“Browning” of adipose tissue – regulation and therapeutic perspectives

References

• Atit R, Sgaier SK, Mohamed OA, et al. (2006). Beta-catenin activation is necessary and sufficient to specify the dorsal dermal fate in the mouse. Dev Biol, 296:164–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchette-Mackie EJ, Dwyer NK, Barber T, et al. (1995). Perilipin is located on the surface layer of intracellular lipid droplets in adipocytes. J Lipid Res, 36:1211–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordicchia M, Liu D, Amri E, et al. (2012). Cardiac natriuretic peptides act via p38 MAPK to induce the brown fat thermogenic programme in mouse and human adipocytes. J Clin Invest, 122:1022–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, et al. (2012). A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature, 481:463–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon B, Nedergaard J. (2004). Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiol Rev, 84:277–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon B, Nedergaard J. (2010). Metabolic consequences of the presence or absence of the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue in mice (and probably in humans). Int J Obes (Lond), 34:S7–16
   Google Scholar
• Cantó C, Gerhart-Hines Z, Feige JN, et al. (2009). AMPK regulates energy expenditure by modulating NAD+ metabolism and SIRT1 activity. Nature, 458:1056–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao W, Daniel KW, Robidoux J, et al. (2004). p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is the central regulator of cyclic AMP-dependent transcription of the brown fat uncoupling protein 1 gene. Mol Cell Biol, 24:3057–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey AL, Formosa MF, van Every B, et al. (2013). Ephedrine activates brown adipose tissue in lean but not obese humans. Diabetologia, 56:147–55
   Google Scholar
• Chau MDL, Gao J, Yang Q, et al. (2010). Fibroblast growth factor 21 regulates energy metabolism by activating the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1alpha pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 107:12553–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Ficarella R, et al. (2012). Human adipose tissue stem cells: relevance in the pathophysiology of obesity and metabolic diseases and therapeutic applications. Expert Rev Mol Med, [Online] Available at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8777477 [last accessed 15 Apr 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Cinti S. (2001a). The adipose organ: endocrine aspects and insights from transgenic models. Eat Weight Disord, 6:4–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cinti S. (2001b). The adipose organ, morphological perspectives of adipose tissues. Proc Nutr Soc, 60:319–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinti S. (2009). Transdifferentiation properties of adipocytes in the adipose organ. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 297:E977–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, et al. (2009). Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med, 360:1509–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Matteis R, Lucertini F, Guescini M, et al. (2012). Exercise as a new physiological stimulus for brown adipose tissue activity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. [Online] Available at: http://www.nmcd-journal.com/article/S0939-4753(12)00049-X/abstract [last accessed 15 Apr 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Elabd C, Chiellini C, Carmona M, et al. (2009). Human multipotent adipose-derived stem cells differentiate into functional brown adipocytes. Stem Cells, 27:2753–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feldmann HM, Golozoubova V, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. (2009). UCP1 ablation induces obesity and abolishes diet-induced thermogenesis in mice exempt from thermal stress by living at thermoneutrality. Cell Metab, 9:203–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher FM, Kleiner S, Douris N, et al. (2012). FGF21 regulates PGC-1α and browning of white adipose tissues in adaptive thermogenesis. Genes Dev, 26:271–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gburcik V, Cawthorn WP, Nedergaard J, et al. (2012). An essential role for Tbx15 in the differentiation of brown and “brite” but not white adipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 303:E1053–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgino F, Laviola L, Eriksson JW. (2005). Regional differences of insulin action in adipose tissue: insights from in vivo and in vitro studies. Acta Physiol Scand, 183:13–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodbody AE, Trayhurn P. (1981). GDP binding to brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria of diabetic–obese (db/db) mice. Decreased binding in both the obese and pre-obese states. Biochem J, 194:1019–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granneman JG, Li P, Zhu Z, Lu Y. (2005). Metabolic and cellular plasticity in white adipose tissue I: effects of beta3-adrenergic receptor activation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 289:E608–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra C, Koza RA, Yamashita H, et al. (1998). Emergence of brown adipocytes in white fat in mice is under genetic control. Effects on body weight and adiposity. J Clin Invest, 102:412–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallberg M, Morganstein DL, Kiskinis E, et al. (2008). A functional interaction between RIP140 and PGC-1alpha regulates the expression of the lipid droplet protein CIDEA. Mol Cell Biol, 28:6785–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen JB, Jørgensen C, Petersen RK, et al. (2004). Retinoblastoma protein functions as a molecular switch determining white versus brown adipocyte differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101:4112–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himms-Hagen J, Melnyk A, Zingaretti MC, et al. (2000). Multilocular fat cells in WAT of CL-316243-treated rats derive directly from white adipocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 279:C670–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajimura S, Seale P, Kubota K, et al. (2009). Initiation of myoblast to brown fat switch by a PRDM16-C/EBP-beta transcriptional complex. Nature, 460:1154–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajimura S, Seale P, Tomaru T, et al. (2008). Regulation of the brown and white fat gene programmes through a PRDM16/CtBP transcriptional complex. Genes Dev, 22:1397–409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharitonenkov A, Shiyanova TL, Koester A, et al. (2005). FGF-21 as a novel metabolic regulator. J Clin Invest, 115:1627–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laviola L, Perrini S, Cignarelli A, et al. (2006). Insulin signaling in human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo. Diabetes, 55:952–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lean ME, James WP, Jennings G, Trayhurn P. (1986). Brown adipose tissue in patients with phaeochromocytoma. Int J Obes, 10:219–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J. (1995). Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N Engl J Med, 332:621–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardsson G, Steel JH, Christian M, et al. (2004). Nuclear receptor corepressor RIP140 regulates fat accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101:8437–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidell ME, Seifert EL, Westergren R, et al. (2011). The adipocyte-expressed forkhead transcription factor Foxc2 regulates metabolism through altered mitochondrial function. Diabetes, 60:427–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockie SH, Heppner KM, Chaudhary N, et al. (2012). Direct control of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis by central nervous system glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signaling. Diabetes, 61:2753–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowell BB, Bachman ES. (2003). Beta-adrenergic receptors, diet-induced thermogenesis, and obesity. J Biol Chem, 278:29385–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowell BB, S-Susulic V, Hamann A, et al. (1993). Development of obesity in transgenic mice after genetic ablation of brown adipose tissue. Nature, 366:740–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls DG, Locke RM. (1984). Thermogenic mechanisms in brown fat. Physiol Rev, 64:1–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikata I, Sasaki H, Iga M, et al. (2003). A novel EVI1 gene family, MEL1, lacking a PR domain (MEL1S) is expressed mainly in t(1;3) (p36;q21)-positive AML and blocks G-CSF-induced myeloid differentiation. Blood, 102:3323–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohno H, Shinoda K, Spiegelman BM, Kajimura S. (2012). PPARγ agonists induce a white-to-brown fat conversion through stabilization of PRDM16 protein. Cell Metab, 15:395–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouellet V, Routhier-Labadie A, Bellemare W, et al. (2011). Outdoor temperature, age, sex, body mass index, and diabetic status determine the prevalence, mass, and glucose-uptake activity of 18F-FDG-detected BAT in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96:192–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan D, Fujimoto M, Lopes A, Wang Y. (2009). Twist-1 is a PPARdelta-inducible, negative-feedback regulator of PGC-1alpha in brown fat metabolism. Cell, 137:73–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrini S, Laviola L, Cignarelli A, et al. (2008). Fat depot-related differences in gene expression, adiponectin secretion, and insulin action and signalling in human adipocytes differentiated in vitro from precursor stromal cells. Diabetologia, 51:155–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrovic N, Walden TB, Shabalina IG, et al. (2010). Chronic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) activation of epididymally derived white adipocyte cultures reveals a population of thermogenically competent, UCP1-containing adipocytes molecularly distinct from classic brown adipocytes. J Biol Chem, 285:7153–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfannenberg C, Werner MK, Ripkens S, et al. (2010). Impact of age on the relationships of brown adipose tissue with sex and adiposity in humans. Diabetes, 59:1789–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picard F, Géhin M, Annicotte J, et al. (2002). SRC-1 and TIF2 control energy balance between white and brown adipose tissues. Cell, 111:931–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pospisilik JA, Schramek D, Schnidar H, et al. (2010). Drosophila genome-wide obesity screen reveals hedgehog as a determinant of brown versus white adipose cell fate. Cell, 140:148–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puigserver P, Wu Z, Park CW, et al. (1998). A cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors linked to adaptive thermogenesis. Cell, 92:829–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puri V, Konda S, Ranjit S, et al. (2007). Fat-specific protein 27, a novel lipid droplet protein that enhances triglyceride storage. J Biol Chem, 282:34213–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard D. (2007). Energy expenditure, a critical determinant of energy balance with key hypothalamic controls. Minerva Endocrinol, 32:173–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ricquier D. (2005). Respiration uncoupling and metabolism in the control of energy expenditure. Proc Nutr Soc, 64:47–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ. (1982a). Effect of chronic food restriction on energy balance, thermogenic capacity, and brown-adipose-tissue activity in the rat. Biosci Rep, 2:543–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ. (1982b). Effects of feeding a palatable “cafeteria” diet on energy balance in young and adult lean (+/?) Zucker rats. Br J Nutr, 47:461–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito M, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Matsushita M, et al. (2009). High incidence of metabolically active brown adipose tissue in healthy adult humans: effects of cold exposure and adiposity. Diabetes, 58:1526–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawada T, Miyoshi H, Shimada K, et al. (2010). Perilipin overexpression in white adipose tissue induces a brown fat-like phenotype. PLoS ONE, 5:e14006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz TJ, Huang TL, Tran TT, et al. (2011). Identification of inducible brown adipocyte progenitors residing in skeletal muscle and white fat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 108:143–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scimè A, Grenier G, Huh MS, et al. (2005). Rb and p107 regulate preadipocyte differentiation into white versus brown fat through repression of PGC-1alpha. Cell Metab, 2:283–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seale P, Bjork B, Yang W, et al. (2008). PRDM16 controls a brown fat/skeletal muscle switch. Nature, 454:961–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seale P, Kajimura S, Yang W, et al. (2007). Transcriptional control of brown fat determination by PRDM16. Cell Metab, 6:38–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford KI, Middelbeek RJW, Townsend KL, et al. (2013). Brown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Invest, 123:215–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Xie H, Mori MA, et al. (2011). Mir193b-365 is essential for brown fat differentiation. Nat Cell Biol, 13:958–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Z. (2010). Cardiovascular responses to cold exposure. Front Biosci (Elite Ed), 2:495–503
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teperino R, Amann S, Bayer M, et al. (2012). Hedgehog partial agonism drives Warburg-like metabolism in muscle and brown fat. Cell, 151:414–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmons JA, Wennmalm K, Larsson O, et al. (2007). Myogenic gene expression signature establishes that brown and white adipocytes originate from distinct cell lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104:4401–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toh SY, Gong J, Du G, et al. (2008). Up-regulation of mitochondrial activity and acquirement of brown adipose tissue-like property in the white adipose tissue of fsp27 deficient mice. PLoS ONE, [Online] Available at: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002890 [last accessed 15 Apr 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Trajkovski M, Ahmed K, Esau CC, Stoffel M. (2012). MyomiR-133 regulates brown fat differentiation through Prdm16. Nat Cell Biol, 14:1330–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trayhurn P, Jones PM, McGuckin MM, Goodbody AE. (1982). Effects of overfeeding on energy balance and brown fat thermogenesis in obese (ob/ob) mice. Nature, 295:323–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng Y, Kokkotou E, Schulz TJ, et al. (2008). New role of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in brown adipogenesis and energy expenditure. Nature, 454:1000–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM, et al. (2009). Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J Med, 360:1500–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vila-Bedmar R, Lorenzo M, Fernández-Veledo S. (2010). Adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin cross talk regulates brown adipocyte differentiation. Endocrinology, 151:980–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virtanen KA, Lidell ME, Orava J, et al. (2009). Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. N Engl J Med, 360:1518–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vosselman MJ, van der Lans AAJJ, Brans B, et al. (2012). Systemic β-adrenergic stimulation of thermogenesis is not accompanied by brown adipose tissue activity in humans. Diabetes, 61:3106–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijers SLJ, Schrauwen P, Saris WHM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. (2008). Human skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling is associated with cold induced adaptive thermogenesis. PLoS ONE, 3: [Online] Available at: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001777 [last accessed 15 Apr 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Wu J, Bostrom P, Sparks LM, et al. (2012). Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell, 150:366–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zingaretti MC, Crosta F, Vitali A, et al. (2009). The presence of UCP1 demonstrates that metabolically active adipose tissue in the neck of adult humans truly represents brown adipose tissue. FASEB J, 23:3113–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar