Psychiatric Co-Morbidity and Substance Use Disorders: Treatment in Parallel Systems or in One Integrated System?

REFERENCES

• Abram, K. M., & Teplin, L. A. (1991). Co-occurring disorders among mentally ill jail detainees: implications for public policy. American Psychologist, 46(10), 1036–1045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aharonovich, E., Liu, X., Nunes, E., & Hasin, D. S. (2002). Suicide attempts in substance abusers: effects of major depression in relation to substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(9), 1600–1602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APA (American Psychiatric Association). (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR, 4th ed. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• APA. (2004a). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(11, Suppl.), 1–96.
   Google Scholar
• APA. (2004b). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(4, Suppl.), 1–184.
   Google Scholar
• APA. (2007). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(7, Suppl.), 1–96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• APA. (2009). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(1, Suppl.), 1–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Appleby, L. (2000). Drug misuse and suicide: a tale of two services. Addiction, 95(2), 175–177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barea, J., Benito, A., Mateu, C., Martin, E., Lopez, N., & Haro, G. (2010). Research on etiological aspects of dual pathology [Estudio sobre aspectos etiologicos de la patologia dual]. Adicciones, 22(1), 15–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2003). Does the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with stimulants contribute to drug use/abuse? A 13-year prospective study. Pediatrics, 111(1), 97–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkus, E., & Murray, R. M. (2010). Substance use in adolescence and psychosis: clarifying the relationship. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 365–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrowclough, C., Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., Lewis, S. W., Moring, J., O'Brien, R., (2001). Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behavior therapy, and family intervention for patients with co-morbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(10), 1706–1713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellack, A. S., Bennett, M. E., Gearon, J. S., Brown, C. H., & Yang, Y. (2006). A randomized clinical trial of a new behavioral treatment for drug abuse in people with severe and persistent mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(4), 426–432.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowers, M. B., Jr, Mazure, C. M., Nelson, J. C., & Jatlow, P. I. (1990). Psychotogenic drug use and neuroleptic response. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16(1), 81–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunette, M. F., Drake, R. E., Xie, H., McHugo, G. J., & Green, A. I. (2006). Clozapine use and relapses of substance use disorder among patients with co-occurring schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(4), 637–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnam, M. A., & Watkins, K. E. (2006). Substance abuse with mental disorders: specialized public systems and integrated care. Health Affairs, 25(3), 648–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canaway, R., & Merkes, M. (2010). Barriers to comorbidity service delivery: the complexities of dual diagnosis and the need to agree on terminology and conceptual frameworks. Australian Health Review, 34(3), 262–268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carey, M. P., Carey, K. B., Maisto, S. A., Gordon, C. M., & Vanable, P. A. (2001). Prevalence and correlates of sexual activity and HIV-related risk behavior among psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(5), 846–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caton, C. L., Shrout, P. E., Eagle, P. F., Opler, L. A., Felix, A., & Dominguez, B. (1994). Risk factors for homelessness among schizophrenic men: a case-control study. American Journal of Public Health, 84(2), 265–270.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark, R. E., Samnaliev, M., & McGovern, M. P. (2009). Impact of substance disorders on medical expenditures for medicaid beneficiaries with behavioral health disorders. Psychiatric Services, 60(1), 35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleary, M., Hunt, G. E., Matheson, S., & Walter, G. (2009). Psychosocial treatments for people with co-occurring severe mental illness and substance misuse: systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(2), 238–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton, W. M., 3rd, Cottler, L. B., Jacobs, J. L., Ben-Abdallah, A., & Spitznagel, E. L. (2003). The role of psychiatric disorders in predicting drug dependence treatment outcomes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(5), 890–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuffel, B. J., Shumway, M., Chouljian, T. L., & MacDonald, T. (1994). A longitudinal study of substance use and community violence in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182(12), 704–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran, G. M., Sullivan, G., Williams, K., Han, X., Collins, K., Keys, J., (2003). Emergency department use of persons with comorbid psychiatric and substance abuse disorders. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 41(5), 659–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, L., Uezato, A., Newell, J. M., & Frazier, E. (2008). Major depression and comorbid substance use disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21(1), 14–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickey, B., Azeni, H., Weiss, R., & Sederer, L. (2000). Schizophrenia, substance use disorders and medical co-morbidity. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 3(1), 27–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drake, R. E., Essock, S. M., Shaner, A., Carey, K. B., Minkoff, K., Kola, L., (2001). Implementing dual diagnosis services for clients with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 52(4), 469–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake, R. E., & Mueser, K. T. (2000). Psychosocial approaches to dual diagnosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26(1), 105–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake, R. E., Mueser, K. T., & Brunette, M. F. (2007). Management of persons with co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorder: program implications. World Psychiatry, 6(3), 131–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake, R. E., O'Neal, E. L., & Wallach, M. A. (2008). A systematic review of psychosocial research on psychosocial interventions for people with co-occurring severe mental and substance use disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34(1), 123–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake, R. E., Wallach, M. A., & McGovern, M. P. (2005). Future directions in preventing relapse to substance abuse among clients with severe mental illnesses. Psychiatric Services, 56(10), 1297–1302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn, P. M., & Brown, B. S. (2008). Co-occurring disorders in substance abuse treatment: issues and prospects. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34(1), 36–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazer, A. (1997). Antidepressants. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58(6 Suppl.), 9–25.
   Google Scholar
• Gerra, G., Di Petta, G., D'Amore, A., Iannotta, P., Bardicchia, F., Falorni, F., (2007). Combination of olanzapine with opioid-agonists in the treatment of heroin-addicted patients affected by comorbid schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 30(3), 127–135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Patricia Chou, S., June Ruan, W., (2005). Co-occurrence of 12-month mood and anxiety disorders and personality disorders in the US: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39(1), 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, A. I. (2005). Schizophrenia and comorbid substance use disorder: effects of antipsychotics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66 (6 Suppl.), 21–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green, A. I., Canuso, C. M., Brenner, M. J., & Wojcik, J. D. (2003). Detection and management of comorbidity in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 26(1), 115–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, A. I., Drake, R. E., Brunette, M. F., & Noordsy, D. L. (2007). Schizophrenia and co-occurring substance use disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(3), 402–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, A. I., Noordsy, D. L., Brunette, M. F., & O'Keefe, C. (2008). Substance abuse and schizophrenia: pharmacotherapeutic intervention. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34(1), 61–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, A. I., Salomon, M. S., Brenner, M. J., & Rawlins, K. (2002). Treatment of schizophrenia and comorbid substance use disorder. Current Drug Targets –CNS and Neurological Disorders, 1(2), 129–139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haddad, P. (1999). Do antidepressants have any potential to cause addiction? Journal of Psychopharmacology, 13(3), 300–307.
   Google Scholar
• Haddock, G., Barrowclough, C., Tarrier, N., Moring, J., O'Brien, R., Schofield, N., (2003). Cognitive-behavioural therapy and motivational intervention for schizophrenia and substance misuse: 18-month outcomes of a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 418–426.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasin, D., Nunes, E., & Meydan, J. (2004). Comorbidity of alcohol, drug and psychiatric disorders: epidemiology. In H. R. Kranzler & I. A. Tinsley (Eds.), Dual diagnosis and psychiatric treatment: Substance abuse and comorbid disorders, 2nd ed. (pp. 1–31). New York: Marcel Dekker.
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins, E. H. (2009). A tale of two systems: co-occurring mental health and substance abuse disorders treatment for adolescents. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 197–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, A. B. (1965). The environment and disease: associations or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 58, 295–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, W., Preston, N. J., Koh, G., Spencer, C., Kisely, S. R., & Castle, D. J. (2004). A group intervention which assists patients with dual diagnosis reduce their drug use: a randomized controlled trial. Psychological Medicine, 34(6), 983–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasinski, D. R., Faries, D. E., Moore, R. J., Schuh, L. M., & Allen, A. J. (2008). Abuse liability assessment of atomoxetine in a drug-abusing population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95(1–2), 140–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C. (2004). The epidemiology of dual diagnosis. Biological Psychiatry, 56(10), 730–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Nelson, C. B., McGonagle, K. A., Liu, J., Swartz, M., & Blazer, D. G. (1996). Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US national comorbidity survey. British Journal of Psychiatry, (30 Suppl.), 17–30.
   Google Scholar
• King, V. L., Kidorf, M. S., Stoller, K. B., & Brooner, R. K. (2000). Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on HIV risk behaviors: changes during drug abuse treatment. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 19(4), 65–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollins, S. H. (2008). A qualitative review of issues arising in the use of psycho-stimulant medications in patients with ADHD and co-morbid substance use disorders. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 24(5), 1345–1357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, F. R., Bisaga, A., Raby, W., Aharonovich, E., Rubin, E., Mariani, J., (2008). Effects of major depressive disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on the outcome of treatment for cocaine dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34(1), 80–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magura, S. (2000). Special issue on program quality in substance dependency treatment. Substance Use and Misuse, 34, 12–14.
   Google Scholar
• Mariani, J. J., & Levin, F. R. (2007). Treatment strategies for co-occurring ADHD and substance use disorders. American Journal on Addictions, 16(1 Suppl.), 45–54; quiz 55–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martín-Santos, R., Fonseca, F., Domingo-Salvany, A., Ginés, J. M., Imaz, M. L., Navinés, R., (2006). Dual diagnosis in the psychiatric emergency room in Spain. European Journal of Psychiatry, 20, 147–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvoy, J. P., Lieberman, J. A., Stroup, T. S., Davis, S. M., Meltzer, H. Y., Rosenheck, R. A., (2006). Effectiveness of clozapine versus olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia who did not respond to prior atypical antipsychotic treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 600–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie, M. S., & McFarland, B. H. (2007). Trends in antidepressant overdoses. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 16(5), 513–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan, A. T., Luborsky, L., Woody, G. E., O'Brien, C. P., & Druley, K. A. (1983). Predicting response to alcohol and drug abuse treatments: role of psychiatric severity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40(6), 620–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minkoff, K. (1991). Program components of a comprehensive integrated care system for serious mentally ill patients with substance disorders. New Directions for Mental Health Services, Summer(50), 13–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2009). Core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in primary and secondary care (update). Retrieved July 7, 2009, from http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG82/Guidance/pdf/English
   Google Scholar
• Neale, J., Tompkins, C., & Sheard, L. (2008). Barriers to accessing generic health and social care services: a qualitative study of injecting drug users. Health & Social Care in the Community, 16(2), 147–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noordsy, D. L., & Green, A. I. (2003). Pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia and co-occurring substance use disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 5(5), 340–346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nunes, E. V., & Levin, F. R. (2004). Treatment of depression in patients with alcohol or other drug dependence: a meta-analysis. JAMA, 291(15), 1887–1896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien, C. P. (2005). Benzodiazepine use, abuse, and dependence. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66(2 Suppl.), 28–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Locke, B. Z., Keith, S. J., Judd, L. L., (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) study. JAMA, 264(19), 2511–2518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgely, M. S., Goldman, H. H., Willenbring, M. (1990). Barriers to the care of persons with dual diagnoses: organizational and financing issues. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16(1), 123–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romach, M. K., & Doumani, S. (1998). Alcoholism and anxiety disorders. In H. R. Kranzler & B. J. Rounsaville (Eds.), Dual diagnosis and treatment: Substance abuse & comorbid medical & psychiatric disorders (Medical Psychiatry, Vol. 8) (pp. 137–176). New York: Marcel Dekker.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, S. D., Trumbetta, S. L., Mueser, K. T., Goodman, L. A., Osher, F. C., Vidaver, R. M., (2001). Determinants of risk behavior for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in people with severe mental illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42(4), 263–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounsaville, B. J., Kosten, T. R., Weissman, M. M., & Kleber, H. D. (1986). Prognostic significance of psychopathology in treated opiate addicts: a 2.5-year follow-up study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43(8), 739–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounsaville, B. J., Tierney, T., Crits-Christoph, K., Weissman, M. M., & Kleber, H. D. (1982). Predictors of outcome in treatment of opiate addicts: evidence for the multidimensional nature of addicts’ problems. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 23(5), 462–478.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sacks, S., Banks, S., McKendrick, K., & Sacks, Y. (2008). Modified therapeutic community for co-occurring disorders: a summary of four studies. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34(1), 112–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks, S., McKendrick, K., Sacks, J. Y., Banks, S., & Harle, M. (2008). Enhanced outpatient treatment for co-occurring disorders: main outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34(1), 48–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks, S., & Ries, R. K. (2005). TIP 42: Substance abuse treatment for persons with co-occurring disorders. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, 42. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2010). Psychiatric disorders: a global look at facts and figures. Psychiatry, 7(12), 16–19.
   Google Scholar
• Sayers, S. L., Campbell, E. C., Kondrich, J., Mann, S. C., Cornish, J., O'Brien, C., (2005). Cocaine abuse in schizophrenic patients treated with olanzapine versus haloperidol. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(6), 379–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanahan, M. D., Doran, C. M., Digiusto, E., Bell, J., Lintzeris, N., White, J., (2006). A cost-effectiveness analysis of heroin detoxification methods in the Australian national evaluation of pharmacotherapies for opioid dependence (NEPOD). Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 371–387.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soyka, M. (2000). Substance misuse, psychiatric disorder and violent and disturbed behaviour. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 345–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swartz, M. S., Swanson, J. W., Hiday, V. A., Borum, R., Wagner, R., & Burns, B. J. (1998). Taking the wrong drugs: the role of substance abuse and medication noncompliance in violence among severely mentally ill individuals. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33(1 Suppl.), S75–S80.
   Google Scholar
• Thundiyil, J. G., Kearney, T. E., & Olson, K. R. (2007). Evolving epidemiology of drug-induced seizures reported to a poison control center system. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 3(1), 15–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thylstrup, B., & Johansen, K. S. (2009). Dual diagnosis and psychosocial interventions: introduction and commentary. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 63(3), 202–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrens, M., Fonseca, F., Mateu, G., & Farre, M. (2005). Efficacy of antidepressants in substance use disorders with and without comorbid depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 78(1), 1–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrens, M., Martin-Santos, R., & Samet, S. (2006). Importance of clinical diagnoses for comorbidity studies in substance use disorders. Neurotoxicity Research, 10(3–4), 253–261.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torrens, M., Martínez-Sanvisens, D., Martínez-Riera, R., Bulbena, A., Szerman, N., & Ruiz, P. (2011). Dual diagnosis: focusing on depression and recommendations for treatment. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 10(2), 50–59.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuang, J., Marder, S. R., Han, A., & Hsieh, W. (2002). Olanzapine treatment for patients with schizophrenia and cocaine abuse. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63(12), 1180–1181.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vazquez, C., Munoz, M., & Sanz, J. (1997). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R mental disorders among the homeless in Madrid: a European study using the CIDI. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 95(6), 523–530.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waid, L. R., Johnson, D. E., & Anton, R. F. (1998). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse. In H. R. Kranzler & B. J. Rounsaville (Eds.), Dual diagnosis and treatment: Substance abuse & comorbid medical & psychiatric disorders ( Medical Psychiatry, Vol. 8) (pp. 393–426). New York: Marcel Dekker.
   Google Scholar
• Watkins, K. E., Hunter, S. B., Burnam, M. A., Pincus, H. A., & Nicholson, G. (2005). Review of treatment recommendations for persons with a co-occurring affective or anxiety and substance use disorder. Psychiatric Services, 56(8), 913–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilens, T. E., Adamson, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Faraone, S. V., Schillinger, M., Westerberg, D., (2008). Effect of prior stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on subsequent risk for cigarette smoking and alcohol and drug use disorders in adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162(10), 916–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilens, T. E., & Biederman, J. (2006). Alcohol, drugs, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a model for the study of addictions in youth. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20(4), 580–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wobrock, T., & Soyka, M. (2009). Pharmacotherapy of patients with schizophrenia and substance abuse. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 10(3), 353–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar