Patterns of Ecstasy Use and Associated Harm: Results of a Brazilian Online Survey

References

• Allott, K., Redman, J. (2006). Patterns of use and harm reduction practices of ecstasy users in Australia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 82(2):168–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, S. P., Silva, M. T. A. (2003). Ecstasy (MDMA): effects and patterns of use reported by users in São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 25(1):11–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Almeida, S. P., Silva, M. T. (2005). Characteristics of ecstasy users in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Substance Use and Misuse, 40(3):395–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, P. M., Wickerhauser, H. (1991). O Critério ABA/ABIPEME – em Busca de Uma Atualizačão [ABA/ABIPEME criterion-searching for an update]. São Paulo, Brazil: ABA/ABIPEME.
   Google Scholar
• Baggott, M. J. (2002). Preventing problems in Ecstasy users: reduce use to reduce harm. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 34(2):145–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banta-Green, C., Goldbaum, G., Kingston, S., Golden, M., Harruff, R., Logan, B. K. (2005). Epidemiology of MDMA and associated club drugs in the Seattle area. Substance Use and Misuse, 40(9–10):1295–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, S. P., Gross, S. R., Garand, I., Pihl, R. O. (2005). Patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use in Canadian rave attendees. Substance Use and Misuse, 40(9–10):1525–1537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battisti, M. C., Noto, A. R., Nappo, S., Carlini, E. A. (2006). A profile of Ecstasy (MDMA) use in Sao Paulo, Brazil: an ethnographic study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 38(1):13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beamish, P. W. (2006). Publishing international (joint venture) research for impact. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23:29–46.
   Google Scholar
• Bellis, M. A., Hughes, K., Bennett, A., Thomson, R. (2003). The role of an international nightlife resort in the proliferation of recreational drugs. Addiction, 98(12):1713–1721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britt, G. C., McCance-Katz, E. F. (2005). A brief overview of the clinical pharmacology of “club drugs.” Substance Use and Misuse, 40(9–10):1189–1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlini, E. A., Galduróz, J. C. F., Noto, A. R., Nappo, S. A. (2002). Primeiro levantamento domiciliar sobre o uso de drogas psicotrópicas no Brasil [First household survey on the use of psychotropic drugs in Brazil]. São Paulo, Brazil: Secretaria Nacional Antidrogas.
   Google Scholar
• Caruso, M. (2005). A nova era do ecstasy – Popularizačão da “droga das raves” leva a grandes apreensões e a novos estudos [The new age of ecstasy – Popularization of the “drug of raves” lead to great apprehension rates and new studies]. Revista Isto É, 1853:53–55.
   Google Scholar
• CETIC, Centro de Estudos sobre as Tecnologias da Informačão e da Comunicačão. (2006). Pesquisa sobre o uso das Tecnologias da Informačão e da Comunicačão no Brasil [Survey on the use of information and communication technologies in Brazil]. São Paulo, Brazil: Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil.
   Google Scholar
• Chinet, L., Stephan, P., Zobel, F., Halfon, O. (2007). Party drug use in techno nights: a field survey among French-speaking Swiss attendees. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 86(2):284–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland, J., Dillon, P., Gascoigne, M. (2006). Ecstasy and the concomitant use of pharmaceuticals. Addictive Behaviors, 31(2):367–370.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cottler, L. B., Womack, S. B., Compton, W. M., Ben-Abdallah, A. (2001). Ecstasy abuse and dependence among adolescents and young adults: applicability and reliability of DSM-IV criteria. Human Psychopharmacology, 16(8):599–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Almeida, M. I. M., Eugenio, F. (2005). Cápsulas mágicas da balada perfeita – jovens e ecstasy no Rio de Janeiro [Magical capsules of perfect party-youth and ecstasy in Rio de Janeiro]. Revista Insight Inteligência, 29:52–62.
   Google Scholar
• Degenhardt, L., Barker, B., Topp, L. (2004). Patterns of ecstasy use in Australia: findings from a national household survey. Addiction, 99(2):187–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Mallakh, R. S., Abraham, H. D. (2007). MDMA (Ecstasy). Ann Clin Psychiatry, 19(1):45–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fendrich, M., Johnson, T. P. (2005). Editors' introduction to this special issue on club drug epidemiology. Substance Use and Misuse, 40(9–10):1179–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foreman, D. M., Foreman, D., Minty, E. B. (2005). The association between hyperkinesis and breakdown of parenting in clinic populations. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90(3):245–248.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gamma, A., Jerome, L., Liechti, M. E., Sumnall, H. R. (2005). Is ecstasy perceived to be safe? A critical survey. Drug Alcohol Depend, 77(2):185–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, V. (2002). Ranking the correlates of psychotherapy duration. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 29(3):201–214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E., Daumann, J. (2006). The confounding problem of polydrug use in recreational ecstasy/MDMA users: a brief overview. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20(2):188–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, A. R., Sanchez, V., O'Shea, E., Saadat, K. S., Elliott, J. M., Colado, M. I. (2004). Effect of ambient temperature and a prior neurotoxic dose of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on the hyperthermic response of rats to a single or repeated (‘binge’ ingestion) low dose of MDMA. Psychopharmacology, 173(3–4):264–269.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunter, T. D., Arndt, S., Wenman, G. (2006). Characteristics of admissions for primary stimulant dependence during 2001. Substance Use and Misuse, 41(9):1277–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBGE, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2005). Acesso à Internet e posse de telefone móvel celular para uso pessoal [Internet acess and ownership of cellular mobile telephone for personal use]. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.
   Google Scholar
• Jager, G., de Win, M. M., Vervaeke, H. K., Schilt, T., Kahn, R. S., van den Brink, W., (2007). Incidental use of ecstasy: no evidence for harmful effects on cognitive brain function in a prospective fMRI study. Psychopharmacology, 193(3):403–414.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kinner, S. A., Degenhardt, L. (2006). Reflections on the development and implementation of an early warning system for ecstasy and related drug markets in Australia. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25(5):445–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. J., Galanter, M., Dermatis, H., McDowell, D. (2003). Circuit parties and patterns of drug use in a subset of gay men. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 22(4):47–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, K. B., O'Grady, K. E., Wish, E. D., Arria, A. M. (2005). An in-depth qualitative examination of the ecstasy experience: results of a focus group with ecstasy-using college students. Substance Use and Misuse, 40(9–10):1427–1441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, B. K., Couper, F. J. (2001). 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and driving impairment. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46(6):1426–1433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyvers, M. (2006). Recreational ecstasy use and the neurotoxic potential of MDMA: current status of the controversy and methodological issues. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25(3):269–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, J. C. (2005). Party drugs: properties, prevalence, patterns, and problems. Substance Use and Misuse, 40(9–10):1203–1240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaughan, J. A., Carlson, R. G., Falck, R. S., Siegal, H. A. (2005). From “Candy Kids” to “Chemi-Kids”: a typology of young adults who attend raves in the midwestern United States. Substance Use and Misuse, 40(9–10):1503–1523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElrath, K. (2005). MDMA and sexual behavior: ecstasy users' perceptions about sexuality and sexual risk. Substance Use and Misuse, 40(9–10):1461–1477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meulman, J. J. (1998). Optimal scaling methods for multivariate categorical data analysis. SPSS white paper, Laiden University, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Nature Editorial. (2004). Think harder about ecstasy. Nature, 429(6988):113.
   Google Scholar
• NIDA. (2002). Conference reviews advances in prevention science, announces new national research initiative. NIDA Notes, 16(6):1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Nutt, D. J. (2006). A tale of two Es. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20(3):315–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrott, A. C. (2005). Chronic tolerance to recreational MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymetham-phetamine) or Ecstasy. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 19(1):71–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrott, A. C. (2006). MDMA in humans: factors which affect the neuropsychobiological profiles of recreational ecstasy users, the integrative role of bioenergetic stress. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20(2):147–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pentney, A. R. (2001). An exploration of the history and controversies surrounding MDMA and MDA. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 33(3):213–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluddemann, A., Parry, C. D., Myers, B., Bhana, A. (2004). Ecstasy use in South Africa: findings from the South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU) project (January 1997–December 2001). Substance Use and Misuse, 39(1):87–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quadrello, T., Hurme, H., Menzinger, J., Smith, P. K., Veisson, M., Vidal, S., (2005). Grandparents use of new communication technologies in a European perspective. European Journal of Ageing, 2:200–207.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schifano, F. (2004). A bitter pill. Overview of ecstasy (MDMA, MDA) related fatalities. Psychopharmacology, 173(3–4):242–248.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scholey, A. B., Parrott, A. C., Buchanan, T., Heffernan, T. M., Ling, J., Rodgers, J. (2004). Increased intensity of Ecstasy and polydrug usage in the more experienced recreational Ecstasy/MDMA users: a www study. Addictive Behaviors, 29(4):743–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silveira, A. C. (2005). Investimento em tecnologia e inteligência policial resultam em apreensões recordes do DENARC [Investment in technology and police intelligence lead to record apprehensions by DENARC]. http://www.policia-civ.sp.gov.br/denarc/dnc_news20050630.htm (accessed February 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Theall, K. P., Elifson, K. W., Sterk, C. E. (2006). Sex, touch, and HIV risk among ecstasy users. AIDS and Behavior, 10(2):169–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topp, L., Hando, J., Dillon, P., Roche, A., Solowij, N. (1999). Ecstasy use in Australia: patterns of use and associated harm. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 55(1–2):105–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tossmann, P., Boldt, S., Tensil, M. D. (2001). The use of drugs within the techno party scene in European metropolitan cities. European Addiction Research, 7(1):2–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNODC. (2006a). World drug report (1) ( p. 142). New York, NY: United Nations – Office on Drug and Crimes.http://www.unodc.org/unodc/world_drug_report.html (accessed February 2007).
   Google Scholar
• UNODC. (2006b). World drug report (1), ( p. 152). New York, NY: United Nations – Office on Drug and Crimes. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/world_drug_report.html (accessed February 2007).
   Google Scholar
• von Sydow, K., Lieb, R., Pfister, H., Hofler, M., Wittchen, H. U. (2002). Use, abuse and dependence of ecstasy and related drugs in adolescents and young adults—a transient phenomenon? Results from a longitudinal community study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 66(2):147–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir, E. (2000). Raves: a review of the culture, the drugs and the prevention of harm. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 162(13):1843–1848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, B., Degenhardt, L., Breen, C., Bruno, R., Newman, J., Proudfoot, P. (2006). Risk and benefit perceptions of party drug use. Addictive Behaviors, 31(1):137–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar