Perceived Harm of Tobacco Products and Individual Schemas of a Smoker in Relation to Change in Tobacco Product Use Over One Year Among Young Adults

REFERENCES

• American College Health Association (ACHA). (2008). American College Health Association: National college health assessment spring 2007 reference group data report (abridged). Journal of American College Health, 56(5), 469–479.
   Google Scholar
• American College Health Association (ACHA). (2009). American College Health Association: National college health assessment spring 2008 reference group data report (abridged). Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 477–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An, L. C., Hennrikus, D. J., Perry, C. L., Lein, E. B., Klatt, C., Farley, D. M., … Ahluwalia, J. S. (2007). Feasibility of internet health screening to recruit college students to an online smoking cessation intervention. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9(Suppl 1), S11–S18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: a study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, C. J. (2014). Reasons for nondaily smoking among young adults: Scale development and validation. Journal of Smoking Cessation, 9(1), 17–25.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, C. J., Lust, K. A., Sanem, J. R., Kirch, M. A., Rudie, M., Ehlinger, E., … An, L. C. (2009). Smoker self-identification versus recent smoking among college students. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36(4), 333–336. S0749-3797(08)01009-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, C. J., Nehl, E., Sterling, K., Buchanan, T., Narula, S., Sutfin, E., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2011a). The development and validation of a scale assessing individual schemas used in classifying a smoker: Implications for research and practice. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 13(12), 1257–1265. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, C. J., Parelkar, P. P., Lessard, L., Escoffery, C., Kegler, M. C., Sterling, K. L., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2010). Defining “smoker”: College student attitudes and related smoking characteristics. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 12(9), 963–969. doi: ntq12310.1093/ntr/ntq123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, C. J., Schauer, G. L., Asfour, O. A., Thomas, A. N., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2011b). Psychosocial factors and health-risk behaviors associated with hookah use among college students. Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy, S2, 001.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, C. J., Schauer, G. L., Buchanan, T. S., Sterling, K., DeSisto, C., Pinsker, E. A., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2013). Perceptions of addiction, attempts to quit, and successful quitting in nondaily and daily smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(4), 1059–1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bombard, J. M., Pederson, L. L., Koval, J. J., & O'Hegarty, M. (2009). How are lifetime polytobacco users different than current cigarette-only users? Results from a Canadian young adult population. Addictive Behaviors, 34(12), 1069–1072. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.06.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, R. E., Glassman, T., Wohlwend, J., Whewell, A., & Reindl, D. M. (2012). Hookah use among college students from a Midwest university. Journal of Community Health, 37(2), 294–298. doi:10.1007/s10900-011-9444-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullen, C., Howe, C., Laugesen, M., McRobbie, H., Parag, V., Williman, J., & Walker, N. (2013). Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 382(9905), 1629–1637. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61842-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, M. J., Garrett-Mayer, E., Vitoc, C., Cartmell, K., Biggers, S., & Alberg, A. J. (2009). Adolescent nondaily smokers: Favorable views of tobacco yet receptive to cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 11(4), 348–355. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp023.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (1997). Youth risk behavior surveillance: National college health risk behavior survey—United States, 1995. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries, 46(SS–S6), 1–54. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00049859.htm
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2003). Prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults and changes in prevalence of current and some day smoking—United States, 1996–2001. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 52(14), 303–307.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2005a). Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses—United States, 1997–2001. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 54(25), 625–628.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (Ed.). (2005b). Health United States, 2005 with chartbook on trends in the health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). Smoking and Tobacco Use. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). National health interview survey, January–September 2013, sample adult core component. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, S., McCabe, S., & Kurotsuchi Inkelas, K. (2008). Using the web to survey college students: institutional characteristics that influence survey quality. Paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Association, Fontainebleau Resort, Miami Beach, FL.
   Google Scholar
• DiFranza, J. R., & Wellman, R. J. (2005). A sensitization-homeostasis model of nicotine craving, withdrawal, and tolerance: Integrating the clinical and basic science literature. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 7(1), 9–26. doi:10.1080/14622200412331328538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eissenberg, T., & Shihadeh, A. (2009). Waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking: Direct comparison of toxicant exposure. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37(6), 518–523. doi: S0749-3797(09)00583-210.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enofe, N., Berg, C. J., & Nehl, E. (2014). Alternative tobacco product use among college students: Who is at highest risk? American Journal of Health Behavior, 38(2), 180–189. doi:10.5993/AJHB.38.2.3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etter, J. F. (2010). Electronic cigarettes: A survey of users. BMC Public Health, 10, 231. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartner, C. E., Hall, W. D., Chapman, S., & Freeman, B. (2007). Should the health community promote smokeless tobacco (snus) as a harm reduction measure? PLoS Med, 4(7), e185. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040185.
   Google Scholar
• Grana, R. A., Popova, L., & Ling, P. M. (2014). A longitudinal analysis of electronic cigarette use and smoking cessation. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(5), 812–813. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, N., Henningfield, J. E., Benowitz, N. L., Connolly, G. N., Dresler, C., Fagerstrom, K., … Boyle, P. (2005). Toward a comprehensive long-term nicotine policy. Tobacco Control, 14(3), 161–165. doi:10.1136/tc.2004.010272.
   Google Scholar
• Halperin, A. C., Smith, S. S., Heiligenstein, E., Brown, D., & Fleming, M. F. (2010). Cigarette smoking and associated health risks among students at five universities. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 12(2), 96–104. ntp18210.1093/ntr/ntp182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern-Felsher, B. L., Biehl, M., Kropp, R. Y., & Rubinstein, M. L. (2004). Perceived risks and benefits of smoking: Differences among adolescents with different smoking experiences and intentions. Preventive Medicine, 39(3), 559–567. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, E. L., & McKee, S. A. (2008). Young adult non-daily smokers: Patterns of alcohol and cigarette use. Addictive Behaviors, 33(5), 668–674. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.11.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henningfield, J. E., Rose, C. A., & Giovino, G. A. (2002). Brave new world of tobacco disease prevention: Promoting dual tobacco-product use? American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(3), 226–228.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplowitz, M. D., Hadlock, T. D., & Levine, R. (2004). A comparison of web and mail survey response rates Public Opinion Quarterly, 68(1), 94–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, J. D. (2008). Hookahs and waterpipes: Cultural tradition or addictive trap? Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(5), 434–435. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.02.006.
   Google Scholar
• Knishkowy, B., & Amitai, Y. (2005). Water-pipe (narghile) smoking: An emerging health risk behavior. Pediatrics, 116(1), e113–119. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski, L. T., Dollar, K. M., & Giovino, G. A. (2008). Cigar/cigarillo surveillance: Limitations of the US Department of Agriculture System. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(5), 424–426.
   Google Scholar
• Levinson, A. H., Campo, S., Gascoigne, J., Jolly, O., Zakharyan, A., & Tran, Z. V. (2007). Smoking, but not smokers: Identity among college students who smoke cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9(8), 845–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinasek, M. P., McDermott, R. J., & Martini, L. (2011). Waterpipe (hookah) tobacco smoking among youth. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 41(2), 34–57. S1538-5442(10)00187-210.1016/j.cppeds.2010.10.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillen, R., Maduka, J., & Winickoff, J. (2012). Use of emerging tobacco products in the United States. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2012, 989474. doi:10.1155/2012/989474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mello, N. K., Mendelson, J. H., Sellers, M. L., & Kuehnle, J. C. (1980). Effect of alcohol and marihuana on tobacco smoking. Clinical Pharmacological Therapy, 27(2), 202–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minnesota Department of Health. (2008). Tobacco use in Minnesota, 1999 to 2007: The Minnesota adult tobacco survey. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Department of Health. http://www.mntobacco.nonprofitoffice.com/
   Google Scholar
• Moran, S., Wechsler, H., & Rigotti, N. A. (2004). Social smoking among US college students. Pediatrics, 114(4), 1028–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichter, M., Nichter, M., Carkoglu, A., Lloyd-Richardson, E., & Tobacco Etiology Research Network. (2010). Smoking and drinking among college students: “It's a package deal.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 106(1), 16–20. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.07.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Applied Studies. (2006). The NSDUH report. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Orlando, M., Tucker, J. S., Ellickson, P. L., & Klein, D. J. (2004). Developmental trajectories of cigarette smoking and their correlates from early adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(3), 400–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orleans, C. T. (2007). Helping young adult smokers quit: The time is now. American Journal of Public Health, 97(8), 1353.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, J. L., Richardson, A., Niaura, R., Abrams, D., & Vallone, D. (2011). Electronic cigarette awareness, use, and risk perceptions among current and former smokers. Paper presented at the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, Toronto, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Pierce, J. P., White, M. M., & Messer, K. (2009). Changing age-specific patterns of cigarette consumption in the United States, 1992–2002: Association with smoke-free homes and state-level tobacco control activity. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 11(2), 171–177. ntp01410.1093/ntr/ntp014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popova, L., & Ling, P. M. (2013). Alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation: A national study. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 923–930. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primack, B. A., Sidani, J., Agarwal, A. A., Shadel, W. G., Donny, E. C., & Eissenberg, T. E. (2008). Prevalence of and associations with waterpipe tobacco smoking among US university students. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 36(1), 81–86. doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9047-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramo, D. E., & Prochaska, J. J. (2012). Prevalence and co-use of marijuana among young adult cigarette smokers: An anonymous online national survey. Addictive Science and Clinical Practice, 7(1), 5. doi:10.1186/1940-0640-7-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richter, P. A., Pederson, L. L., & O'Hegarty, M. M. (2006). Young adult smoker risk perceptions of traditional cigarettes and nontraditional tobacco products. American Journal of Health Behavior, 30(3), 302–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigotti, N., Lee, J. E., & Wechsler, H. (2000). US college students’ use of tobacco products: Results of a national survey. JAMA, 284, 699–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schane, R. E., Glantz, S. A., & Ling, P. M. (2009a). Nondaily and social smoking: An increasingly prevalent pattern. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169(19), 1742–1744. 169/19/174210.1001/archinternmed.2009.315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schane, R. E., Glantz, S. A., & Ling, P. M. (2009b). Social smoking implications for public health, clinical practice, and intervention research. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37(2), 124–131. S0749-3797(09)00301-810.1016/j.amepre.2009.03.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J. R., Edland, S. D., Novotny, T. E., Hofstetter, C. R., White, M. M., Lindsay, S. P., & Al-Delaimy, W. K. (2011). Increasing hookah use in California. American Journal of Public Health, 101(10), 1876–1879. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Simone, S., Maziak, W., Ward, K. D., & Eissenberg, T. (2008). Waterpipe tobacco smoking: Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior in two US samples. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 10(2), 393–398. 79012434010.1080/14622200701825023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepanov, I., Jensen, J., Hatsukami, D., & Hecht, S. S. (2008). New and traditional smokeless tobacco: Comparison of toxicant and carcinogen levels. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 10(12), 1773–1782. doi:10.1080/14622200802443544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling, K. L., Berg, C. J., Thomas, A. N., Glantz, S., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2013). Factors associated with little cigar and cigarillo use among college students. American Journal of Health Behavior, 37(3), 325–333.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2009). Results from the 2008 national survey on drug use and health: national findings. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Sutfin, E. L., Reboussin, B. A., McCoy, T. P., & Wolfson, M. (2009). Are college student smokers really a homogeneous group? A latent class analysis of college student smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 11(4), 444–454. ntp00610. 1093/ntr/ntp006.
   Google Scholar
• Tomar, S. L. (2007). Epidemiologic perspectives on smokeless tobacco marketing and population harm. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(6 Suppl), S387–S397. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.009.
   Google Scholar
• Tomar, S. L., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2007). Perceived risk of harm from cigarettes or smokeless tobacco among US high school seniors. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9(11), 1191–1196. doi:10.1080/14622200701648417.
   Google Scholar
• Tyas, S., & Pederson, L. (1998). Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: A critical review of the literature. Tobacco Control, 7, 409–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). (1994). Preventing tobacco use among young people: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). (2004). The health consequences of smoking: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). (2010). How tobacco smoke causes disease: The biology and behavioral basis for smoking-attributable disease: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). (2012). Preventing tobacco use among youth and young adults: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
   Google Scholar
• USDA Economic Research Service. (2007, April). Tobacco briefing room, tables 3 and 5. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Wetter, D. W., Kenford, S. L., Welsch, S. K., Smith, S. S., Fouladi, R. T., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2004). Prevalence and predictors of transitions in smoking behavior among college students. Health Psycholgoy, 23(2), 168–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wortley, P. M., Husten, C. G., Trosclair, A., Chrismon, J., & Pederson, L. L. (2003). Nondaily smokers: A descriptive analysis. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 5(5), 755–759. 4XKR9TR79H30EPDK.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar