Unnecessary Use of Red Lights and Sirens in Pediatric Transport

References

• Wier LM (Truven Health Analytics), Hao Y (RAND), Owens P (AHRQ), Washington R (AHRQ). Overview of Children in the Emergency Department, 2010. HCUP Statistical Brief #157. June 2013. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb157.pdf. Accessed March 7, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Shah MN, Cushman JT, Davis CO, Bazarian JJ, Auinger P, Friedman B. The epidemiology of emergency medical services use by children: an analysis of the national hospital ambulatory medical care survey. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12(3): 269–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard J, Osmond MH, Nesbitt L, Stiell IG. Management and outcomes of pediatric patients transported by emergency medical services in a Canadian prehospital system. Can J Emerg Med Care. Jan 2006;8(1):6–12.
   Google Scholar
• Levine SD, Colwell CB, Pons PT, Gravitz C, Haukoos JS, McVaney KE. How well do paramedics predict admission to the hospital? A prospective study. J Emerg Med. 2006;31(1):1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins NM, Dixon M, Garavan C, Landymore E, Mulligan N, O'Donnell C. Can advanced paramedics in the field diagnose patients and predict hospital admission? Emerg Med J. 2013;30(12):1043–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards JR, Ferral SJ. Triage ability of emergency medical services providers and patient disposition: a prospective study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1999;14:174–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qazi K, Kempf JA, Christopher NC, Gerson LW. Paramedic judgment of the need for trauma team activation for pediatric patients. Acad Emerg Med. 1998;5(10):1002–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders CE, Heye CJ. Ambulance collisions in an urban environment. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1994;9(2):118–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maguire BJ, Hunting KL, Smith GS, Levick NR. Occupational fatalities in emergency medical services: a hidden crisis. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;40(6):625–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Custalow CB, Gravitz CS. Emergency medical vehicle collisions and potential for preventive intervention. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8(2):175–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maguire BJ, Smith S. Injuries and fatalities among emergency medical technicians and paramedics in the United States. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(4):376–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt RC, Brown LH, Cabinum ES, et al. Is ambulance transport time with lights and siren faster than that without? Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25(4):507–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho J, Casey B. Time saved with use of emergency warming lights and sirens during response to requests for emergency medical aid in an urban environment. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;32(5):585–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker TK, Gausche-Hill M, Aswegan AL, et al.; American College of Emergency Physicians EMS Committee. Ethical challenges in Emergency Medical Services: controversies and recommendations. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(5):488–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischman RJ, Lundquist M, Jui J, Newgard CD, Warden C. Predicting ambulance time of arrival to the emergency department using global positioning system and Google maps. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17(4):458–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques-Baptista A, Ohman-Strickland P, Baldino KT, Prasto M, Merlin MA. Utilization of warning lights and siren based on hospital time-critical interventions. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2010;25(4):335–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newgard CD, Schmicker RH, Hedges JR, et al.; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Emergency medical services intervals and survival in trauma: assessment of the “golden hour” in a North American prospective cohort. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;55(3):235–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isenberg D, Cone DC, Stiell IG. A simple three-step dispatch rule may reduce lights and sirens responses to motor vehicle crashes. Emerg Med J. 2012;29(7):592–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlin MA, Baldino KT, Lehrfeld DP, et al. Use of a limited lights and siren protocol in the prehospital setting vs standard usage. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(4):519–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson GM. Enhancing safety during emergency medical responses. http://www.usfa.fema.gov/pdf/efop/efo41949.pdf. 2008. Accessed March 7, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Miller MK, Denise-Dowd M, Gratton MC, Cai J, Simon SD. Pediatric out-of-hospital emergency medical services utilization in Kansas City, Missouri. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(6):526–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacher ME, Bausher JC. Lights and siren in pediatric 911 ambulance transports: are they being misused? Ann Emerg Med. 1997;29:223–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan TA, Leape LL, Laird NM, et al. Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients: results of Harvard Medical Practice Study I. N Engl J M 1991;324: 370–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs S. Pediatrics. In: Cone DC, O'Conner RE, Fowler R (eds). Emergency medical services: clinical practice and systems oversight. Nat Assoc EMS Phys. 2009;1:439.
   Google Scholar
• Tsai A, Kallsen G. Epidemiology of pediatric prehospital care. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16:284–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidel JS, Henderson DP, Ward P, Wayland BW, Ness B. Pediatric prehospital care in urban and rural areas. Pediatrics. 1991;88:681–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce SM, Brown DE, Nelson EA. Epidemiology of pediatric EMS practice: a multistate analysis. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1996;11:180–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shinnar S, Berg AT, Moshe SL, Shinnar R. How long do new-onset seizures in children last? Ann Neurol. 2001;49:659–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warden CR, Frederick C. Midazolam and diazepam for pediatric seizures in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10:463–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleton R, Sweeney A, Choonara I, Robson J, Molyneux E. Lorazepam versus diazepam in the acute treatment of epileptic seizures and status epilepticus. Develop Med Child Neurol. 1995;37:682–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepas JJ 3rd, DiScala C, Ramenofsky ML, Barlow B. Mortality and head injury: the pediatric perspective. J Ped Surg. 1990; 25:92–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantais E, Paut O, Giorgi R, Viard L, Camboulives J. Evaluating the prognosis of multiple, severely traumatized children in the intensive care unit. Intens Care Med. 2001;27: 1511–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar