Factors Associated with the Use of Helicopter Inter-facility Transport of Trauma Patients to Tertiary Trauma Centers within an Organized Rural Trauma System

References

• Galvagno SM , Haut ER , Zafar SN , et al. Association between helicopter vs ground emergency medical services and survival for adults with major trauma. JAMA. 2012;307(15):1602–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart KE , Cowan LD , Thompson DM , Sacra JC , Albrecht R . Association of direct helicopter versus ground transport and in-hospital mortality in trauma patients: a propensity score analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(11):1208–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas SH , Harrison TH , Buras WR , Ahmed W , Cheema F , Wedel SK . Helicopter transport and blunt trauma mortality: a multicenter trial. J Trauma. 2002;52(1):136–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas SH . Controversies in prehospital care: air medical response. Emergency Medical Practice. 2005;7(6):1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas SH . Helicopter ems transport outcomes literature: annotated review of articles published 2004–2006. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2007;11(4):477–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas SH , Brown KM , Oliver ZJ , et al. An evidence-based guideline for the air medical transportation of prehospital trauma patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18(Supplement 1):35–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biewener A , Aschenbrenner U , Rammelt S , Grass R , Zwipp H . Impact of helicopter transport and hospital level on mortality of polytrauma patients. J Trauma. 2004;56(1):94–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brathwaite CE , Rosko M , McDowell R , Gallagher J , Proenca J , Spott MA . A critical analysis of on-scene helicopter transport on survival in a statewide trauma system. J Trauma. 1998;45(1):140–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cunningham P , Rutledge R , Baker CC , Clancy TV . A comparison of the association of helicopter and ground ambulance transport with the outcome of injury in trauma patients transported from the scene. J Trauma. 1997;43(6):940–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baxt WG , Moody P . The impact of a rotorcraft aeromedical emergency care service on trauma mortality. JAMA. 1983;249(22):3047–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxt WG , Moody P , Cleveland HC , et al. Hospital-based rotorcraft aeromedical emergency care services and trauma mortality: a multicenter study. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1985;14(9):859–64.
   Google Scholar
• Andrew E , de Wit A , Meadley B , Cox S , Bernard S , Smith K . Characteristics of patients transported by a paramedic-staffed helicopter emergency medical service in Victoria, Australia. Prehosp Emerg Care. July 2015;19(3):416–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branas CC , MacKenzie EJ , Williams JC . Access to trauma centers in the united states. JAMA. 2005;293(21):2626–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bledsoe BE , Wesley AK , Eckstein M , Dunn TM , O'Keefe MF . Helicopter scene transport of trauma patients with nonlife-threatening injuries: a meta-analysis. J Trauma. 2006;60(6):1257–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bledsoe BE , Smith MG . Medical helicopter accidents in the United States: a 10-year review. J Trauma. 2004;56(6):1325–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• U.S. Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration . Advisory Circular 135-14B released 3/25/2015.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Transportation/Office of Inspector General. Audit Report AV-2015-039 released 4/8/2015.
   Google Scholar
• Newgard CD , Staudenmayer K , Hsia RY , et al. The cost of overtriage: more than one-third of low-risk injured patients were taken to major trauma centers. Health Aff (Millwood). 2013;32(9):1591–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen MJ , von Recklinghausen FM , Fulton G , Burchard KW . Secondary overtriage: the burden of unnecessary interfacility transfers in a rural trauma system. JAMA Surgery. 2013;148(8):763–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor C , Curtis K , Jan S , Newcombe M . Helicopter emergency medical services (hems) over-triage and the financial implications for major trauma centres in NSW, Australia. BMC Emergency Medicine. 2013;13(1):11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delgado MK , Staudenmayer KL , Wang NE , et al. Cost-effectiveness of helicopter versus ground emergency medical services for trauma scene transport in the United States. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2013;62(4):351–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart KE , Cowan LD , Thompson DM , Sacra JC . Factors at the scene of injury associated with air versus ground transport to definitive care in a state with a large rural population. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011;15(2):193–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown JB , Stassen NA , Bankey PE , Sangosanya AT , Cheng JD , Gestring ML . Helicopters improve survival in seriously injured patients requiring interfacility transfer for definitive care. J Trauma. 2011;70(2):310–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borst GM , Davies SW , Waibel BH , et al. When birds can't fly: an analysis of interfacility ground transport using advanced life support when helicopter emergency medical service is unavailable. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77(2):331–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd CR , Corse KM , Campbell RC . Emergency interhospital transport of the major trauma patient: air versus ground. J Trauma. 1989;29(6):789–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arfken CL , Shapiro MJ , Bessey PQ , Littenberg B . Effectiveness of helicopter versus ground ambulance services for interfacility transport. J Trauma. 1998;45(4):785–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenbaum PR , Rubin DB . The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika. 1983;70(1):41–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little RJ , Rubin DB . Causal effects in clinical and epidemiological studies via potential outcomes: concepts and analytical approaches. Annu Rev Public Health. 2000;21(1): 121–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newgard CD , Hedges JR , Arthur M , Mullins RJ . Advanced Statistics: the propensity score: a method for estimating treatment effect in observational research. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11(9):953–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Agostino RB . Propensity score methods for bias reduction in the comparison of a treatment to a non-randomized control group. Statist Med. 1998;17(19):2265–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin DB . Estimating causal effects from large data sets using propensity scores. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997;127(8_Part_2):757–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckstein M . The ambulance industry struggles to go the distance. Health Affairs. 2013;32(12):2067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knott A . Emergency medical services in rural areas: the supporting role of state ems agencies. The Journal of Rural Health. 2003;19(4):492–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney JR , Werner S , Wilson S , et al. trauma and emergency medical service challenges in a sample of western states. Journal of trauma nursing. 2010;17(3):158–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas SH , Goodloe JM , Arthur AO . Helicopter emergency medical services in Oklahoma: An overview of current status and future directions. Available at: https//www.ok.gov/ health/Protective_Health/Emergency_Systems/EMS_Division/ Resources_and_Reports/Index.html. April 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Butler DP , Anwar I , Willett K . Is it the h or the ems in hems that has an impact on trauma patient mortality? a systematic review of the evidence. Emerg Med J. 2010;27(9):692–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryb GE , Dischinger P , Cooper C , Kufera JA . Does helicopter transport improve outcomes independently of emergency medical system time?. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74(1):149–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanicolas PJ , Bhatia P , Williamson J , et al. The fastest route between two points is not always a straight line: an analysis of air and land transfer of nonpenetrating trauma patients. J Trauma. 2006;61(2):396–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz MA , Hendey GW , Bivins HG . When is the helicopter faster? a comparison of helicopter and ground ambulance transport times. J Trauma. 2005;58(1):148–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garwe T , Cowan LD , Neas BR , Sacra JC , Albrecht RM , Rich KM . A propensity score analysis of prehospital factors and directness of transport of major trauma patients to a level I trauma center. J Trauma. 2011;70(1):120–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haas B , Stukel TA , Gomez D , et al. The mortality benefit of direct trauma center transport in a regional trauma system: a population-based analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(6):1510–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garwe T , Cowan LD , Neas BR , Sacra JC , Albrecht RM . Directness of transport of major trauma patients to a level I trauma center: a propensity-adjusted survival analysis of the impact on short-term mortality. J Trauma. 2011;70(5):1118–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis DP , Peay J , Serrano JA , et al. The impact of aeromedical response to patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2005;46(2):115–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugerman DE , Xu L , Pearson WS , Faul M . Patients with severe traumatic brain injury transferred to a level I or II trauma center: United States, 2007 to 2009. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(6):1491–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HE , Peitzman AB , Cassidy LD , Adelson PD , Yealy DM . Out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation and outcome after traumatic brain injury. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2004;44(5):439–50.
   Google Scholar
• Sasser SM , Hunt RC , Faul M , et al. Guidelines for field triage of injured patients: recommendations of the national expert panel on field triage, 2011. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2012;61(RR-1):1–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oklahoma State Department of Health . Emergency Systems, Trauma Division. Available at: http://www.ok. gov/health2/documents/TRAU_T3Algorithms04202009.pdf. Acccessed May 2015.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. National Transportation Safety Board . Aviation Special Investigation Report NTSB/SIR-06/01 2009.
   Google Scholar