Paramedic Differentiation of Asthma and COPD in the Prehospital Setting Is Difficult

References

• Australian Institute of Health & Welfare (2010). Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other respiratory diseases in Australia. Asthma series. Cat. no. ACM 20. Canberra: AIHW. Viewed 4 July 2013 www.aihw.gov.au/ publication-detail/?id=6442468361.
   Google Scholar
• Alagappan VK, de Boer WI, Misra VK, Mooi WJ, Sharma HS. Angiogenesis and vascular remodeling in chronic airway diseases. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2013;67:219–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SR, Rhee YK. Overlap between asthma and COPD: where the two diseases converge. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2010;2:209–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia's Health (2012). Australia's health series no.13. Cat. no. AUS 156. Canberra: AIHW.
   Google Scholar
• St John Ambulance –Western Australia. Clinical practice guidelines for ambulance care in Western Australia (2012). Available from www.fair-go.com/docs/Clinical%20Practice% 20Guidelines%20V11%2022.07.11.pdf. Last accessed 22 June 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Denniston AKO, O'Brien C, Stableforth D. The use of oxygen in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective audit of pre-hospital and hospital emergency management. Clin Med. 2002;2:449–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman R, Waldron RL. Difficulty breathing: agreement of paramedic and emergency physician diagnoses. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10:77–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaider JJ, Riccio JC, Rydman RJ, Pons PT. Paramedic diagnostic accuracy for patients complaining of chest pain or shortness of breath. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1995;10:245–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Austin MA, Wills KE, Blizzard L, Walters EH, Wood-Baker R. Effect of high flow oxygen on mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in prehospital setting: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c5462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Western Australia Department of Health (2013). WA Public Hospital Activity. Emergency Department service locations and contacts. Available from www.health.wa.gov.au/ emergencyactivity/locations/index.cfm. Accessed 2 Oct 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013). 3218.0 - Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2011-12. Available from www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Products/3218.0∼2011-12∼Main+Feat-ures∼Western+Australia?OpenDocument. Accessed Sep 2013.
   Google Scholar
• St John Ambulance –Western Australia. St John Ambulance Annual Report 2011/12. Available from http://www.stjohnambulance.com.au/docs/corporate-publications/2011-12-annual-report.pdf?sfvrsn=0. Accessed Sep 2013.
   Google Scholar
• International Academies of Emergency Dispatch® (IAED™). Medical Priority Dispatch System™ (MPDS®) version 12.2. Available from www.prioritydispatch.net./ Accessed 2 October 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Australasian College for Emergency Medicine. The Australasian Triage Scale. Emerg Med (Fremantle). 2002;14:335–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Department of Health Western Australia (2007). Information Management and Reporting. Emergency Department Data Collection Data Dictionary Version 1.0. Available from www. health.wa.gov.au/healthdata/docs/EDDC_dictionary.pdf. Accessed 2 October 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Commonwealth of Australia. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Realted Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM), 5th ed. Sydney, NSW: National Centre for Classification in Health; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Jaro MA. Probabilistic linkage of large public health data files. Stat Med. 1995;14:491-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams TA, Finn J, Celenza A, Teng T-H, Jacobs IG. Paramedic identification of acute pulmonary edema in a metropolitan ambulance service. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17:339–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee. UK Ambulance Service Clinical Practice Guidelines (2006). Available from www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/med/research/hsri/emerge- ncycare/prehospitalcare/jrcalcstakeholderwebsite/guidelines. Accessed Sep 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Ambulance Victoria (2012). Clinical Practice Guidelines. Available from www.ambulance.vic.gov.au/Paramedics/Qualified-Paramedic-Training/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines.html. Acces- sed Oct 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Pozner CN, Levine M, Shapiro N, Hanrahan JP. Concordance of field and emergency department assessment in the prehospital management of patients with dyspnea. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7:440–4.
   Google Scholar
• Zeki AA, Schivo M, Chan A, Albertson TE, Louie S. The asthma–COPD overlap syndrome: a common clinical problem in the elderly. J Allergy. 2011;2011:861926.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Australian Lung Foundation and Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. The COPD-X Plan: Australian and New Zealand guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2006 (available at www.copdx.org.au/). Accessed 4 July 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (Updated 2013). Available from www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/ files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf. Accessed 4 July 2013.
   Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society. Dyspnea. Mechanisms, assessment, and management: a consensus statement.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:321–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie D, Abramson M, Crockett A, et al. The COPD X Plan: Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for the management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease V2.32, 2012 Available from www.copdx.org.au/the-copd-x-plan-pdf. Accessed 5 Jul 2013.
   Google Scholar
• O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Davison AG, British Thoracic S. BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients. [Erratum appears in Thorax. 2009 Jan;64(1):91]. Thorax. 2008;63 (Suppl 6):vi1-68.
   Google Scholar
• Perrin K, Wijesinghe M, Healy B, et al. Randomised controlled trial of high concentration versus titrated oxygen therapy in severe exacerbations of asthma. Thorax. 2011;66:937–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers JB, Slovis CM, Eckstein M, et al. Evidence-based performance measures for emergency medical services systems: a model for expanded EMS benchmarking. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12:141–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson T, Jensen JL, Karim S, Travers AH. Correlation of paramedic administration of furosemide with emergency physician diagnosis of congestive heart failure. J Emerg Primary Health Care. 2009;7.
   Google Scholar
• Eckstein M, Suyehara D. Ability of paramedics to treat patients with congestive heart failure via standing field treatment protocols. Am J Emerg Med. 2002;20:23–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar