Wrestling with the hymen: Consultations and practical solutions

REFERENCES

• Loeber O. Wrestling with the hymen: Knowledge and attitudes. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2014;19:238–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logmans A, Verhoeff A, Bol Raap R, et al. Ethical dilemma: Should doctors reconstruct the vaginal introitus of adolescent girls to mimic the virginal state. BMJ 1998;316:459–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook RJ, Dickens BM. Hymen reconstruction: Ethical and legal issues. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2009; 107:266–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juth N, Tannsjo T, Hansson SO, et al. Honour-related threats and human rights: A qualitative study of Swedish healthcare providers’ attitudes towards young women requesting a virginity certificate or hymen reconstruction. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2013;18:451–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juth N, Lynöe N. Zero tolerance against patriarchal norms? A cross-sectional study of Swedish physicians’ attitudes towards young females requesting virginity certificates or hymen restoration. J Med Ethics 2014 doi:10.1136/medethics-2013-101675, in press.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahedi F, Larijani B. Common principles and multiculturalism. J Med Ethics Hist Med 2009;2:6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meleis AI, Jonsen A. Ethical crises and cultural differences. West J Med 1983;138:889–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Moorst BR, van Lunsen RHW, van Dijken DKE, Salvatore CM. Backgrounds of women applying for hymen reconstruction, the effects of counselling on myths and misunderstandings about virginity, and the results of hymen reconstruction. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2012;17:93–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright R, Cardozo L. Cosmetic vulvovaginal surgery. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2008;18:285–6.
   Google Scholar
• Tschudin S, Schuster S, Dumont dos Santos D, et al. Restoration of virginity: Women's demand and health care providers’ response in Switzerland. J Sex Med 2013; 10:2334–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essén B, Blomkvist A, Helström L, et al.The experience and responses of Swedish professionals to patients requesting virginity restoration (hymen repair). Reprod Health Matters 2010;18:38–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accessed 14 May 2014 from: http://manhattancenterforvaginalsurgery.com/hymenoplasty-procedure/.
   Google Scholar
• Hymenoplasty procedure – Begin again. Accessed 14 May 2014 from: http://www.estheticon.com/prices/hymenoplasty-hymen-reconstruction-surgery.
   Google Scholar
• Egypt (EG) hymenoplasty. Accessed 14 May 2014 from: http://immersivemedical.com/hymenoplasty_egypt_2.html.
   Google Scholar
• Tague NR. The quality toolbox, 2nd edn. Milwaukee, WI: American Society for Quality, Quality Press 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers DJ, Stark M. The hymen is not necessarily torn after sexual intercourse. BMJ 1998;317:414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash V. Hymenoplasty – how to do. Indian J Surg 2009;71:221–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeber O. Over het zwaard en de schede. Bloedverlies en pijn bij de eerste coitus. [About the sword and the scabbard. Blood loss and pain during first coitus.] Tijdschr Seksuol 2008;32:129–37.
   Google Scholar
• Adams JA, Botash AS, Kellogg N. Differences in hymenal morphology between adolescent girls with and without a history of consensual sexual intercourse. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:280–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderst J, Kellogg N, Jung I. Reports of repetitive penile-genital penetration often have no definitive evidence of penetration. Pediatrics 2009;124:e403–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellogg ND, Menard SW, Santos A. Genital anatomy in pregnant adolescents: ‘normal’ does not mean ‘nothing happened’. Pediatrics 2004;113:e67–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franiuk R, Shain EA. Beyond Christianity: The status of women and rape myths. Sex Roles 2011;65:783–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasci C. Virginity testing in Turkey: A violation of women's human rights. Human Rights Brief 2002; 9/3: Brief 10. Accessed 14 May 2014 from: www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/09/3turkey.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Gursoy E, Vural G. Nurses’ and midwives’ views on approaches to hymen examination. Nurs Ethics 2003; 10:485–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar