A Meta-Analysis of Prehospital Airway Control Techniques Part I: Orotracheal and Nasotracheal Intubation Success Rates

References

• Suominen P, Baillie C, Kivioja A, Ohman J, Olkkola KT. Intubation and survival in severe paediatric blunt head injury. Eur J Emerg Med. 2000;7:3–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winchell RJ, Hoyt DB. Endotracheal intubation in the field improves survival in patients with severe head injury. Trauma Research and Education Foundation of San Diego. Arch Surg. 1997;132:592–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLeo BC. Endotracheal intubation by rescue squad personnel. Heart Lung. 1977;6:851–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs LM, Berrizbeitia LD, Bennett B, Madigan C. Endotracheal intubation in the prehospital phase of emergency medical care. JAMA. 1983;250:2175–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart RD, Paris PM, Winter PM, Pelton GH, Cannon GM. Field endotracheal intubation by paramedical personnel. Success rates and complications. Chest. 1984;85:341–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gausche M, Lewis RJ, Stratton SJ, Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome: a controlled clinical trial. JAMA. 2000;283:783–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis DP, Hoyt DB, Ochs M, The effect of paramedic rapid sequence intubation on outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma. 2003;54:444–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang HE, Yealy DM. Out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation: where are we? Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47:532–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy-Macabobby M, Marshall WJ, Schneider C, Dries D. Neuromuscular blockade in aeromedical airway management. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:664–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvestri S, Ralls GA, Krauss B, The effectiveness of out-of-hospital use of continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring on the rate of unrecognized misplaced intubation within a regional emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45:497–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley JS, Billows GL, Olinger ML, Boha SP, Cordell WH, Nelson DR. Prehospital oral endotracheal intubation by rural basic emergency medical technicians. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;32:26–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denver Metro Airway Study Group. A prospective multicenter evaluation of prehospital airway management performance in a large metropolitan region. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13:304–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krisanda TJ, Eitel DR, Hess D, Ormanoski R, Bernini R, Sabulsky N. An analysis of invasive airway management in a suburban emergency medical services system. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1992;7:121–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, Stroup DF. Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses. Lancet. 1999;354:1896–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams BD, Cuniowski PA, Muck A, De Lorenzo RA. Registry of emergency airways arriving at combat hospitals. J Trauma. 2008;64:1548–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aijian P, Tsai A, Knopp R, Kallsen GW. Endotracheal intubation of pediatric patients by paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18:489–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aprahamian C, Darin JC, Thompson BM, Mateer JR, Tucker JF. Traumatic cardiac arrest: scope of paramedic services. Ann Emerg Med. 1985;14:583–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard S, Smith K, Foster S, Hogan P, Patrick I. The use of rapid sequence intubation by ambulance paramedics for patients with severe head injury. Emerg Med (Fremantle). 2002;14:406–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boswell WC, McElveen N, Sharp M, Boyd CR, Frantz EI. Analysis of prehospital pediatric and adult intubation. Air Med J. 1995;14:125–7; discussion 7–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bozeman WP, Young S. Etomidate as a sole agent for endotracheal intubation in the prehospital air medical setting. Air Med J. 2002;21:32–5; discussion 5–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown J, Thomas F. What happens with failed blind nasal tracheal intubations? Air Med J. 2001;20(2):13–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brownstein D, Shugerman R, Cummings P, Rivara F, Copass M. Prehospital endotracheal intubation of children by paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28:34–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulger EM, Copass MK, Maier RV, Larsen J, Knowles J, Jurkovich GJ. An analysis of advanced prehospital airway management. J Emerg Med. 2002;23:183–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton JH, Baumann MR, Maoz T, Bradshaw JR, Lebrun JE. Endotracheal intubation in a rural EMS state: procedure utilization and impact of skills maintenance guidelines. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7:352–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cady CE, Pirrallo RG. The effect of Combitube use on paramedic experience in endotracheal intubation. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23:868–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole CD, Wang HE, Abo BN, Yealy DM. Drug-assisted effects on protective airway reflexes during out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation [preliminary report]. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10:472–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colwell CB, McVaney KE, Haukoos JS, An evaluation of out-of-hospital advanced airway management in an urban setting. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12:417–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cwinn AA, Pons PT, Moore EE, Marx JA, Honigman B, Dinerman N. Prehospital advanced trauma life support for critical blunt trauma victims. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16:399–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis DP, Fisher R, Buono C, Predictors of intubation success and therapeutic value of paramedic airway management in a large, urban EMS system. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10:356–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson ET, Cohen JE, Mechem CC. The effectiveness of midazolam as a single pharmacologic agent to facilitate endotracheal intubation by paramedics. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3:191–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doran JV, Tortella BJ, Drivet WJ, Lavery RF. Factors influencing successful intubation in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1995;10:259–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duchynski R, Brauer K, Hutton K, Jones S, Rosen P. The quick look airway classification. A useful tool in predicting the difficult out-of-hospital intubation: experience in an air medical transport program. Air Med J. 1998;17:46–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eckstein M, Chan L, Schneir A, Palmer R. Effect of prehospital advanced life support on outcomes of major trauma patients. J Trauma. 2000;48:643–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlich PF, Seidman PS, Atallah O, Haque A, Helmkamp J. Endotracheal intubations in rural pediatric trauma patients. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:1376–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakhry SM, Scanlon JM, Robinson L, Prehospital rapid sequence intubation for head trauma: conditions for a successful program. J Trauma. 2006;60:997–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankel H, Rozycki G, Champion H, Harviel JD, Bass R. The use of TRISS methodology to validate prehospital intubation by urban EMS providers. Am J Emerg Med. 1997;15:630–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabram SG, Jacobs LM, Schwartz RJ, Stohler SA. Airway intubation in injured patients at the scene of an accident. Conn Med. 1989;53:633–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garza AG, Gratton MC, Coontz D, Noble E, Ma OJ. Effect of paramedic experience on orotracheal intubation success rates. J Emerg Med. 2003;25:251–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garza AG, Algren DA, Gratton MC, Ma OJ. Populations at risk for intubation nonattempt and failure in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9:163–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garza AG, Gratton MC, McElroy J, Lindholm D, Coontz D. Environmental factors encountered during out-of-hospital intubation attempts. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12:286–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geehr EC, Bogetz MS, Auerbach PS. Pre-hospital tracheal intubation versus esophageal gastric tube airway use: a prospective study. Am J Emerg Med. 1985;3:381–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerich TG, Schmidt U, Hubrich V, Lobenhoffer HP, Tscherne H. Prehospital airway management in the acutely injured patient: the role of surgical cricothyrotomy revisited. J Trauma. 1998;45:312–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Germann CA, Baumann MR, Kendall KM, Strout TD, McGraw K. Performance of endotracheal intubation and rescue techniques by emergency services personnel in an air medical service. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13:44–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerritse BM, Draaisma JM, Schalkwijk A, van Grunsven PM, Scheffer GJ. Should EMS-paramedics perform paediatric tracheal intubation in the field? Resuscitation. 2008;79:225–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gofrit ON, Leibovici D, Shemer J, Henig A, Shapira SC. Ketamine in the field: the use of ketamine for induction of anaesthesia before intubation in injured patients in the field. Injury. 1997;28:41–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg IF, Campion BC, Siebold CM, McBride JW, Long LA. Esophageal gastric tube airway vs endotracheal tube in prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Chest. 1986;90:90–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray AJ, Cartlidge D, Gavalas MC. Can ambulance personnel intubate? Arch Emerg Med. 1992;9:347–51.
   Google Scholar
• Grmec S. Comparison of three different methods to confirm tracheal tube placement in emergency intubation. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:701–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunning M, O’Loughlin E, Fletcher M, Crilly J, Hooper M, Ellis DY. Emergency intubation: a prospective multicentre descriptive audit in an Australian helicopter emergency medical service. Emerg Med J. 2009;26:65–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guss DA, Jones K. Comparison of paramedic intubation training techniques. Am J Emerg Med. 1985;3:575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankins DG, Carruthers N, Frascone RJ, Long LA, Campion BC. Complication rates for the esophageal obturator airway and endotracheal tube in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1993;8:117–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harrison T, Thomas SH, Wedel SK. In-flight oral endotracheal intubation. Am J Emerg Med. 1997;15:558–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison TH, Thomas SH, Wedel SK. Success rates of pediatric intubation by a non-physician-staffed critical care transport service. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2004;20:101–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedges JR, Dronen SC, Feero S, Hawkins S, Syverud SA, Shultz B. Succinylcholine-assisted intubations in prehospital care. Ann Emerg Med. 1988;17:469–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helm M, Hossfeld B, Schafer S, Hoitz J, Lampl L. Factors influencing emergency intubation in the pre-hospital setting—a multicentre study in the German Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:67–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabre P, Combes X, Leroux B, Use of gum elastic bougie for prehospital difficult intubation. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23:552–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabre P, Leroux B, Brohon S, A comparison of plastic single-use with metallic reusable laryngoscope blades for out-of-hospital tracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50:258–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby J, Heller M, Nicholas J, Etomidate versus midazolam for out-of-hospital intubation: a prospective, randomized trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47:525–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemmett ME, Kendal KM, Fourre MW, Burton JH. Unrecognized misplacement of endotracheal tubes in a mixed urban to rural emergency medical services setting. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:961–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins WA, Verdile VP, Paris PM. The syringe aspiration technique to verify endotracheal tube position. Am J Emerg Med. 1994;12:413–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannigman JA, Branson RD, Johnson DJ, Davis K Jr, Hurst JM. Out-of-hospital ventilation: bag–valve device vs transport ventilator. Acad Emerg Med. 1995;2:719–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JH, Murphy MP, Dickson RL, Somerville GG, Brizendine EJ. Emergency physician-verified out-of-hospital intubation: miss rates by paramedics. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11:707–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karch SB, Lewis T, Young S, Hales D, Ho CH. Field intubation of trauma patients: complications, indications, and outcomes. Am J Emerg Med. 1996;14:617–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz SH, Falk JL. Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;37:32–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye K, Frascone RJ, Held T. Prehospital rapid-sequence intubation: a pilot training program. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7:235–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kenny JF, Molloy K, Pollack M, Ortiz MT. Nebulized lidocaine as an adjunct to endotracheal intubation in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1996;11:312–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King BR, Foster RL, Woodward GA, McCans K. Procedures performed by pediatric transport nurses: how “advanced” is the practice? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2001;17:410–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kociszewski C, Thomas SH, Harrison T, Wedel SK. Etomidate versus succinylcholine for intubation in an air medical setting. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18:757–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leicht MJ, Melanson SW, Albright D. Air medical tracheal intubation: establishing a threshold for this QA indicator. J Air Med Transp. 1991;10(8):15–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Losek JD, Bonadio WA, Walsh-Kelly C, Hennes H, Smith DS, Glaeser PW. Prehospital pediatric endotracheal intubation performance review. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1989;5:1–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mackay CA, Terris J, Coats TJ. Prehospital rapid sequence induction by emergency physicians: is it safe? Emerg Med J. 2001;18:20–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod BA, Heller MB, Gerard J, Yealy DM, Menegazzi JJ. Verification of endotracheal tube placement with colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detection. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:267–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCall MJ, Reeves M, Skinner M, Ginifer C, Myles P, Dalwood N. Paramedic tracheal intubation using the intubating laryngeal mask airway. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12:30–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishark KJ, Vukov LF, Gudgell SF. Airway management and air medical transport. J Air Med Transp. 1992;11(3):7–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murray JA, Demetriades D, Berne TV, Prehospital intubation in patients with severe head injury. J Trauma. 2000;49:1065–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama DK, Gardner MJ, Rowe MI. Emergency endotracheal intubation in pediatric trauma. Ann Surg. 1990;211:218–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochs M, Davis D, Hoyt D, Bailey D, Marshall L, Rosen P. Paramedic-performed rapid sequence intubation of patients with severe head injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;40:159–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pace SA, Fuller FP. Out-of-hospital succinylcholine-assisted endotracheal intubation by paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;35:568–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattinson K, Todd I, Thomas J, Wyse M. A two year review of laryngeal mask airway use by the Warwickshire ambulance service. Emerg Med J. 2004;21:397–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson S. Comparison of intubation attempts and completion times before and after the initiation of a rapid sequence intubation protocol in an air medical transport program. Air Med J. 2003;22(6):28–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pointer JE. Clinical characteristics of paramedics’ performance of endotracheal intubation. J Emerg Med. 1988;6: 505–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pointer JE. Clinical characteristics of paramedics’ performance of pediatric endotracheal intubation. Am J Emerg Med. 1989;7:364–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt JC, Hirshberg AJ. Endotracheal tube placement by EMT-basics in a rural EMS system. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9:172–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabitsch W, Schellongowski P, Staudinger T, Comparison of a conventional tracheal airway with the Combitube in an urban emergency medical services system run by physicians. Resuscitation. 2003;57:27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed DB, Snyder G, Hogue TD. Regional EMS experience with etomidate for facilitated intubation. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6:50–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reines HD, Bartlett RL, Chudy NE, Kiragu KR, McKnew MA. Is advanced life support appropriate for victims of motor vehicle accidents: the South Carolina Highway Trauma Project. J Trauma. 1988;28:563–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rhee KJ, O’Malley RJ. Neuromuscular blockade-assisted oral intubation versus nasotracheal intubation in the prehospital care of injured patients. Ann Emerg Med. 1994;23:37–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocca B, Crosby E, Maloney J, Bryson G. An assessment of paramedic performance during invasive airway management. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2000;4:164–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rumball C, Macdonald D, Barber P, Wong H, Smecher C. Endotracheal intubation and esophageal tracheal Combitube insertion by regular ambulance attendants: a comparative trial. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8:15–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sams J, Kelly A. Use of an emergency sedation protocol to assist intubation in helicopter patient retrieval in Victoria. Emerg Med. 1999;11:84–9.
   Google Scholar
• Sayre MR, Sakles JC, Mistler AF, Evans JL, Kramer AT, Pancioli AM. Field trial of endotracheal intubation by basic EMTs. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31:228–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller RJ, Huff JS, Zahn A. Comparison of a colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detector and an esophageal aspiration device for verifying endotracheal tube placement in the prehospital setting: a six-month experience. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1997;12:57–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shea SR, MacDonald JR, Gruzinski G. Prehospital endotracheal tube airway or esophageal gastric tube airway: a critical comparison. Ann Emerg Med. 1985;14:102–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sing RF, Rotondo MF, Zonies DH, Rapid sequence induction for intubation by an aeromedical transport team: a critical analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16:598–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slagt C, Zondervan A, Patka P, de Lange JJ. A retrospective analysis of the intubations performed during 5 years of helicopter emergency medical service in Amsterdam. Air Med J. 2004;23(5):36–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slater EA, Weiss SJ, Ernst AA, Haynes M. Preflight versus en route success and complications of rapid sequence intubation in an air medical service. J Trauma. 1998;45:588–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sloane C, Vilke GM, Chan TC, Hayden SR, Hoyt DB, Rosen P. Rapid sequence intubation in the field versus hospital in trauma patients. J Emerg Med. 2000;19:259–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CE, Kovach B, Polk JD, Hagen JF, Fallon WF Jr. Prehospital tracheal intubating conditions during rapid sequence intubation: rocuronium versus vecuronium. Air Med J. 2002;21(1):26–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sonday CJ, Axelband J, Jacoby J, Higgins R, Crider D. Thiopental vs. etomidate for rapid sequence intubation in aeromedicine. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2005;20:324–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart RD, Paris PM, Pelton GH, Garretson D. Effect of varied training techniques on field endotracheal intubation success rates. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13:1032–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiell IG, Wells GA, Field B, Advanced Cardiac Life Support in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:647–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiell IG, Spaite DW, Field B, Advanced life support for out-of-hospital respiratory distress. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2156–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratton SJ, Kane G, Gunter CS, Prospective study of manikin-only versus manikin and human subject endotracheal intubation training of paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:1314–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson ER, Fosnocht DE. Effect of an airway education program on prehospital intubation. Air Med J. 2002;21(4):28–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swanson ER, Fosnocht DE, Jensen SC. Comparison of etomidate and midazolam for prehospital rapid-sequence intubation. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8:273–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Syverud SA, Borron SW, Storer DL, Prehospital use of neuromuscular blocking agents in a helicopter ambulance program. Ann Emerg Med. 1988;17:236–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam RK, Maloney J, Gaboury I, Review of endotracheal intubations by Ottawa advanced care paramedics in Canada. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13:311–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas SH, Harrison T, Wedel SK. Flight crew airway management in four settings: a six-year review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3:310–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson CB, Balasz K, Goltermann J, Intubation quality assurance thresholds. Air Med J. 1995;14(2):55–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tiamfook-Morgan TO, Harrison TH, Thomas SH. What happens to SpO2 during air medical crew intubations? Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10:363–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmermann A, Eich C, Russo SG, Prehospital airway management: a prospective evaluation of anaesthesia trained emergency physicians. Resuscitation. 2006;70: 179–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmermann A, Russo SG, Eich C, The out-of-hospital esophageal and endobronchial intubations performed by emergency physicians. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:619–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilke GM, Hoyt DB, Epperson M, Fortlage D, Hutton KC, Rosen P. Intubation techniques in the helicopter. J Emerg Med. 1994;12:217–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vilke GM, Steen PJ, Smith AM, Chan TC. Out-of-hospital pediatric intubation by paramedics: the San Diego experience. J Emerg Med. 2002;22:71–4.
   Google Scholar
• Vollmer TP, Stewart RD, Paris PM, Ellis D, Berkebile PE. Use of a lighted stylet for guided orotracheal intubation in the prehospital setting. Ann Emerg Med. 1985;14:324–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HE, O’Connor RE, Schnyder ME, Barnes TA, Megargel RE. Patient status and time to intubation in the assessment of prehospital intubation performance. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2001;5:10–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang HE, Kupas DF, Paris PM, Bates RR, Yealy DM. Preliminary experience with a prospective, multi-centered evaluation of out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation. Resuscitation. 2003;58:49–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HE, Yealy DM. How many attempts are required to accomplish out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation? Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13:372–7.
   Google Scholar
• Warner KJ, Sharar SR, Copass MK, Bulger EM. Prehospital management of the difficult airway: a prospective cohort study. J Emerg Med. 2009;36:257–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayne MA, Friedland E. Prehospital use of succinylcholine: a 20-year review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3:107–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weitzel N, Kendall J, Pons P. Blind nasotracheal intubation for patients with penetrating neck trauma. J Trauma. 2004;56:1097–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Werman HA, Schwegman D, Gerard JP. The effect of etomidate on airway management practices of an air medical transport service. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8:185–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weston CF, Stephens MR. An audit of cardiac arrest management by extended trained ambulance crew. Resuscitation. 1992;23:207–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien DJ, Danzl DF, Sowers MB, Hooker EA. Airway management of aeromedically transported trauma patients. J Emerg Med. 1988;6:49–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Brien DJ, Danzl DF, Hooker EA, Daniel LM, Dolan MC. Prehospital blind nasotracheal intubation by paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18:612–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor RE, Megargel RE, Schnyder ME, Madden JF, Bitner M, Ross R. Paramedic success rate for blind nasotracheal intubation is improved with the use of an endotracheal tube with directional tip control. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36: 328–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmermann A, Russo SG, Rosenblatt WH, Intubating laryngeal mask airway for difficult out-of-hospital airway management: a prospective evaluation. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99:286–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis DP, Dunford JV, Poste JC, The impact of hypoxia and hyperventilation on outcome after paramedic rapid sequence intubation of severely head-injured patients. J Trauma. 2004;57:1–8; discussion 8–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunford JV, Davis DP, Ochs M, Doney M, Hoyt DB. Incidence of transient hypoxia and pulse rate reactivity during paramedic rapid sequence intubation. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:721–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakles JC, Laurin EG, Rantapaa AA, Panacek EA. Airway management in the emergency department: a one-year study of 610 tracheal intubations. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31:325–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakles JC, Deacon JM, Bair AE, Keim SM, Panacek EA. Delayed complications of emergency airway management: a study of 533 emergency department intubations. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9:190–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tayal VS, Riggs RW, Marx JA, Tomaszewski CA, Schneider RE. Rapid-sequence intubation at an emergency medicine residency: success rate and adverse events during a two-year period. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6:31–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HE, Sweeney TA, O’Connor RE, Rubinstein H. Failed prehospital intubations: an analysis of emergency department courses and outcomes. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2001;5:134–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang HE, Seitz SR, Hostler D, Yealy DM. Defining the learning curve for paramedic student endotracheal intubation. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9:156–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Konrad C, Schupfer G, Wiellisbach, Learning manual skills in anesthesiology: is there a recommended number of cases for anesthetic procedures? Anesth Analg. 1998;86:635–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs. Standards for Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs. Park Ridge, IL: CANAEP, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Wang HE, Kupas DF, Hostler D, Procedural experience with out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:1718–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullerton JN, Roberts KJ, Wyse M. Can experienced paramedics perform tracheal intubation at cardiac arrests? Five years experience of a regional air ambulance service in the UK. Resuscitation. 2009;80:1342–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsey MW, Wilson DB. Practical Meta-Analysis. Applied Social Research Methods Series. Vol. 49. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2009.
   Google Scholar