References
- Sturdee DW, Pines A, Archer DF, et al. Updated IMS recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy and preventive strategies for midlife health. Climacteric 2011;14: 302–20
- North American Menopause Society. The 2012 hormone therapy position statement of: The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2012;19:257–71
- Bodmer C, Steimann S, Schiessl K, De Geyter C, Imthurn B, Birkhäuser M. Hormonersatztherapie (HET) – Guidelines für die Schweiz. J Gynäkol Endokrinol 2009;3:26–30
- Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321–33
- Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA 2013;310:1353–68
- Anderson GL, Chlebowski RT, Rossouw JE, et al. Prior hormone therapy and breast cancer risk in the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin. Maturitas 2006;55:103–15
- Schierbeck LL, Rejnmark L, Tofteng CL, et al. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular events in recently postmenopausal women: randomised trial. BMJ 2012;345:e6409
- Grodstein F, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ. Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: the role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation. J Women’s Health 2006;15:35–44
- Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. Molecular and cellular basis of cardiovascular gender differences. Science 2005;308:1583–7
- Fournier A, Berrino F, Clavel-Chapelon F. Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies: results from the E3N cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treatment 2008;107:103–11
- Ettinger B, Wang SM, Leslie RS, et al. Evolution of postmenopausal hormone therapy between 2002 and 2009. Menopause 2012;19:610–15
- American College of Obstetricians, Gynecologists Women’s Health Care Physicians. Executive summary. Hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104(4 Suppl):1–4S
- North American Menopause Society. Recommendations for estrogen and progestogen use in peri- and postmenopausal women: October 2004 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2004;11:589–600
- U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Hormone therapy for the prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:855–60
- de Villiers TJ, Pines A, Panay N, et al. Updated 2013 International Menopause Society recommendations on menopausal hormone therapy and preventive strategies for midlife health. Climacteric 2013;16:316–37
- Notelovitz M, Lenihan J, McDermott M, Kerber I, Nanavati N, Arce J. Initial 17beta-estradiol dose for treating vasomotor symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:726–31
- Stevenson JC, Durand G, Kahler E, Pertyński T. Oral ultra-low dose continuous combined hormone replacement therapy with 0.5mg 17β-oestradiol and 2.5mg dydrogesterone for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms: Results from a double-blind, controlled study. Maturitas 2010;67:227–32
- Panay N, Ylikorkala O, Archer DF, Gut R, Lang E. Ultra-low-dose estradiol and norethisterone acetate: effective menopausal symptom relief. Climacteric 2007;10:120–31
- Sturdee DW, Archer DF, Rakov V, Lang E. Ultra-low-dose continuous combined estradiol and norethisterone acetate: improved bleeding profile in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2008;11:63–73
- Bergeron C, Nogales FF, Rechberger T, Tatarchjuk T, Zipfel L. Ultra low dose continuous combined hormone replacement therapy with 0.5 mg 17β-oestradiol and 2.5 mg dydrogesterone: protection of the endometrium and amenorrhoea rate. Maturitas 2010;66:201–5
- Panay N, Studd J. Progestogen intolerance and compliance with hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women. Hum Reprod Update 1997;3:159–71
- Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2000;133: 933–41
- Grodstein F, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rexrode K. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and stroke: role of time since menopause and age at initiation of hormone therapy. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:861–6
- Renoux C, Dell’aniello S, Garbe E, Suissa S. Transdermal and oral hormone replacement therapy and the risk of stroke: a nested case-control study. BMJ 2010;340:c2519
- Lokkegaard E, Jovanovic Z, Heitmann BL, et al. Increased risk of stroke in hypertensive women using hormone therapy: analyses based on the Danish Nurse Study. Arch Neurol 2003; 60:1379–84
- Olie V, Plu-Bureau G, Conard J, Horellou MH, Canonico M, Scarabin PY. Hormone therapy and recurrence of venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women. Menopause 2011; 18:488–93
- Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, et al. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: the ESTHER study. Circulation 2007;115:840–5
- Grady D, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, et al. Effect of ultra-low-dose transdermal estradiol on breast density in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2007;14:391–6
- Lundstrom E, Bygdeson M, Svane G, Azavedo E, von Schoultz B. Neutral effect of ultra-low-dose continuous combined estradiol and norethisterone acetate on mammographic breast density. Climacteric 2007;10:249–56
- Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Wallace R, et al. Effects of ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol on bone mineral density: a randomized clinical trial. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:443–51
- Gambacciani M, Cappagli B, Ciaponi M, Pepe A, Vacca F, Genazzani AR. Ultra low-dose hormone replacement therapy and bone protection in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2008;59:2–6
- McClung M. Osteoporosis prevention. Presented at American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, San Francisco, 1998
- Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007; 297:1465–77
- Hodis HN, Collins P, Mack WJ, Schierbeck LL. The timing hypothesis for coronary heart disease prevention with hormone therapy: past, present and future in perspective. Climacteric 2012;15:217–28
- Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Greyber E, Salpeter EE. Brief report: Coronary heart disease events associated with hormone therapy in younger and older women. A meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2006;21:363–6
- Clarkson TB, Melendez GC, Appt SE. Timing hypothesis for postmenopausal hormone therapy: its origin, current status, and future. Menopause 2013;20:342–53
- Johansen OE, Qvigstad E. Rationale for low-dose systemic hormone replacement therapy and review of estradiol 0.5 mg/NETA 0.1 mg. Adv Therapy 2008;25:525–51