1,348
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Gender differences in the symptoms of major depression and in the level of social functioning in public primary care patients

, , , &
Pages 161-167 | Published online: 04 Dec 2009

References

  • Maier W, Gansicke M, Gater R, Rezaki M, Tiemens B, Urzua RF. Gender differences in the prevalence of depression: a survey in primary care. J Affect Disord 1999;53:241–52.
  • Piccinelli M, Wilkinson G. Gender differences in depression. Critical review. Br J Psychiatry 2000;177:486–92.
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL. Gender differences in the reporting of physical and somatoform symptoms. Psychosom Med 1998;60:150–5.
  • Williams JB, Spitzer RL, Linzer M, Kroenke K, Hahn SR, deGruy FV, . Gender differences in depression in primary care. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:654–9.
  • Hildebrandt MG, Stage KB, Kragh-Soerensen P. Gender and depression: a study of severity and symptomatology of depressive disorders (ICD-10) in general practice. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;107:197–202.
  • Khan AA, Gardner CO, Prescott CA, Kendler KS. Gender differences in the symptoms of major depression in opposite-sex dizygotic twin pairs. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1427–9.
  • Kockler M, Heun R. Gender differences of depressive symptoms in depressed and nondepressed elderly persons. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;17:65–72.
  • Frank E, Carpenter LL, Kupfer DJ. Sex differences in recurrent depression: are there any that are significant? Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:41–5
  • Thase ME, Reynolds CF, Frank E, Simons AD, McGeary J, Fasiczka AL, . Do depressed men and women respond similarly to cognitive behavior therapy? Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:500–5
  • Kornstein SG, Schatzberg AF, Thase ME, Yonkers KA, McCullough JP, Keitner GI, . Gender differences in chronic major and double depression. J Affect Disord 2000;60:1–11.
  • Carter JD, Joyce PR, Mulder RT, Luty SE, McKenzie J. Gender differences in the presentation of depressed outpatients: a comparison of descriptive variables. J Affect Disord 2000;61:59–67.
  • Salokangas RK, Poutanen O, Stengard E. Screening for depression in primary care. Development and validation of the Depression Scale, a screening instrument for depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995;92:10–6.
  • Barrett J, Oxman T, Gerber P. Prevalence of depression and its correlates in general medical practice. J Affect Disord 1987;12:167–74.
  • Salokangas RK, Vaahtera K, Pacriev S, Sohlman B, Lehtinen V. Gender differences in depressive symptoms. An artefact caused by measurement instruments? J Affect Disord 2002;68:215–20.
  • Blacker CVR, Clare AW. Depressive disorder in primary care. Br J Psychiatry 1987;150:737–51.
  • Spijker J, Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Nolen WA. Care utilization and outcome of DSM-III-R major depression in the general population. Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001;104:19–24.
  • Poutanen O. Depressio terveyskeskuspotilaalla [Doctoral thesis in medicine; in Finnish.] Tampere: University of Tampere; 1996.
  • Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders III-R. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987.
  • Salokangas RK, Poutanen O, Stengard E, Jahi R, Palo-oja T. Prevalence of depression among patients seen in community health centres and community mental health centres. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996;93:427–33.
  • Salokangas RK, Poutanen O. Risk factors for depression in primary care. Findings of the TADEP project. J Affect Disord 1998;48:171–80.
  • Wing JK, Cooper JE, Sartorius N. The measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. The description and manual for the PSE and CATEGO system. London: Cambridge University Press; 1974.
  • Poutanen O, Koivisto AM, Joukamaa M, Mattila A, Salokangas RK. The Depression Scale as a screening instrument for a subsequent depressive episode in primary healthcare patients. Br J Psychiatry 2007;191:50.
  • Addis ME, Mahalik JR. Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking. Am Psychol 2003;58:5–14.
  • Moller-Leimkuhler AM. Barriers to help-seeking by men: a review of sociocultural and clinical literature with particular reference to depression. J Affect Disord 2002;71:1–9.
  • Rutz W, von Knorring L, Pihlgren H, Rihmer Z, Walinder J. Prevention of male suicides: lessons from Gotland study. Lancet 1995;345:524.
  • Moller-Leimkuhler AM, Bottlender R, Strauss A, Rutz W. Is there evidence for a male depressive syndrome in inpatients with major depression? J Affect Disord 2004;80:87–93.
  • Kilmartin C. Depression in men: communication, diagnosis, and therapy. J Mens Health Gend 2005;2:95–9.
  • Bjerkeset O, Romundstad P, Gunnell D. Gender differences in the association of mixed anxiety and depression with suicide. Br J Psychiatry 2008;192:474–5.
  • Moller-Leimkuhler AM. The gender gap in suicide and premature death or: why are men so vulnerable? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003;253:1–8.
  • O'Brien R, Hunt K, Hart G. “It's caveman stuff, but that is to a certain extent how guys still operate”: men's accounts of masculinity and help seeking. Soc Sci Med 2005;61:503–16.
  • Bengs C, Johansson E, Danielsson U, Lehti A, Hammar-strom A. Gendered portraits of depression in Swedish newspapers. Qual Health Res 2008;18:962–73.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.