ubiquinones. US Patent Publication No. 2004/0014817A1
  • Russo R, Cavaliere F, Rombola L, et al. (2008). Rational basis for the development of coenzyme Q10 as a neurotherapeutic agent for retinal protection. Prog Brain Res 173:575–82
  • Samartsev VN, Simonyan RA, Markova OV, et al. (2000). Comparative study on uncoupling effects of laurate and lauryl sulfate on rat liver and skeletal muscle mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1459:179–90
  • Sato Y, Mutoh H, Suzuki M, et al. (2013). Emulsification using highly hydrophilic surfactants improves the absorption of orally administered coenzyme q10. Biol Pharm Bull 36:2012–17
  • Schulz C, Obermuller-Jevic UC, Hasselwander O, et al. (2006). Comparison of the relative bioavailability of different coenzyme Q10 formulations with a novel solubilizate (Solu Q10). Int J Food Sci Nutr 57:546–55
  • Severina II, Vyssokikh MY, Pustovidko AV, et al. (2007). Effects of lipophilic dications on planar bilayer phospholipid membrane and mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1767:1164–8
  • Sharma N, Baldi A. (2014). Exploring versatile applications of cyclodextrins: an overview. Drug Deliv 22:1–19
  • Sharma S, Sahni JK, Ali J, Baboota S. (2014). Effect of high-pressure homogenization on formulation of TPGS loaded nanoemulsion of rutin – pharmacodynamic and antioxidant studies. Drug Deliv [Epub ahead of Print]
  • Sharma A, Soliman GM, Al-Hajaj N, et al. (2012). Design and evaluation of multifunctional nanocarriers for selective delivery of coenzyme Q10 to mitochondria. Biomacromolecules 13:239–52
  • Shults CW, Flint Beal M, Song D, Fontaine D. (2004). Pilot trial of high dosages of coenzyme Q10 in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol 188:491–4
  • Shults CW, Oakes D, Kieburtz K, et al. (2002). Effects of coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: evidence of slowing of the functional decline. Arch Neurol 59:1541–50
  • Sikorska M, Borowy-Borowski H, Zurakowski B, Walker PR. (2003). Derivatised alpha-tocopherol as a CoQ10 carrier in a novel water-soluble formulation. Biofactors 18:173–83
  • Singh U, Devaraj S, Jialal I. (2007). Coenzyme Q10 supplementation and heart failure. Nutr Rev 65:286–93
  • Singh RB, Niaz MA, Kumar A, et al. (2005). Effect on absorption and oxidative stress of different oral Coenzyme Q10 dosages and intake strategy in healthy men. Biofactors 25:219–24
  • Singh G, Pai RS. (2014). Trans-resveratrol self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) with enhanced bioavailability potential: optimization, pharmacokinetics and in situ single pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) studies. Drug Deliv [Epub ahead of Print]
  • Skulachev VP. (2005). How to clean the dirtiest place in the cell: cationic antioxidants as intramitochondrial ROS scavengers. IUBMB Life 57:305–10
  • Smith RA, Hartley RC, Murphy MP. (2011). Mitochondria-targeted small molecule therapeutics and probes. Antioxid Redox Signal 15:3021–38
  • Smith RA, Porteous CM, Coulter CV, Murphy MP. (1999). Selective targeting of an antioxidant to mitochondria. Eur J Biochem 263:709–16
  • Soja AM, Mortensen SA. (1997). Coenzyme Q10 treatment of congestive heart failure: Results of meta-analyses of controlled clinical trials. Mol Aspects Med 159:7302–8
  • Spindler M, Flint Beal M, Henchcliffe C. (2009). Coenzyme Q10 effects in neurodegenerative disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 5:597–610
  • Srinivasan K. (2007). Black pepper and its pungent principle-piperine: a review of diverse physiological effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 47:735–48
  • Stocker R, Keaney JF Jr. (2004). Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev 84:1381–478
  • Stojkovic M, Westesen K, Zakhartchenko V, et al. (1999). Coenzyme Q(10) in submicron-sized dispersion improves development, hatching, cell proliferation, and adenosine triphosphate content of in vitro-produced bovine embryos. Biol Reprod 61:541–7
  • Storch A. (2007). Coenzyme Q 10 in Parkinson’s disease. Symptomatic or neuroprotective effects? Koenzym Q 10 beim morbus Parkinson. Symptomatische Oder Neuroprotektive Effekte 78:1378–82
  • Sugino K, Dohi K, Yamada K, Kawasaki T. (1989). Changes in the levels of endogenous antioxidants in the liver of mice with experimental endotoxemia and the protective effects of the antioxidants. Surgery 105:200–6
  • Suzuki T, Nozawa T, Sobajima M, et al. (2008). Atorvastatin-induced changes in plasma coenzyme q10 and brain natriuretic peptide in patients with coronary artery disease. Int Heart J 49:423–33
  • Swarnakar NK, Jain AK, Singh RP, et al. (2011). Oral bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy and reactive oxygen species scavenging properties of coenzyme Q10-loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Biomaterials 32:6860–74
  • Swenson ES, Curatolo WJ. (1992). Means to enhance penetration. Adv Drug Del Rev 8:39–42
  • Tang B, Cheng G, Gu JC, Xu CH. (2008). Development of solid self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: preparation techniques and dosage forms. Drug Discov Today 13:606–12
  • Tang PH, Miles MV, Degrauw A, et al. (2001). HPLC analysis of reduced and oxidized coenzyme Q(10) in human plasma. Clin Chem 47:256–65
  • Tarr BD, Yalkowsky SH. (1989). Enhanced intestinal absorption of cyclosporine in rats through the reduction of emulsion of droplets size. Pharm Res 6:40–3
  • Terao K, Nakata D, Fukumi H, et al. (2006). Enhancement of oral bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 by complexation with c-cyclodextrin in healthy adults. Nutr Res 26:503–8
  • Thanatuksorn P, Kawai K, Hayakawa M, et al. (2009). Improvement of the oral bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 by emulsification with fats and emulsifiers used in the food industry. LWT Food Sci Technol 42:385–90
  • Trevisson E, Dimauro S, Navas P, Salviati L. (2011). Coenzyme Q deficiency in muscle. Curr Opin Neurol 24:449–56
  • Uekaji Y, Nakata D, Shiga H, et al. (2010). Formation of CoQ10 reduced form by mixing CoQ10 oxidized form a-CD complex and vitamin C in powder. J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem 70:447–51
  • Ullmann U, Metzner J, Schulz C, et al. (2005). A new Coenzyme Q10 tablet-grade formulation (all-Q) is bioequivalent to Q-Gel and both have better bioavailability properties than Q-SorB. J Med Food 8:397–9
  • Venkatesh S, Durga KD, Padmavathi Y, et al. (2011). Influence of piperine on ibuprofen induced antinociception and its pharmacokinetics. Arzneimittelforschung 61:506–9
  • Verma DD, Hartner WC, Thakkar V, et al. (2007). Protective effect of coenzyme Q10-loaded liposomes on the myocardium in rabbits with an acute experimental myocardial infarction. Pharm Res 24:2131–7
  • Villalba JM, Parrado C, Santos-Gonzalez M, Alcain FJ. (2010). Therapeutic use of coenzyme Q10 and coenzyme Q10-related compounds and formulations. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 19:535–54
  • Wadsworth TL, Bishop JA, Pappu AS, et al. (2008). Evaluation of coenzyme Q as an antioxidant strategy for Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 14:225–34
  • Wajda R, Zirkel J, Schaffer T. (2007). Increase of bioavailability of coenzyme Q(10) and vitamin E. J Med Food 10:731–4
  • Wang J, Wang H, Zhou X, et al. (2012). Physicochemical characterization, photo-stability and cytotoxicity of coenzyme Q10-loading nanostructured lipid carrier. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 12:2136–48
  • Wassvik CM, Holmen AG, Draheim R, et al. (2008). Molecular characteristics for solid-state limited solubility. J Med Chem 51:3035–9
  • Wenz G, Han BH, Muller A. (2006). Cyclodextrin rotaxanes and polyrotaxanes. Chem Rev 106:782–817
  • Wilkinson EG, Arnold RM, Folkers K, et al. (1975). Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. II. Adjunctive treatment with coenzyme Q in periodontal therapy. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 12:111–23
  • Wynn RL. (2010). The effects of CoQ10 supplements on patients taking statin drugs. Gen Dent 58:168–70
  • Xia S, Xu S, Zhang X. (2006). Optimization in the preparation of coenzyme Q10 nanoliposomes. J Agric Food Chem 54:6358–66
  • Xia S, Xu S, Zhang X, et al. (2009). Nanoliposomes mediate coenzyme Q10 transport and accumulation across human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer. J Agric Food Chem 57:7989–96
  • Xia S, Xu S, Zhang X, Zhong F. (2007). Effect of coenzyme Q(10) incorporation on the characteristics of nanoliposomes. J Phys Chem B 111:2200–7
  • Yamamoto Y, Yamashita S, Fujisawa A, et al. (1998). Oxidative stress in patients with hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatoma evaluated by plasma antioxidants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 247:166–70
  • Yamashita S, Yamamoto Y. (1997). Simultaneous detection of ubiquinol and ubiquinone in human plasma as a marker of oxidative stress. Anal Biochem 250:66–73
  • Yang C, Li H, Wang X, Li J. (2009). Cationic supramolecules consisting of oligoethylenimine-grafted alpha-cyclodextrins threaded on poly(ethylene oxide) for gene delivery. J Biomed Mater Res A 89:13–23
  • Yang C, Wang X, Li H, et al. (2007). Synthesis and characterization of polyrotaxanes consisting of cationic alpha-cyclodextrins threaded on poly[(ethylene oxide)-ran-(propylene oxide)] as gene carriers. Biomacromolecules 8:3365–74
  • Zaki NM. (2012). Site-specific delivery of the nutraceutical CoQ10 for periodontal therapy. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 4:717–23
  • Zaki NM. (2014a). Progress and Problems in Nutraceuticals Delivery (Expert Review). J Bioequiv Availab 6:075–077
  • Zaki NM. (2014b). Augmented cytotoxicity of hydroxycamptothecin-loaded nanoparticles in lung and colon cancer cells by chemosensitizing pharmaceutical excipients. Drug Deliv 21:265–75
  • Zaki NM, Albarraq A, Hafez MM. (2013). Cytotoxicity of pharmaceutically optimized nanometric systems of a chemotherapeutic drug on breast and liver tumor cells. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 5:161–8
  • Zaki NM, Artursson P, Bergström CAS. (2010). A modified physiological BCS for prediction of intestinal absorption in drug discovery. Mol Pharm 7:1478–87
  • Zhou H, Zhang J, Jin Q, et al. (2013a). Targeting of coenzyme Q10 via d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-based nanoemulsion to the heart. Mater Lett 109:20–2
  • Zhou H, Zhang J, Long Y, et al. (2013b). Improvement of the oral bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 with lecithin nanocapsules. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 13:706–10
  • Zlatohlavek L, Vrablik M, Grauova B, et al. (2012). The effect of coenzyme Q10 in statin myopathy. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 33:98–101
  • Žmitek J, Pravst I, Žmitek K, Barišić N. (2011). Coenzyme Q10: Usage and pharmaceutical preparations. Koenzim Q10: Farmaceutski Oblici i Njihova Primjena 67:87–100
  • Zmitek J, Smidovnik A, Fir M, et al. (2008). Relative bioavailability of two forms of a novel water-soluble coenzyme Q10. Ann Nutr Metab 52:281–7
  • Žmitek J, Žmitek K. (2009). Coenzyme Q10 as a dietary supplement and drug. Koencim Q10 Kot Prehransko Dopolnilo in Zdravilo 60:150–7

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.