Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in women aged 20–50 years consulting in general practice: a cross-sectional study

References

• Allali F, El Aichaoui S, Khazani H, Benyahia B, Saoud B, El Kabbaj S, . High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in Morocco: relationship to lifestyle, physical performance, bone markers, and bone mineral density. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2009;38:444–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gannage-Yared MH, Chemali R, Yaacoub N, Halaby G. Hypovitaminosis D in a sunny country: Relation to lifestyle and bone markers. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15: 1856–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishal AA. Effects of different dress styles on vitamin D levels in healthy young Jordanian women. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12:931–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• el-Sonbaty MR, Abdul-Ghaffar NU. Vitamin D deficiency in veiled Kuwaiti women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;50:315–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzel R, Kozanoglu E, Guler-Uysal F, Soyupak S, Sarpel T. Vitamin D status and bone mineral density of veiled and unveiled Turkish women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10:765–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hatun S, Islam O, Cizmecioglu F, Kara B, Babaoglu K, Berk F, . Subclinical vitamin D deficiency is increased in adolescent girls who wear concealing clothing. J Nutr. 2005;135:218–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hypponen E, Power C. Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: Nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:860–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacFarlane GD, Sackrison JL, Jr, Body JJ, Ersfeld DL, Fenske JS, Miller AB. Hypovitaminosis D in a normal, apparently healthy urban European population. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;89-90:621–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez Solanellas M, Romagosa Perez-Portabella A, Zabaleta del Olmo E, Gudina Escudero N, Pozo Diaz C, Moreno Feliu R, . Vitamin D deficiency in women of reproductive age. Aten Primaria. 2008;40:393–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamberg-Allardt CJ, Outila TA, Karkkainen MU, Rita HJ, Valsta LM. Vitamin D deficiency and bone health in healthy adults in Finland: Could this be a concern in other parts of Europe? J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16:2066–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF, Chen TC. Vitamin D deficiency: A worldwide problem with health consequences. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87: 1080S–6S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souberbielle JC, Body JJ, Lappe JM, Plebani M, Shoenfeld Y, Wang TJ, . Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: Recommendations for clinical practice. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9:709–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INPES. PNNS 3. Available at: http://www.mangerbouger.fr (accessed 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, Arnaud S, Galan P, Hercberg S, . Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7:439–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belaid S, Martin A, Schott AM, Laville M, Le Goaziou MF. Hypovitaminosis D among 18-to-49-years-old women wearing concealing clothes, an ignored reality in general practice. Presse Med. 2008;37:201–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Étude nationale nutrition santé (ENNS, 2006). Situation nutritionnelle en France en 2006 selon les indicateurs d'objectif et les repères du Programme national nutrition santé (PNNS). Institut de veille sanitaire, Université de Paris 13, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers; 2007 74.
   Google Scholar
• Garabedian M, Menn S, Nguyen TM, Ruiz JC, Callens A, Uhlrich J. Prevention of vitamin D deficiency in the child and adolescent. I. Proposal and arguments for use of a decision tree. Arch Pediatr. 1999;6:990–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garabedian M, Menn S, Walrant-Debray O, Teinturier C, Delaveyne R, Roden A. Prevention of child and adolescent vitamin D deficiency. II. Validation of a decision-making abacus based on sun exposure and vitamin D intakes. Arch Pediatr. 2005;12:410–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandek B, Ware JE, Aaronson NK, Apolone G, Bjorner JB, Brazier JE, . Cross-validation of item selection and scoring for the SF-12 Health Survey in nine countries: results from the IQOLA Project. International Quality of Life Assessment. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51:1171–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GR, Collinson PO, Kiely PD. Diagnosing hypovitaminosis D: Serum measurements of calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase are unreliable, even in the presence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Rheumatol. 2005;32:684–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meddeb N, Sahli H, Chahed M, Abdelmoula J, Feki M, Salah H, . Vitamin D deficiency in Tunisia. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:180–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looker AC, Dawson-Hughes B, Calvo MS, Gunter EW, Sahyoun NR. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III. Bone 2002;30:771–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looker AC, Pfeiffer CM, Lacher DA, Schleicher RL, Picciano MF, Yetley EA. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988–1994 compared with 2000–2004. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1519–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnevale V, Modoni S, Pileri M, Di Giorgio A, Chiodini I, Minisola S, . Longitudinal evaluation of vitamin D status in healthy subjects from southern Italy: seasonal and gender differences. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12:1026–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florez H, Martinez R, Chacra W, Strickman-Stein N, Levis S. Outdoor exercise reduces the risk of hypovitaminosis D in the obese. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103:679–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilchrest BA. Sun exposure and vitamin D sufficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:570S–7S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1678S–88S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotnikoff GA, Quigley JM. Prevalence of severe hypovitaminosis D in patients with persistent, nonspecific musculoskeletal pain. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78:1463–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Torrente de la Jara G, Pecoud A, Favrat B. Female asylum seekers with musculoskeletal pain: The importance of diagnosis and treatment of hypovitaminosis D. BMC Fam Pract. 2006;7:4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nellen JF, Smulders YM, Jos Frissen PH, Slaats EH, Silberbusch J. Hypovitaminosis D in immigrant women: Slow to be diagnosed. Br Med J. 1996;312:570–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner MK, Hooten WM, Schmidt JE, Kerkvliet JL, Townsend CO, Bruce BK. Prevalence and clinical correlates of vitamin D inadequacy among patients with chronic pain. Pain Med. 2008;9:979–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff-Ferrari H. Vitamin D: What is an adequate vitamin D level and how much supplementation is necessary? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2009;23:789–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar