Acoustic and EGG analyses of emotional utterances

References

• Fant G. Acoustic theory of speech production. With calculations based on X-ray studies of Russian articulations. 2nd ed. The Hague: Mouton; 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy P, Laukkanen AM. Analyses of emotional voice using electroglottogram based temporal measures of vocal fold opening. In: Esposito A, Hussain A, Marinaro M, Martone R, editors. Development of multimodal interfaces: Active listening and synchrony. Second COST 2102 International Training School Dublin, Ireland. March 23–27, 2009. Revised selected papers. LNCS 5967. Germany: Springer-Verlag; 2010. p. 286–93.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy P, Laukkanen AM. Electroglottogram analysis of emotionally styled phonation. In: Esposito A, Campbell N, Vogel C, Hussain A, Nijholt A, editors. Multimodal signals: Cognitive and algorithmic issues. COST Action 2102 and euCognition International School, Vietri sul Mare Italy. April 2008. Revised selected and invited papers. LNAI 5398. Germany: Springer-Verlag; 2009. p. 264–70.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy P, Laukkanen AM. Investigation of normalised time of increasing vocal fold contact as a discriminator of emotional voice type. In: Esposito A, Vích R, editors. Cross-modal analysis of speech, gestures, gaze and facial expressions. COST Action 2102 International Conference Prague, Czech Republic, October 2008. Revised selected and invited papers. LNAI 5641. Germany: Springer-Verlag; 2009. p. 90–7.
   Google Scholar
• Alku P, Bäckström T, Vilkman, E. Normalized amplitude quotient for parametrization of the glottal flow. J Acoust Soc Am. 2002;112:701–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Airas M, Alku P. Emotions in vowel segments of continuous speech: Analysis of the glottal flow using the normalised amplitude quotient. Phonetica. 2006;63:26–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toivanen J, Waaramaa T, Alku P, Laukkanen A-M, Seppänen T, Väyrynen E, . Emotions in /a:/: A perceptual and acoustic study. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol. 2006;31:43–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waaramaa T, Laukkanen A-M, Airas M, Alku P. Perception of emotional valences and activity levels from vowel segments of continuous speech. J Voice. 2010;24:30–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waaramaa T, Laukkanen A-M, Alku P, Väyrynen E. Monopitched expression of emotions in different vowels. Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2008;60:249–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray IR, Arnott JL. Toward the simulation of emotion in synthetic speech: A review of the literature on human vocal emotion. J Acoust Soc Am. 1993;93:1097–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobl C, Ní Chasaide A. The role of voice quality in communicating emotion, mood and attitude. Speech Commun. 2003;40:189–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laukkanen A-M, Vilkman E, Alku P, Oksanen H. Physical variations related to stress and emotional state: a preliminary study. J Phonetics. 1996;24:313–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laukkanen A-M, Vilkman E, Alku P, Oksanen H. On the perception of emotions in speech: the role of voice quality. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol. 1997:22:157–68.
   Google Scholar
• Waaramaa T, Alku P, Laukkanen A-M. The role of F3 in the vocal expression of emotions. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol. 2006;31:153–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mithen S. The singing Neanderthals. The origin of music, language, mind and body. Phoenix, Great Britain, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Izard CE. Basic emotions, natural kinds, emotion schemas, and a new paradigm. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2007;2:260–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst C, Ternström S. A comparison of different methods to measure the EGG contact quotient. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol. 2006;31:126–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baken RJ. Electroglottography. J Voice. 1992;6:98–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baken RJ, Orlikoff RF. Clinical measurement of speech and voice. San Diego, CA: Singular/Thomson Delmar; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Gauffin J, Sundberg J. Spectral correlates of glottal voice source waveform characteristics. J Speech Hear Res. 1989; 32:556–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frøkjær-Jensen B, Prytz S. Registration of voice quality. Brüel & Kjær Technical Review. 1973;3:3–17.
   Google Scholar
• [The analyse setting]. Available at: http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/manual/SpectrumGetcentreofgravity.html (accessed 25 Nov 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Praat Software, version 5.2.18. Available at: http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/download_win.html (accessed 25 Jan 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Intelligent Speech Analyser (ISA). Available at: http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/wbt/calinv6.htm (accessed 31 Jan 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Colton RH, Conture EG. Problems and pitfalls of electroglottography. J Voice. 1990;4:10–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundberg J, Nordström P-E. Raised and lowered larynx—the effect on vowel formant frequencies. Quarterly progress and status report. Department of Speech, Music and Hearing, The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm; 1976. p. 35–39.
   Google Scholar
• Titze IR. Principles of voice production. 2nd printing. Iowa City IA: National Center for Voice and Speech; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Barney A, De Stefano A, Heinrich N. The effect of glottal opening on the acoustic response of the vocal tract. Budapest: Forum Acusticum; 2005. p. 2743–8. Available at: http://intellagence.eu.com/acoustics2008/acoustics2008/cd1/data/fa2005-budapest/paper/597 - 0.pdf (accessed 23 Nov 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Kania RE, Hans S, Hartl DM, Clement P, Crevier-Buchman L, Brasnu DF. Variability of electroglottographic glottal closed quotient. Necessity of standardization to obtain normative values. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:349–52. Available at: http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/130/3/349.
   Google Scholar
• Waaramaa-Mäki-Kulmala T. Emotions in voice. Acoustic and perceptual analysis of voice quality in the vocal expression of emotions [Academic dissertation]. Tampere: Tampere University Press; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins MB, Schulte L. Gender differences in vocal fold contact computed from electroglottographic signals: The influence of measurement threshold. J Acoust Soc Am. 2002;111:1865–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar