1,552
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
EDUCATION AND DEBATE Background Papers

Late HIV diagnosis in Europe: A call for increased testing and awareness among general practitioners

, &
Pages 181-186 | Received 12 Jan 2012, Accepted 14 Mar 2012, Published online: 08 May 2012

References

  • Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, Katlama C, Kirk O, Reiss P, d'Arminio Monforte A. Decline in the AIDS and death rates in the EuroSIDA study: An observational study. Lancet 2003;362:22–9.
  • Bhaskaran K, Hamouda O, Sannes M, Boufassa F, Johnson AM, Lambert PC, . Changes in the risk of death after HIV seroconversion compared with mortality in the general population. JAMA 2008;300:51–9.
  • May M, Gompels M, Delpech V, Porter K, Post F, Johnson M, . Impact of late diagnosis and treatment on life expectancy in people with HIV-1: UK collaborative HIV cohort (UK CHIC) Study. Br Med J. 2011;343:d6016.
  • Hamers FF, Phillips AN. Diagnosed and undiagnosed HIV-infected populations in Europe. HIV Med. 2008;9:6–12.
  • World Health Organization. Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2010. Available at www.unaids.org/documents/20101123_globalreport_em.pdf (accessed 8 March 2012).
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2010. Stockholm, Sweden: ECDC; 2011. Available at http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/111129_SUR_Annual_HIV_Report.pdf (accessed 8 March 2012).
  • Antinori A, Johnson M, Moreno S, Yazdanpanah Y, Rockstroh JK. Report of a European Working Group on late presentation with HIV infection: Recommendations and regional variation. Antivir Ther. 2010;15:31–5.
  • World Health Organization. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: Recommendations for a public health approach—2010 revision. Austria: World Health Organization; 2010. Available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/ 9789241599764_eng.pdf (accessed 8 March 2012).
  • Clumeck N, Pozniak A, Raffi F, on behalf of the EACS Executive Committee. European AIDS clinical society (EACS) guidelines for the clinical management and treatment of HIV-infected adults. HIV Med. 2008;9:65–71.
  • Girardi E, Sabin CA, Monforte AD. Late diagnosis of HIV infection: Epidemiological features, consequences and strategies to encourage earlier testing. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46:S3–8.
  • Delpierre C, Dray-Spira R, Cuzin L, Marchou B, Massip P, Lang T, . Correlates of late HIV diagnosis: Implications for testing policy. Int J of STD & AIDS 2007;18:312–7.
  • Sullivan AK, Curtis H, Sabin CA, Johnson MA. Newly diagnosed HIV infections: Review in UK and Ireland. Br Med J. 2005;330:1301–2.
  • Brannstrom J, Akerlund B, Arneborn M, Blaxhult A, Giesecke J. Patients unaware of their HIV infection until AIDS diagnosis in Sweden 1996–2002. A remaining problem in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Int J of STD & AIDS 2005;16:702–6.
  • Longo B, Pezzotti P, Boros S, Urciuoli R, Rezza G. Increasing proportion of late testers among AIDS cases in Italy, 1996–2002. AIDS Care 2005;17:834–41.
  • Likatavicius G, Van de Laar MJ. HIV infection and AIDS in the European Union and European economic area, 2010. Euro Surveill 2011;16.
  • Castilla J, Sobrino P, De La Fuente L, Noguer I, Guerra L, Parras F. Late diagnosis of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: Consequences for AIDS incidence. AIDS 2002;16:1945–51.
  • Lanoy E, Mary-Krause M, Tattevin P, Perbost I, Poizot-Martin I, Dupont C; ANRS C004 French hospital database on HIV clinical epidemiological group. Frequency, determinants and consequences of delayed access to care for HIV infection in France. Antivir Ther. 2007;12:89–96.
  • Chadborn TR, Delpech VC, Sabin CA, Sinka K, Evans BG. The late diagnosis and consequent short-term mortality of HIV-infected heterosexuals (England and Wales, 2000–2004). AIDS 2006;20:2371–9.
  • de Olalla PG, Mazardo C, Sambeat MA, Ocaña I, Knobel H, Humet V, . Epidemiological characteristics and predictors of late presentation of HIV infection in Barcelona (Spain) during the period 2001–2009. AIDS Res Ther. 2011;8:22.
  • Burns FM, Imrie JY, Nazroo J, Johnson AM, Fenton KA. Why the(y) wait? Key informant understandings of factors contributing to late presentation and poor utilization of HIV health and social care services by African migrants in Britain. AIDS Care 2007; 19:102–8.
  • Ndiaye B, Salleron J, Vincent A, Bataille P, Bonnevie F, Choisy P, . Factors associated with presentation to care with advanced HIV disease in Brussels and Northern France: 1997–2007. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:11.
  • Smith RD, Delpech VC, Brown AE, Rice BD. HIV transmission and high rates of late diagnoses among adults aged 50 years and over. AIDS 2010;24:2109–15.
  • Health Protection Agency. HIV in the United Kingdom: 2011 Report. London, UK: Health Protection Services; 2011. Available at www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1317131685847 (accessed 8 March 2012).
  • van Veen MG, Presanis AM, Conti S, Xiridou M, Stengaard AR, Donoghoe MC, . National estimate of HIV prevalence in the Netherlands: Comparison and applicability of different estimation tools. AIDS 2011;25:229–37.
  • Presanis AM, Gill ON, Chadborn TR, Hill C, Hope V, Logan L, . Insights into the rise in HIV infections, 2001 to 2008: A Bayesian synthesis of prevalence evidence. AIDS 2010;24:2849–58.
  • Siegfried N, Uthman OA, Rutherford GW. Optimal time for initiation of antiretroviral therapy in asymptomatic, HIV-infected, treatment-naive adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;3:CD008272.
  • Grant AD, Bansi L, Ainsworth J, Anderson J, Delpech V, on behalf of the United Kingdom Collaborative HIV Cohort Study Group. Tuberculosis among people with HIV infection in the United Kingdom: Opportunities for prevention? AIDS 2009;23:2507–15.
  • Lichtenstein KA, Armon C, Buchacz K, Chmiel JS, Buckner K, Tedaldi EM, on behalf of the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators. Low CD4+ T cell count is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease events in the HIV outpatient study. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:435–47.
  • Phillips AN. Neaton J, Lundgren JD. The role of HIV in serious diseases other than AIDS. AIDS 2008;22:2409–18.
  • Egger M, May M, Chêne G, Phillips AN, Ledergerber B, on behalf of the ART Cohort Collaboration. Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: A collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Lancet 2002;360:119–29.
  • Brown AE, Kall M, Smith RD, Yin Z, Hunter A, Delpech V. Auditing national HIV guidelines and policies: The United Kingdom CD4 surveillance scheme. Open AIDS Journal 2012;7. In press.
  • Deeks SG, Kitchen CM, Liu L, . Immune activation set point during early HIV infection predicts subsequent CD4+ T-cell changes independent of viral load. Blood 2004;104:942–7.
  • Kelley CF, Kitchen CM, Hunt PW, . Incomplete peripheral CD4+ cell count restoration in HIV-infected patients receiving long-term antiretroviral treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:787–94.
  • Waters L, Fisher M, Anderson J, Wood C, Delpech V, Hill T, on behalf of the UK CHIC Steering Committee. Responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy and clinical events in patients with a low CD4 cell count: Late presenters vs. late starters. HIV Med. 2011;12:289–98.
  • Marks G, Crepaz N, Janssen RS. Estimating sexual transmission of HIV from persons aware and unaware that they are infected with the virus in the USA. AIDS 2006;20:1447–50.
  • Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, Li C, Wabwire-Mangen F, . Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342:921–9.
  • Siegfried N, van der Merwe L, Brocklehurst P, Sint TT. Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;7:CD003510.
  • Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, . Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:493–505.
  • Attia S, Egger M, Muller M, Zwahlen M, Low N. Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load and antiretroviral therapy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS 2009;23:1397–404.
  • Granich RM, Gilks CF, Dye C, De Cock KM, Williams BG. Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: A mathematical model. Lancet 2009;373:48–57.
  • Weinhardt LS, Carey MP, Johnson BT, Bickham NL. Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: A meta-analytic review of published research, 1985–1997. Am J Public Health 1999;89:1397–405.
  • Crepaz N, Marks G, Liau A, Mullins MM, Aupont LW, Marshall KJ, . Prevalence of unprotected anal intercourse among HIV-diagnosed MSM in the United States: A meta-analysis. AIDS 2009;23:1617–29.
  • Fox J, White PJ, Macdonald N, Weber J, McClure M, Fidler S, . Reductions in HIV transmission risk behaviour following diagnosis of primary HIV infection: A cohort of high-risk men who have sex with men. HIV Med. 2009;10:432–8.
  • Marks G, Crepaz N, Senterfitt JW, Janssen RS. Meta-analysis of high-risk sexual behavior in persons aware and unaware they are infected with HIV in the United States: Implications for HIV prevention programs. JAIDS 2005;39:446–53.
  • Levy AR, James D, Johnston KM, Hogg RS, Harrigan PR, Harrigan BP, . the direct cost of HIV/AIDS care. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6:171–7.
  • Krentz HB, Gill MJ. The direct medical costs of late presentation (<350/mm3) of HIV infection over a 15-year period. AIDS Res Treat. 2012;2012:757135.
  • Delpierre C, Cuzin L, Lert F. Routine testing to reduce late HIV diagnosis in France. Br Med J. 2007;334:1354–6.
  • Mikolajczak J, Hospers HJ, Kok G. Reasons for not taking an HIV-test among untested men who have sex with men: An Internet study. AIDS Behav. 2006;10:431–5.
  • Fakoya I, Reynolds R, Caswell G, Shiripinda I. Barriers to HIV testing for migrant black Africans in Western Europe. HIV Med. 2008;9:23–5.
  • Deblonde J, De Koker P, Hamers FF, Fontaine J, Luchters S, Temmerman M. Barriers to HIV testing in Europe: a systematic review. Eur J Public Health 2010;20:422–32.
  • Mahajan AP, Sayles JN, Patel VA, Remien RH, Sawires SR, Ortiz DJ, . Stigma in the HIV/AIDS epidemic: A review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward. AIDS 2008;22:S67–79.
  • Chen JY, Tian H, Dahlin-Lee E, Everhard F, Mayer K. HIV testing and monitoring in privately insured members recently diagnosed with potential AIDS defining events. February 2009. 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Poster 1044. Available at www.retroconference.org/2009/PDFs/1044.pdf (accessed 8 March 2012).
  • Liddicoat RV, Horton NJ, Urban R, Maier E, Christiansen D, Samet JH. Assessing missed opportunities for HIV testing in medical settings. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19:349–56.
  • Burns FM, Johnson AM, Nazroo J, Ainsworth J, Anderson J, Fakoya A, . Missed opportunities for earlier HIV diagnosis within primary and secondary healthcare settings in the UK. AIDS 2008;22:115–22.
  • Warwick Z. Barriers to the implementation of the UK HIV testing guidelines in secondary care: How many are medical? Int J STD AIDS 2010;21:205–6.
  • Emerson CR, Goldberg H, Vollmer-Conna U, Post JJ. Self-reported HIV testing practice among physicians treating tuberculosis in Australia and New Zealand. Int J STD AIDS 2010;21:346–50.
  • Alpert PL, Shuter J, DeShaw MG, Webber MP, Klein RS. Factors associated with unrecognized HIV-1 infection in an inner-city emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28:159–64.
  • European Collaborative Study. The mother-to-child HIV transmission epidemic in Europe: Evolving in the East and established in the West. AIDS 2006; 20:1419–27.
  • Palfreeman A, Fisher M, Stewart E. HIV testing in primary care will help improve early diagnosis. Practitioner 2009;253:27–30.
  • Leutscher PD, Laursen T, Andersen B, Ostergaard L, Laursen A, Larsen CS. HIV late presenters in Denmark: Need for increased diagnostic awareness among general practitioners. Dan Med Bull. 2011;58:A4253.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. HIV testing: Increasing uptake and effectiveness in the European Union. Stockholm, Sweden: ECDC; 2010. Available at http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/101129_GUI_HIV_testing.pdf (accessed 8 March 2012).
  • World Health Organization. Scaling up HIV testing and counselling in the WHO European region as an essential component of efforts to achieve universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. Policy framework. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010. Available at www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/85489/E93715.pdf (accessed 8 March 2012).
  • British HIV Association, British Association for Sexual Health and HIV, and British Infection Society. UK National Guidelines for HIV Testing 2008. London, UK: British HIV Association; 2008. Available at www.bhiva.org/documents/Guidelines/Testing/GlinesHIVTest08.pdf (accessed 8 March 2012).
  • Haute Autorité de Santé. Dépistage de l'infection par le VIH en France—Stratégies et dispositif de dépistage. Saint-Denis La Plaine (France): Haute Autorité de Santé; 2009. Available at www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/2009-10/synthese_depistage_vih_volet_2_vfv_2009-10-21_16-48-3_460.pdf (accessed 8 March 2012).
  • Health Protection Agency. Time to test for HIV: Expanding HIV testing in healthcare and community services in England. Final report, 2011. London, UK: Health Protection Agency; 2011. Available at www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1316424799217 (accessed 8 March 2012).
  • Millett D, Creighton S. Increasing GPs’ understanding of HIV may affect their HIV testing rates. HIV Med. 2010;11:Abstract P284.
  • Yazdanpanah Y, Sloan CE, Charlois-Ou C, Le Vu S, Semaille C, Costagliola D, . Routine HIV screening in France: clinical impact and cost-effectiveness. PLoS One 2010;5:e13132.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.