Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: the value of transdermal estradiol and micronized progesterone

References

• L'hermite M, Simoncini T, Fuller S, Genazzani AR. Could transdermal estradiol + progesterone be a safer postmenopausal HRT? A review. Maturitas 2008;60:185–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, . Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, . Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:1701–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gompel A. Micronized progesterone and its impact on the endometrium and breast vs progestogens. Climactric 2012;15 (Suppl 1): 18–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueck AO. Exogenous hormones, the risk of venous thromboembolism, and activated protein C resistance. Menopause 2010;17:1099–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richardson WS. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ 1996;312:71–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curb JD, Prentice RL, Bray PF, . Venous thrombosis and conjugated equine estrogen in women without a uterus. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:772–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagot CN, Marsh MS, Whitehead M, . The effect of estrone on thrombin generation may explain the different thrombotic risk between oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:1736–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oger E, Alhenc-Gelas M, Lacut K, . Differential effects of oral and transdermal estrogen/progesterone regimens on sensitivity to activated protein C among postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:1671–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Høibraaten E, Mowinckel MC, de Ronde H, Bertina RM, Sandset PM. Hormone replacement therapy and acquired resistance to activated protein C: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Haematol 2001;115:415–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post MS, Christella M, Thomassen LG, . Effect of oral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on hemostatic variables associated with venous thrombosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:1116–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez C, Basurto L, Zárate A, Saucedo R, Gaminio E, Collazo J. Transdermal estradiol does not impair hemostatic biomarkers in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2005;50:39–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe GD, Upton MN, Rumley A, McConnachie A, O'Reilly DS, Watt GC. Different effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapies on factor IX, APC resistance, t-PA, PAI and C-reactive protein – a cross-sectional population survey. Thromb Haemost 2001;86:550–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson PJ, Dahlbäck B. Resistance to activated protein C as a basis for venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1994;330:517–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertina RM, Koeleman BP, Koster T, . Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C. Nature 1994;369:64–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosendaal FR, Koster T, Vandenbroucke JP, Reitsma PH. High risk of thrombosis in patients homozygous for factor V Leiden (activated protein C resistance). Blood 1995;85:1504–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Visser MC, Rosendaal FR, Bertina RM. A reduced sensitivity for activated protein C in the absence of factor V Leiden increases the risk of venous thrombosis. Blood 1999;93:1271–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canonico M, Alhenc-Gelas M, Plu-Bureau G, Olié V, Scarabin PY. Activated protein C resistance among postmenopausal women using transdermal estrogens: importance of progestogen. Menopause 2010;17:1122–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarabin PY, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G; EStrogen and THromboEmbolism Risk Study Group. Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk. Lancet 2003;362:428–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canonico M, Fournier A, Carcaillon L, . Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism: results from the E3N cohort study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010;30:340–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renoux C, Dell'Aniello S, Suissa S. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of venous thromboembolism: a population-based study. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:979–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, Lowe GD, Scarabin PY. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2008;336:1227–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straczek C, Oger E, Yon de Jonage-Canonico MB, . Prothrombotic mutations, hormone therapy, and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration. Circulation 2005;112:3495–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canonico M, Oger E, Conard J, . Obesity and risk of venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: differential impact of hormone therapy by route of estrogen administration. The ESTHER Study. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:1259–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olié V, Plu-Bureau G, Conard J, Horellou MH, Canonico M, Scarabin PY. Hormone therapy and recurrence of venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women. Menopause 2011;18:488–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, . Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: the ESTHER study. Circulation 2007;115:840–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1801–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams MR, Register TC, Golden DL, Wagner JD, Williams JK. Medroxyprogesterone acetate antagonizes inhibitory effects of conjugated equine estrogens on coronary artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:217–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams MR, Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, . Inhibition of coronary artery atherosclerosis by 17-beta estradiol in ovariectomized monkeys. Lack of an effect of added progesterone. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:1051–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hermsmeyer RK, Thompson TL, Pohost GM, Kaski JC. Cardiovascular effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate and progesterone: a case of mistaken identity? Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2008;5:387–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simoncini T, Caruso A, Giretti MS, . Effects of dydrogesterone and of its stable metabolite, 20-alpha-dihydrodydrogesterone, on nitric oxide synthesis in human endothelial cells. Fertil Steril 2006;86(Suppl):1235–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Løkkegaard E, Andreasen AH, Jacobsen RK, Nielsen LH, Agger C, Lidegaard Ø. Hormone therapy and risk of myocardial infarction: a national register study. Eur Heart J 2008;29:2660–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruppetta M, Calleja N, Fava S. Long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction and relation to type 2 diabetes and other risk factors. Clin Cardiol 2010;33:424–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouhanick B, Cambou JP, Ferrières J, Amelineau E, Guize L. Characteristics and six-month outcomes in a cohort of 8288 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with previous history of acute coronary syndrome or stroke: the French PREVENIR 3 survey. Diabetes Metab 2006;32:460–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovbiagele B, Markovic D, Fonarow GC. Recent US patterns and predictors of prevalent diabetes among acute myocardial infarction patients. Cardiol Res Pract 2011;2011:145615
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Lauzon-Guillain B, Fournier A, Fabre A, . Menopausal hormone therapy and new-onset diabetes in the French Etude Epidemiologique de Femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (E3N) cohort. Diabetologia 2009;52:2092–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo RA, Clarkson TB. Different mechanisms for benefit and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in early postmenopausal women: a hypothetical explanation. Menopause 2011;18:237–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heistad DD. Unstable coronary-artery plaques. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2285–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. Molecular and cellular basis of cardiovascular gender differences. Science 2005;308:1583–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Allison MA, Rossouw JE, . Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N Engl J Med 2007;356: 2591–602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Ohyama Y, . Effect of transdermal hormone replacement therapy on the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations and other vascular inflammatory markers and on endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:148–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renoux C, Dell'aniello S, Garbe E, Suissa S. Transdermal and oral hormone replacement therapy and the risk of stroke: a nested case-control study. BMJ 2010;340:c2519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueck AO, Seeger H, Wallwiener D. Medroxyprogesterone acetate versus norethisterone: effect on estradiol-induced changes of markers for endothelial function and atherosclerotic plaque characteristics in human female coronary endothelial cell cultures. Menopause 2002;9:273–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honisett SY, Pang B, Stojanovska L, Sudhir K, Komesaroff PA. Progesterone does not influence vascular function in postmenopausal women. J Hypertens 2003;21:1145–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 1995;273:199–208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rylance PB, Brincat M, Lafferty K, . Natural progesterone and antihypertensive action. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985;290: 13–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DY, Kim JY, Kim JH, . Effects of hormone therapy on ambulatory blood pressure in postmenopausal Korean women. Climacteric 2011;14:92–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boschitsch E, Mayerhofer S, Magometschnigg D. Hypertension in women: the role of progesterone and aldosterone. Climacteric 2010;13:307–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon JA. What's new in hormone replacement therapy: focus on transdermal estradiol and micronized progesterone. Climacteric 2012;15 (Suppl 1):3–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar