Promoting women's human rights: A qualitative analysis of midwives’ perceptions about virginity control and hymen ‘reconstruction’

REFERENCES

• Sissa G. The hymen is a problem, still. Virginity, imperforation, and contraception, from Greece to Rome. EuGeStA 2013;3:67–123.
   Google Scholar
• Van Moorst B, van Lunsen RHW, van Dijken DKE, Salvatore C. Backgrounds of women applying for hymen reconstruction, the effect of counselling on myths and misunderstandings about virginity, and the results of hymen reconstruction. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2012;17:93–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson M, Eriksson C. Myter om m domshinnan - en genusteoretisk betraktelse av m domshinnans natur och kultur. [Myths of the hymen: a gender- theoretical study about the nature and the culture of the hymen]. In: Hovelius B, Johansson EE, eds. Kropp och genus i medicinen [Body and Gender in Medicine]. Lund: Studentlitteratur;2004:317–24.
   Google Scholar
• Smith A. The prepubertal hymen. Austr Fam Phys 2012;40:873–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillai M. Forensic examination of suspected child victims of sexual abuse in the UK. A personal view. J Forensic Med 2005;2:57–63.
   Google Scholar
• Hegazy AA, Al-Rukban MO. Hymen: Facts and conceptions. Health 2012;3:109–15.
   Google Scholar
• Essén B, Blomkvist A, Helström L, Johnsdotter S. The experience and responses of Swedish health professionals to patients requesting virginity restoration (hymen repair). Reprod Health Matters 2010;18: 38–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juth N, Tännsjö T, Hansson SO, Lynöe N. Honour- related threats and human rights: A qualitative study of Swedish healthcare providers’ attitudes towards young women requesting a virginity certificate or hymen reconstruction. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2013;18:451–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gürsoy E, Vural GI. Nurses’ and midwives’ views on approaches to hymen examination. Nursing Ethics 2003; 10:485–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalhoub-Kevorkian N. Imposition of virginity testing: A life-saver or a license to kill? Soc Sci Med 2005;60: 1187–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George ER. Virginity testing and South Africa's HIV/AIDS crisis: Beyond rights universalism and cultural relativism toward health capabilities. Calif Law Review 2008;96:1447–519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickström, A. Virginity testing as a local public health initiative: A ‘preventive ritual’ more than a ‘diagnostic measure’. J Royal Anthropol Institute 2010;16: 532–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelin SP. The question of virginity testing in Turkey. Bioethics 1999;13:256–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook RJ, Dickens BM. Hymen reconstruction: Ethical and legal issues. Int J Gynecol Obst 2009;107: 266–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eich T. A tiny membrane defending ‘us’ against ‘them’: Arabic Internet debate about hymenorraphy in Sunni Islamic law. Cult Health Sex 2010;12:755–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raveenthiran V. Surgery of the hymen: From myth to modernization. Indian J Surg 2009;71:224–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson M, Eriksson C. ‘A girl thing‘: Perceptions Concerning the world Hymen among Young Swedish women and men. J Midwifery Women's Health 2011;56:167–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkan N, Baksu A, Baksu B, Nimet Goker. Gynecological examinations for social and legal reasons in Turkey: Hospital data. Croat Med J 2002;43:338–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsdotter S, Essén B. Genitals and ethnicity: The politics of genital modifications. Reprod Health Matters 2010;18:29–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman MP. Female genital cosmetic and plastic surgery: A review. J Sex Med 2011;8:1813–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nationellt Centrum för kvinnofrid. [National Centre for Knowledge on Men's Violence Against Women]. Att möta patienter som söker för oro kring oskuld och heder. [Responding to patients who present with concerns regarding virginity and honour] Editra västra Aros: Uppsala University 2011. NCK NCK-rapport 2010:1
   Google Scholar
• Christianson M, Carola E. Myths and misconceptions. An online study of midwives perceptions about the vaginal opening, the hymen and virginity. BJM 2013;21:108–15.
   Google Scholar
• Christianson M, Carola E. Acts of violence – ‘Midwives’ experiences and attitudes to virginity control and hymen (re)constructions. BJM 2014;22:344–52.
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res 2005;15:1277–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elo S, Kyngäs H. The qualitative content analysis process. J Adv Nurs 2007;62:107–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measure to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today 2004;24:105–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downe-Wamboldt, B. Content analysis: Method, application, and issues. Health Care Women Int 1992;13: 313–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The Act (2003:460) concerning the Ethical Review of Research Involving Humans. http://www.epn.se/media/45159/the_etical_review_act.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• World Medical Association Inc. (1964) WMA Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. [updated 2014]. Accessed 8 April 2014 from: www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/index.html.pdf?print-media-type&footer-right = [page]/[toPage]
   Google Scholar
• Round up. Law and policy. Reprod Health Matters 2010;18:226–30.
   Google Scholar
• Foucroy JL. Customs, culture, and tradition – What role do they play in a woman's sexuality? J Sex Med 2006;3:954–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solberg KE. World Report. Killed in the name of honour. Lancet 2009;375:1933–4.
   Google Scholar
• Sultana A. Patriarchy and women's subordination: A theoretical analysis. Arts Faculty J 2010–2011;4:1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Connell RW, Messerschmidt JW. Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender Society 2005;19: 829–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shetty P. The women who violently perpetuate oppressive cultural practice. The guardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/18/women-forced-marriage-abuses The Guardian 2011.
   Google Scholar
• The state of the world's Midwifery 2011. Accessed 7 November 2013 from: http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/main_report/en_SOWMR_Part1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Halldorsdottir SH, Karlsdottir SI. The primacy of the good midwife in midwifery services: An evolving theory of professionalism in midwifery. Scand J Car Sci 2011; 4:806–17.
   Google Scholar
• Hermansson E, Mårtensson L. Empowerment in the midwifery context – a concept analysis. Midwifery 2011;27:811–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amy JJ. Certificates of virginity and reconstructions of the hymen. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2008;13:111–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen SQ. Othering, identity formation and agency. Qual Stud 2011;2:63–78.
   Google Scholar
• Krumer-Nevo M, Sidi M. Writing against Othering. Qual Inq 2012;:299–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson JB. A human rights framework for midwifery care. J Midwifery Womens Health 2004;: 175–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truell AD. Use of Internet tools for survey research. Inform Technol Learning Perform J 2003;21:33–7.
   Google Scholar
• Fraze SD, Hardin KK, Brashears MT, et al. The effects of delivery mode upon survey response rate and perceived attitudes of Texas agri-science teachers. J Agricult Educ 2003;44:27–37.
   Google Scholar
• Denscombe M. Web-based questionnaires and the mode effect. An evaluation based on completion rates and data contents on near-identical questionnaires delivered in different modes. Soc Sci Comput Rev 2006;2: 246–54.
   Google Scholar
• Cantrell MA, Lupinacci P. Methodological issues in online data collection. J Adv Nurs 2007;60: 544–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar