Elective Single Embryo Transfer: an update to UK Best Practice Guidelines

References

• Ahlstrom, A., Westin, C., Reismer, E., Wikland, M., & Hardarson, T. (2011). Trophectoderm morphology: An important parameter for predicting live birth after single blastocyst transfer. Human Reproduction, 26, 3289–3296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, K., Goorbarry, J., Cho, M., Loughlin, J., & McCulloh, D.H. (2008). Z scores of embryos at the pronuclear stage are not predictive of IVF pregnancy outcome. Fertility & Sterility, 90, S430.
   Google Scholar
• Alikani, M., Tomkin, G., Ferry, K., & Garrisi, M. (2008). High pregnancy loss rate following implantation of IVF human embryos with extensive fragmentation. Fertility & Sterility, 92, S83.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Inany, H. & Aboulghar, M. (2002). GnRH Antagonist in assisted reproduction: a Cochrane review. Human Reproduction, 17, 874–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Inany, H., Youssef, M.A.F.M., Aboulghar, M., Broekmans, F., Sterrenburg, M., Smit, J., & Abou-Setta, A.M. (2011). GnRH antagonists are safer than agonists: an update of a Cochrane review. Human Reproduction Update, 17, 435–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine, ESHRE Special Interest Group in Embryology. (2011). Istanbul consensus workshop on embryo assessment: proceedings of an expert meeting. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 22, 632–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine. (2012). The Alpha consensus meeting on cryopreservation key performance indicators and benchmarks: proceedings of an expert meeting. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 25, 146–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambroggio, J., Gindoff, P.R., Molina, B., Dayal, M., Khaldi, R., Peak, D., et al. (2011). Multinucleation of a sibling blastomere on day 2 suggests unsuitability for embryo transfer in IVF – pre-implantation genetic screening cycles. Fertility & Sterility, 96, 856–859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antezak, M. & Van Blerkom, J. (1999). Temporal and spatialects of fragmentation in early human embryos: possible effects on developmental competence and association with the differential elimination of regulatory proteins from polarized domains. Human Reproduction, 14, 429–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aparicio, B., Cruz, M., & Mesegeur, M. (2013). Is Morphokinetic Analysis the Answer? Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 27, 654–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, S., Vail, A., Mastenbroek, S., Jordan, V., & Farquhar, C. (2015). Time-lapse in the IVF-lab: how should we assess potential benefit? Human Reproduction, 30, 3–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASRM. (2008a). Practice Committee of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology and the Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Pre-implantation genetic testing: a Practice Committee opinion. Fertility & Sterility, 90, S136–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ASRM. (2008b). Practice Committee of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. The role of assisted hatching in in vitro Fertilisation: A review of the literature. A Committee opinion. Fertility & Sterility, 90, S196–S198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ASRM. (2012). Practice Committee of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Elective Single Embryo Transfer. Fertility & Sterility, 97, 835–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASRM. (2013a). Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine; Practice Committee of Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Criteria for number of embryos to transfer: a committee opinion. Fertility & Sterility, 99, 44–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASRM. (2013b). Practice Committees of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Blastocyst culture and transfer in clinical-assisted Reproduction: a committee opinion. Fertility & Sterility, 99, 667–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baart, E., Macklon, N., & Fauser, B.J.C.M. (2009). Ovarian Stimulation and Embryo Quality. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 18, S45–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balaban, B., Urman, B., Sertac, A., Alatas, C., Aksoy, S., & Mercan, R. (1998). Oocye morphology does not affect fertilitisation rate, embryo quality and implantation rate after ICSI. Human Reproduction, 13, 3431–3433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balaban, B., Urman, B., Sertac, A., Alatas, C., Aksoy, S., & Mercan, R. (2000). Blastocyst quality affects the success of blastocyst stage transfer. Fertility & Sterility, 74, 282–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balaban, B. & Magli, C.M. (2011). The Istanbul consensus workshop on embryo assessment: proceedings of an expert meeting. Human Reproduction, 26, 1270–1283.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berin, I., McLellan, S.T., Macklin, E.A., Toth, T.L., & Wright, D.L. (2011). Frozen- thawed embryo transfer cycles: clinical outcomes of single and double blastocyst transfer. Journal of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics, 28, 575–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissonnette, F., Phillips, S.J., Gunby, J., Holzer, H., Mahutte, N., St-Michel, P., & Kadoch, I.J. (2011). Working to eliminate multiple pregnancies: a success story in Quebec. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 23, 500–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorndahl, L., Barratt, C., Fraser, L., Kvist, U., & Mortimer, D. (2002). ESHRE basic semen analysis course 1995–1999: Immediate beneficial effects of standardized training. Human Reproduction, 17, 1299–1305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton, V.N., Leary, C., Harbottle, S., Cutting, R., & Harper, J.C. (2015). How should we choose the ‘best’ embryo? A commentary on behalf of the British Fertility Society and the Association of Clinical Embryologists. Human Fertility18, 156–164.
   Google Scholar
• Brison, D.R., Houghton, F.D., Falconer, D., Roberts, S.A., Hawkhead, J.A., Humpherson, P.G., et al. (2004). Identification of viable embryos in IVF by non-invasive measurement of amino acid turnover. Human Reproduction, 19, 2319–2324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brison, D., Hollywood, K., Arneson, R., & Goodacre, R. (2007). Predicting Human embryo viability: the road to non-invasive analysis of the secretome using metabolic footprinting. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 15, 296–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brison, D., Cutting, R., Clarke, H., & Wood, M. (2012). ACE consensus meeting Reproduction: oocyte and embryo cryopreservation Sheffield. Human Fertility, 15, 69–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney, S.K., Das, S., Blake, D., Farquhar, C., Seif, M.M., & Nelson, L. (2012). Assisted hatching on assisted conception (in-vitro Fertilitization IVF) and intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 12 Art. No: CD001894 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001894.pub5.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, H.J., Lee, J.R., Jee, B.C., Suh, C.S., & Kim, S.H. (2009). Impact of blastocyst transfer on offspring sex ratio and the monozygotic twinning rat: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility & Sterility, 91, 2381–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clua, E., Tur, R., Coroleu, B., Boda, M., Rodriguez, I., Barri, P.N., & Viega, A. (2012)Elective single-embryo transfer in oocyte donation programmes: Should it be the rule? Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 25, 642–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. & Alikani, M. (2013). The time has come to radically rethink assisted reproduction. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 27, 323–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutting, R., Morroll, D., Roberts, S., Pickering, S., & Rutherford, A. (on behalf of BFS and ACE). (2008). Elective Single Embryo Transfer: Guidelines for Practice British Fertility Society and Association of Clinical Embryologists. Human Fertility, 11, 131–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darby, H. (2012). Authority Committee Paper on the Year 4 multiple births target. http://www.hfea.gov.uk/Multiple-births-after-IVF.html. Last accessed 13th May 2015.
   Google Scholar
• de los Santos, M.J., Arroyo, G., Busquet, A., Calderon, G., Cuadros, J., Hurtado de Mendoza, M.V., et al. (2014). A multi-centre prospective study to assess the effect of early cleavage on embryo quality, implantation, and live-birth rate. Fertility & Sterility, 101, 981–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai, N.N., Goldstein, J., Rowland, D.Y., & Goldfarb, J.M. (2000). Morphological evaluation of Human embryos and derivation of an embryo quality scoring system specific for day 3 embryos: a preliminary study. Human Reproduction, 15, 2190–2196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessolle, L., Freour, T., Ravel, C., Jean, M., Colombel, A., Darai, E., & Barriere, P. (2011). Predictive Factors of healthy term birth after single blastocyst transfer. Human Reproduction, 26, 1220–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebner, T. (2008). Prognosis of oocytes showing aggregation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 16, 1591–1597.
   Google Scholar
• Edgar, D.H. & Gook, D.A. (2012). A critical appraisal of cryopreservation (slow cooling versus vitrification) of Human oocytes and embryos. Human Reproduction Update, 18, 536–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, R.G., Steptoe, P.C., & Purdy, J.M. (1980). Establishing full-term Human pregnancies using cleaving embryos grown in vitro. British Journal of Obstetretics & Gynaecology, 87, 737–756.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Toukhy, T., Khalaf, Y., Al-Darazi, K., Andritsos, V., Taylor, A., & Braude, P. (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Effect of blastomere loss on the outcome of frozen embryo Replacement cycles. Fertility & Sterility, 79, 1106–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foreman, E.J., Hong, K.H., Ferry, K.M., Tao, X., Taylor, D., Levy, B., et al. (2013). In vitro fertilization with single euploid blastocyst transfer: a randomized controlled trial. Fertility & Sterility, 100, 100–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, D.K., Schoolcraft, W.B., Wagley, L., Schlenker, T., Steens, J., & Hesla, J. (1998). A prospective randomized trial of blastocyst culture and transfer in in vitro Fertilisation. Human Reproduction, 13, 3434–3440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, D.K. & Schoolcraft, W.B. (1999). Culture and transfer of human blastocyst. Current opinion in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 11, 307–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, D., Lane, M., Stevens, J., Schenkler, T., & Schoolcraft, M. (2000). Blastocyst scores affects implantation and pregnancy outcome: towards single blastocyst transfer. Fertility & Sterility, 73, 1555–1558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, D., Lane, M., Stevens, J., & Schoolcraft, M. (2001). Non invasive assessment of human embryo nutrient consumption is a measure of developmental potential. Fertility & Sterility, 73, 1175–1180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, D.K. & Wale, P.L. (2013). Analysis of metabolism to select viable human embryos for transfer. Fertility & Sterility, 99, 1062–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geraedts, J., Montag, M., Magli, M.C., Repping, S., Handyside, A., Staessen, C., et al. (2011). Polar body array CGH for prediction of the status of the corresponding oocyte. I. Clinical results. Human Reproduction, 26, 3173–3180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerris, J., De Sutter, P., De Neubourg, D., Van Royen, E., Vander Elst, J., Mangelschots, K., et al. (2004). A real-life prospective health economic study of elective single embryo transfer versus two-embryo transfer in first IVF/ICSI cycles. Human Reproduction, 19, 917–923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgetti, C., Hans, E., Terriou, P., Salzmann, J., Barry, B., Chabert-Orsini, V., et al. (2007). Early cleavage: an additional predictor of high implantation rate following elective single embryo transfer. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 14, 85–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleicher, N. (2013). The Irrational Attraction of Elective single-embryo Transfer (eSET). Human Reproduction, 28, 294–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glujovsky, D., Blake, D., Farquhar, C., & Bardach, A. (2012). Cleavage stage versus blastocyst stage embryo transfer in assisted reproductive technology. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD002118.
   Google Scholar
• Goto, S., Kadowaki, T., Tanaka, S., Hashimoto, H., Kokeguchi, S., & Shiotani, M. (2011). Prediction of pregnancy rate by blastocyst morphological score and age, based on 1,488 single frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer cycles. Fertility & Sterility, 95, 948–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gremeau, A.S., Brugnon, F., Bouraoiu, Z., Pekrishvili, R., Janny, L., & Pouly, J.L. (2012). Outcome and feasibility of elective single embryo transfer eSET policy for the first and second IVD/ICSI attempts. European Journal of Obstetric and Gynaecological Reproductive Biology, 160, 45–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez-Mateo, C., Colls, P., Sanchez-Garcia, J., Escudero, T., Prates, R., Ketterson, K., et al. (2011). Validation of microarray comparative genomic hybridization for comprehensive chromosome analysis of embryos. Fertility & Sterility, 95, 953–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M., Kurinczuk, J., Bower, C., & Webb, S. (2002). The risk of major birth defects after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro Fertilisation. New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 725–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M. & Bower, C. (2014). The impact of assisted Reproductive technologies on intra-uterine growth and birth defects in singletons. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 19, 228–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardarson, T., Hanson, C., Sjogren, A., & Lundin, K. (2001). Human embryos with unevenly sized blastomeres have lower pregnancy and implantation rates: indication for aneuploidy and multi-nucleation. Human Reproduction, 16, 313–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardarson, T., Ahlstom, A., Rogberg, L., Botros, L., Hillensjo, T., Westlander, G., et al. (2012). Non-invasive metabolomics profiling of Day 2 and Day 5 embryo culture medium: a prospective randomized trial. Human Reproduction, 27, 89–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, J., Coonen, E., De Rycke, M., Fiorentino, F., Geraedts, J., Goossens, V., et al. (2010). What next for pre-implantation genetic screening (PGS)? A position statement from the ESHRE PGD Consortium Steering Committee. Human Reproduction, 25, 821–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto, S., Kato, N., Saeki, K., & Morimoto, Y. (2012). Selection of high-potential embryos by culture in poly (dimethylsiloxane) microwells and time-lapse imaging. Fertility & Sterility, 97, 332–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijnen, E.M., Eijkemans, M.J., DE Klerk, C., Polinder, S., Beckers, N.G., Klinkert, E.R., et al. (2007). A mild treatment strategy for in-vitro Fertilisation: a randomized non-inferiority trial. Lancet, 369, 743–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heitmann, R.J., Hill, M.J., Richter, K.S., Decherney, A.H., & Widra, E.A. (2013). The simplified SART embryo scoring system is highly correlated to implantation and live birth in single blastocyst transfers. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 30, 563–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrero, J., Tejera, A., Albert, C., Vidal, C., de los Santos, M, Meseguer M. (2013). A time to look back: analysis of morphokinetic characteristics of Human embryo development. Fertility & Sterility, 100, 1602–09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershlag, A., Paine, T., Cooper, G.W., Scholl, G.M., Rawlinson, K., & Kvapil, G. (1999). Monozygotic twinning associated with mechanical assisted hatching. Fertility & Sterility, 71, 144–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HFEA. (2008). Chairs Letter, Multiple Births, Single Embryo Transfer policy. Available online at http://www.hfea.gov.uk/489.html. Last accessed 14th June 2015.
   Google Scholar
• HFEA. (2013). Chairs Letter, Removal of the licence condition relating to multiple births. Available online at http://www.hfea.gov.uk/8380.html. Last accessed 14th June 2015.
   Google Scholar
• HFEA. (2014). Fertility treatment in 2013: trends and figures. Available online at http://www.hfea.gov.uk/9463.html. Last accessed 14th June 2015.
   Google Scholar
• HFEA. (2015). Improving outcomes for fertility patients: Multiple Births 2015. Available online at http://www.hfea.gov.uk/docs/Multiple_Births_Report_2015.pdf. Last accessed 22nd July 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, M.J., Richter, K.S., Heitman, R.J., Graham, J.R., Tucer, M.J., DeVherney, A.H., et al. (2013). Trophectoderm grade predicts outcomes of single-blastocyst transfers. Fertility & Sterility, 99, 1283–1289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope, N.J., Philips, S.J., & Rombauts, L. (2008). Can an educational DVD improve the acceptability of elective single embryo transfer?: a randomized controlled study. Fertility & Sterility, 90, Suppl, S67.
   Google Scholar
• Houghton, F.D., Hawkhead, J., Humpherson, P.G., Hogg, J., Balen, A.H., Rutherford, A.J., & Leese, H.J. (2002). Non invasive amino acid turnover predicts Human embryo developmental capacity. Human Reproduction, 17, 999–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imudia, A., Awonuga, A., Doyle, J.O., Kaimal, A., Wright, D.L., Toth, T.L., & Styer, A.K. (2012). Peak serum estradiol level during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is associated with increased risk of small for gestational age and preeclampsia in singleton pregnancies after in vitro fertilisation. Fertility & Sterility, 97, 1374–1379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imudia, A., Awonuga, A., Doyle, J.O., Kaimal, A., Wright, D.L., Styer, A.K., & Toth, T.L. (2013). Elective cryopreservation of all embryos with subsequent cryothaw embryo transfer in patients at risk for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome reduces the risk of adverse obstetric outcomes: a preliminary study. Fertility & Sterility, 99, 168–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishihara, O., Kuwahara, M.D., & Saitoh, H. (2011). Frozen thawed blastocyst transfer reduces ectopic pregnancy risk: an analysis of single embryo transfer cycles in Japan. Fertility & Sterility, 95, 1966–1969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, A.N., Hennessy, S., Reggio, B., Weimer, K., Larsen, F., & Cohen, J. (2006). The limited importance of pronuclear scoring of Human zygotes. Human Reproduction 21, 1599–1604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, M., Hardarson, T., & Lundin, K. (2003). There is a cut off limit in diameter between a blastomere and a small anucleate fragment. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 20, 309–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallen, B., Finnstrom, O., Lindam, A., Nilsson, E., Nygren, K.G., & Olausson, P.O. (2010a). Blastocyst versus cleavage stage transfer in vitro Fertilisation; differences in neonatal outcome? Fertility & Sterility, 94, 1860–1863.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallen, B., Finnstrom, O., Lindam, A., Nilsson, E., Nygren, K.G., & Olausson, P.O. (2010b). Trends in delivery and neonatal outcome after in vitro Fertilisation in Sweden: data for 25 years. Human Reproduction, 25, 1026–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjellberg, A.T., Carlsson, P., & Bergh, C. (2006). Randomized single versus double embryo transfer: obstetric and paediatric outcome and a cost-effectiveness analysis. Human Reproduction, 21, 210–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopman, J.M., Krey, L.C., Oh, C., Lee, J., McCaffrey, C., & Noyes, N. (2014). What makes them split? Identifying risk factors that lead to monozygotic twins after in vitro fertilisation. Fertility & Sterility, 102, 82–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kultursay, N., Yalaz, M., & Koroglu, O.A; MAR Neonatal Study Group. (2015). Neonatal outcome following new assisted reproductive technology regulations in Turkey - a nationwide multicenter point prevalence study. Journal of Maternal and Fetal Neonatal Medicine, 28, 204–209. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2014.908844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutlu, P., Atvar, O., Vanlioglu, O.F., Kutlu, U., Arici, A., Yilmaz, E., et al. (2011). Effect of the new legislation and single-embryo transfer policy in turkey on assisted reproduction outcomes: preliminary results. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 22, 208–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlor, D.A. & Nelson, S.M. (2012). Effect of age on decisions about the numbers of embryos to transfer in assisted conception: a prospective study. Lancet, 379, 521–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leese, B. & Denton, J. (2010). Attitudes towards single embryo transfer, twin and higher order pregnancies in patients undergoing infertility treatment: a review. Human Fertility, 13, 28–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leese, H.J. & Barton, A.M. (1984). Pyruvate and glucose uptake by mouse ova and preimplantation embryos. Journal of Reproduction & Fertility, 72, 9–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leese, H.J. (2002). Quiet please, do not disturb: a hypothesis of embryo metabolism and viability. Bioessays, 24, 845–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leese, H.J. (2012). Metabolism of the preimplantation embryo: 40 years on. Reproduction, 143, 417–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legro, R.S., Wong, I.L., Paulson, R.J., Lobo, R.A., Sauer, M.V. (1995). Recipients age does not adversely affect pregnancy outcome after oocyte donation. American Journal of Obstetretics & Gynaecology, 172, 96–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemmen, J.G., Agerholm, I., & Ziebe, S. (2008). Kinetic markers of Human embryo quality using time-lapse recordings of IVF/ICSI-Fertilityized oocytes. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 17, 385–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes, A.S., Madsen, S.E., Ramsing, N.B., Løvendahl, P., Greve, T., & Callesen, H. (2007). Investigation of respiration of individual bovine embryos produced in vivo and in vitro and correlation with viability following transfer. Human Reproduction, 22, 558–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, E. (2013). Epigenetic effects on the embryo as a result of periconceptional environment and assisted reproductive technology. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 27, 477–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukassen, H.G., Braat, D.D., Wetzels, A.M., Zielhuis, G.A., Adang, E.M., Scheenjes, E., & Kremer, J.A. (2005). Two cycles with single embryo transfer versus one cycle with double embryo transfer: a randomized controlled trial. Human Reproduction, 20, 702–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke, B., Brown, M.B., Wantman, E., & Stern, J.E. (2014). Factors associated with monozygosity in assisted reproductive technology pregnancies and the risk of recurrence using linked cycles. Fertility & Sterility, 101, 683–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machtinger, R. & Racowsky, C. (2013). Morphological systems of human embryo assessment and clinical evidence. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 26, 210–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magli, M.C., Montag, M., Köster, M., Muzi, L., Geraedts, J., Collins, J., et al. (2011). Polar body array CGH for prediction of the status of the corresponding oocyte. Part II: Technical aspects. Human Reproduction, 26, 3181–3185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maheshwari, A., Griffiths, S., & Bhattacharya, S. (2011). Global variation in the uptake of single embryo transfer. Human Reproduction Update, 17, 107–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maheshwari, A., Pandey, S., Shetty, A., Hamilton, M., & Bhattacharya, S. (2012). Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies resulting from the transfer of frozen thawed versus fresh embryos generated through in vitro fertilisation treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility & Sterility, 98, 368–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maheshwari, A., Kalampokas, T., Davidson, J., & Bhattacharya, S. (2013). Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies resulting from the transfer of blastocyst stage versus cleavage stage embryos generated through in vitro fertilisation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility & Sterility, 100, 1615–1621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamas, T., Gordon, A., Brown, A., Harper, J., & Sengupta, S. (2012). Detection of aneuploidy by array comparative genomic hybridization using cell lines to mimic a mosaic trophectoderm biopsy. Fertility & Sterility, 97, 943–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastenbroek, S., Twisk, M., van der Veen, F., & Repping, S. (2011). Preimplantation genetic screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Human Reproduction Update, 17, 454–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastenbroek, S. (2013). One swallow does not make a summer. Fertility & Sterility, 99, 1205–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathur, R.S., & Tan, B.K. (2014)British Fertility Society Policy and Practice Committee: prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Human Fertility, 17, 257–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McArthur, S.J., Leigh, D., Marshall, J.T., Gee, A.J., De Boer, K.A., & Jansen, R.P. (2008). Blastocyst trophectoderm biopsy and preimplantation genetic diagnosis for familial monogenic disorders and chromosomal translocations. Prenatal Diagnosis, 28, 434–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLernon, D.J., Harrild, K., Bergh, C., Davies, M.J., de Neubourg, D., Dumoulin, J.C.M., et al. (2010). Clinical effectiveness of elective single versus double embryo transfer: meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials. British Medical Journal, 342, 34–35.
   Google Scholar
• Moayeri, S, Beht, B., Lathi, R., Westphal LM, Milki AA. (2007). Risk of monozygotic twinning with blastocyst transfer decreases over time: an 8 year experience. Fertility & Sterility, 87, 1028–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montag, M., Liebenthron, J., & Koster, M. (2011). Which morphological scoring system is relevant in Human development? Placenta, 32, S252–S256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montag, M., Toth, B., & Strowitzki, T. (2013). New approaches to embryo selection. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 27, 539–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moustafa, M.K., Sheded, S.A., El Aziz Mousta, M.A. (2008). Elective single embryo transfer versus double embryo transfer in assisted Reproduction. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 17, 82–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullin, C., Berkeley, A.S., & Grifo, J.A. (2012). Supernumerary blastocyst cryopreservation: a key prognostic indicator for patients opting for an elective single blastocyst transfer (eSBT). Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 29, 783–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy, Z.P., Dozortsev, D., Diamond, M., Rienzi, L., Ulbaldi, F., Abdelmassih, R., & Greco, E. (2003). Pronuclear morphology evaluation with subsequent evaluation of embryo morphology significantly increases implantation rates. Fertility & Sterility, 80, 67–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2013). Fertility: assessment and treatment for people with Fertility problems. Clinical Guidelines CG156, http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg156. Last accessed 13th May 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Nicoli, A., Valli, B., Di Girolamo, R., Tommaso, B., Gallinelli, A., & La Sala, G.B. (2007). Limited importance of pre embryo pronuclear morphology (zygote score) in assisted reproduction outcome in the absence of embryo cryopreservation. Fertility and Sterility, 88 (4 suppl.), 1167–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicoli, A., Capodanno, F., Rondini, I., Valli, B., Villani, M., Morini, D., et al. (2013). Pronuclear morphology evaluation in in vitro Fertilisation (IVF)/intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles: a retrospective clinical review. Journal of Ovarian Reserve, 6, 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niinimaki, M., Suikari, A.M., Makinen, S., Soderstrom-Anttila, V., & Martikainen, H. (2013). Elective single embryo transfer in women aged 40–44 years. Human Reproduction, 28, 331–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsuki, J., Okada, A., Morimoto, K., Nagi, Y., & Kubo, H. (2004). The relationship between pregnancy outcome and smooth endoplasmic reticulum clusters in Metaphase 2 Human oocytes. Human Reproduction, 19, 1591–1597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandian, Z., Bhattacharaya, S., Ozturk, O., Serour, G., & Templeton, A. (2009). Number of embryos for transfer following in-vitro fertilisation or intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection. Cochrane Database Systematic Review, 15, CD0003416.
   Google Scholar
• Papanikolaou, E.G., D'haeseleer, E., Verheyen, G., Vaan de Velde, H., Camus, M., Steirteghem, A., et al. (2005). Live birth rate is significantly better than after cleavage-stage embryo transfer when at least four embryos are available on day 3 of embryo culture. A randomized prospective study. Human Reproduction, 20, 3198–3203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papanikolaou, E.G., Camus, M., Kolibinakis, E.M., Van Landuyt, L., Van Steirteghem, A., & Devroey, P. (2006). In vitro Fertilisation with single blastocyst stage versus single cleavage stage embryos. New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 1139–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papanikolaou, E.G., Fatemi, H., Venetis, C., Donos, P., Kolibianakis, E., Tournaye, H., et al. (2010). Monozygotic twinning is not increased after single blastocyst transfer compared with single cleavage-stage embryo transfer. Fertility & Sterility, 93, 592–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C., Ahn, J., Yoon, Y., & Park, S. (2011). A multi-sample based method for identifying common CNVs in normal Human genomic structure using high-resolution aCGH data. PLoS One, 6, e26975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering, S.J., Braude, P.R., Johnson, M.H., Cant, A., & Currie, J. (1990). Transient cooling to room temperature can cause irreversible disruption of the meiotic spindle in the Human oocyte. Fertility & Sterility, 54, 102–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plachot, M., Grouchy, J., Junca, A.M., Mandlebaum, J., Salat-Baroux, J., & Cohen, J. (1998). Chromosomal analysis of human oocytes and embryos in an in vitro fertilisation program. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 541, 384–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai, V., Betswort, A., Beer, C., Ndukwe, G., & Glazebrook, C. (2011). Comparing patients’ and clinicians’ perceptions of elective single embryo transfer using the attitudes to a twin IVF pregnancy scale (ATIPS). Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 28, 65–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renard, J.P., Phillipon, A., & Menezo, Y. (1980). In-vitro uptake of glucose by bovine blastocyst. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 58, 161–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rienzi, L., Ubaldi, F., Iacobelli, M., Ferrero, S., Minasi, M.G., Martinez, F., et al. (2002). Day 3 embryo transfer with combined evaluation at the pronuclear and cleavage stages compares favourably with day 5 blastocyst transfer. Human Reproduction, 17, 1852–1855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rienzi, L. (2005). Significance of morphological attributes of the early embryo. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 10, 669–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, S.A., Fitzgerald, C.T., & Brison, D.R. (2009). Modelling the impact of single embryo transfer in a national health service IVF programme. Human Reproduction, 24, 122–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, S.A., Hirst, W.M., Brison, D.R., & Vail, A. (2010a). Embryo and uterine influences on IVF outcomes: an analysis of a UK multi-centre cohort. Human Reproduction, 25, 2792–2802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, S.A., McGowan, L., Hirst, W.M., Brison, D.R., Vail, A., & Lieberman, B.A. (2010b). Towards single embryo transfer? Modelling clinical outcomes of potential treatment choices using multiple data sources: predictive models and patient perspectives. Health Technology Assessment, (14), No. 38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, S.A., McGowan, L., Hirst, W.M., Vail, A., Rutherford, A., Lieberman, B.A., & Brison, D.A. (2011). Reducing the incidence of twins from IVF treatments: predictive modelling from a retrospective cohort. Human Reproduction, 26, 569–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roque, M., Lattes, K., Serra, S., Solà, I., Geber, S., Carreras, R., & Checa, M.A. (2013). Fresh embryo transfer versus frozen embryo transfer in in vitro fertilisation cycles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility & Sterility, 99, 156–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, T.K., Bradley, C.K., Bowman, M., & McArthur, S. (2014). Single-embryo transfer of vitrified-warmed blastocysts yields equivalent live-birth rates and improved neonatal outcomes compared with fresh transfers. Fertility & Sterility, 101, 1294–1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio, I., Kuhlmann, R., Agerholm, I., Kirk, J., Herrero, J., Escribá, M.J., et al. (2012). Limited implantation success of direct-cleaved human zygotes: a time-lapse study. Fertility & Sterility, 98, 1458–1463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio, C., Bellver, J., Rodrigo, L., Bosch, E., Mercader, A., Vidal, C., et al. (2013). Preimplantation genetic screening using fluorescence in situ hybridisation in patients with repetitive implantation failure and advanced maternal age: two randomized trials. Fertility & Sterility, 99, 1400–1407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio, I., Galan, A., Larreategui, Z., Ayerdi, F., Bellver, J., Herrero, J., & Meseguer, M. (2014). Clinical validation of embryo culture and selection by morphokinetic analysis: a randomized, controlled trial of the EmbryoScope. Fertility & Sterility, 102, 1287–1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schieve, L.A., Meikle, S.F., Peterson, H.B., Jeng, G., Burnett, N.M., & Wilcox, L.S. (2000). Does assisted hatching pose a risk for monozygotic twinning in pregnancies conceived through in vitro Fertilisation? Fertility & Sterility, 74, 288–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schieve, L., Meikle, S.F., Ferre, C., Peterson, H.B., Jeng, G., & Wilcox, L.S. (2002). Low and very low birth weight in infants conceived with use of assisted Reproductive technology. New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 731–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scotland, G.S., McLernon, D., Kurinczuk, J.J., McNamee, P., Harrild, K., Lyall, H., et al. (2011). Minimising twins in in-vitro fertilitisation: a modelling study assessing the costs, consequences and cost-utility of elective single versus double embryo transfer over a 20-year time horizon. International Journal of Obstretrics & Gynaecology, 118, 1073–1083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, L.A., Alvero, R., Leondires, M., & Miller, B. (2000). The morphology of human pronuclear embryos is positively related to blastocyst development and implantation. Human Reproduction, 15, 2394–2403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, L., Berntsen, J., Davies, D., Gundersen, J., Hill, J., & Ramsing, N. (2008). Symposium: innovative techniques in human embryo viability assessment. Human oocyte respiration rate measurement potential to improve oocyte and embryo selection? Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 17, 461–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, R.T., Upham, K.M., Forman, E.J., Zhao, T., & Treff, N.R. (2013). Cleavage stage biopsy significantly impairs human embryonic implantation potential while blastocyst biopsy does not: a randomized and paired clinical trial. Fertility & Sterility, 100, 624–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seli, E., Sakkas, D., Scott, R., Kwok, S.C., Rosendahl, S.M., & Burns, D.H. (2007). Noninvasive metabolomic profiling of embryo culture media using Raman and near-infrared spectroscopy correlates with reproductive potential of embryos in women undergoing in vitro fertilisation. Fertility & Sterility, 88, 1350–1357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seli, E., Botros, L., Sakkas, D., & Burns, D.H. (2008). Noninvasive metabolomic profiling of embryo culture media using proton nuclear magnetic resonance correlates with reproductive potential of embryos in women undergoing in-vitro fertilization. Fertility & Sterility, 90, 2183–2189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serhal, P.F., Ranieri, D.M., Kinis, A., Marchant, S., Davies, M., & Khadum, I.M. (1997). Oocyte morphology predicts outcome of intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection. Human Reproduction, 12, 1267–1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, B.S., Daneshmand, M.D., Garner, F.C., Aguirre, M., Hudson, C., & Thomas, S. (2011). Evidence of impaired endometrial receptivity after ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilisation: a prospective randomized trial comparing fresh and frozen- thawed embryo transfer in normal responders. Fertility & Sterility, 96, 344–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, B.S., Daneshmand, M.D., Restrepro, H., Garner, F.C., Aguirre, M., & Hudson, C. (2013). Matched cohort comparison of single-embryo transfers in fresh and frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles. Fertility & Sterility, 99, 389–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifer, C., Sermondade, N., Poncelet, C., Hafhouf, E., Porcher, R., Cedrin-Durnerin, I., et al. (2011). Biological predictive criteria for clinical pregnancy after elective single embryo transfer. Fertility & Sterility, 95, 427–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Summary Report (2013). https://www.sartcorsonline.com/rptCSR_PublicMultYear.aspx?ClinicPKID = 0. Last accessed 13th May 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Soderstrom-Anttila, V., Vilska, S., Makinen, S., Foudila, T., & Suikkari, A.M. (2003). Elective single embryo transfer yields good delivery rates on oocyte donation. Human Reproduction, 18, 1858–1863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolwijk, A.M., Zielhuis, G.A., Sauer, M.V., Hamilton, C.J.C.M., & Paulson, R.J. (1997). The impact of the woman's age on the success of standard and donor in-vitro Fertilisation. Fertility & Sterility, 67, 702–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stylianou, C., Critchlow, D., Brison, D.R., & Roberts, S.A. (2012). Embryo morphology as a predictor of IVF success: An evaluation of the proposed UK ACE grading scheme for cleavage stage embryos. Human Fertility, 15, 11–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurin, A., Hausken, J., Hillensjö, T., Jablonowska, B., Pinborg, A., Strandell, A., & Bergh, C. (2004). Elective Single-Embryo Transfer versus Double-Embryo Transfer in in vitro Fertilisation. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 2392–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toner, J.P., Grainger, D.A., & Frazier, L.M. (2002). Clinical outcomes among recipients of donated eggs: an analysis of the US national experience, 1996–1998. Fertility & Sterility, 78, 1038–1045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Bergh, M., Devreker, F., Emiliani, S., & Englert, Y. (2001). Glycolytic activity: a possible tool for Human blastocyst selection. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 3(suppl 1), 8.
   Google Scholar
• Van Montfoort, A.P., Fiddelers, A.A., Janssen, J.M., Derhaag, J.G., Dirksen, C.D., Dunselman, G.A., et al. (2006). In unselected patients, elective single embryo transfer prevents all multiples, but results in significantly lower pregnancy rates compared with double embryo transfer: a randomized controlled trial. Human Reproduction, 21, 338–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Royen, E., Mangelschots, K., De Neubourg, D., Valkenburg, M., Van de Meerssche, M., Ryckaert, G., et al. (1999). Characterization of a top quality embryo, a step towards single-embryo transfer. Human Reproduction, 14, 2345–2349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Royen, E., Mangelschots, K., De Neubourg, D., Laureys, I., Ryckaert, G., & Gerris, J. (2001). Calculating the implantation potential of day 3 embryos in women younger than 38 years of age: a new model. Human Reproduction, 16, 326–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Royen, E., Mangleschots, K., Vercruyssen, M., De Neubourg, D., Valkenburg, M., Ryckaert, G., & Gerris, J. (2003). Multi-nucleation in cleavage stage embryos. Human Reproduction, 18, 1062–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velez, M.P., Kadoch, I.J., Phillips, S.J., & Bissonette, F. (2013). Rapid policy change to single-embryo transfer while maintaining pregnancy rates per initiated cycle. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 26, 506–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitthala, S., Gelbaya, T.A., Brison, D.R., Fitzgerald, C.T., & Nardo, L.G. (2009). The risk of monozygotic twins after assisted reproductive technology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update, 15, 45–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, A.J., Lucas, E.S., & Fleming, T.P. (2010). Impact of the peri-conceptional environment on the programming of adult disease. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health & Disease, 1, 87–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, D., Kaur, K., Jamie Grifo, J., Glassner, M., Taylor, J.C., Fragouli, E., & Munne, S. (2014). Clinical utilisation of a rapid low-pass whole genome sequencing technique for the diagnosis of aneuploidy in human embryos prior to implantation. Journal of Medical Genetics, 51, 553–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wharf, E., Dimitrakopoulos, A., Khalaf, Y., & Pickering, S. (2003). Early embryo development is an indicator of implantation potential. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 8, 212–218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winston, N.J., Braude, P.R., Pickering, S.J., George, M.A., Cant, A., Currie, J., & Johnson, M.H. (1991). The incidence of abnormal morphology and nucleocytoplasmic ratios in 2,3 and 5 day human pre-embryos. Human Reproduction, 6, 17–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanaihara, A., Yorimitsu, T., Motoyama, H., Ohara, M., & Kawamura, T. (2008). Clinical outcome of frozen blastocyst transfer; single vs. double transfer. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 25, 531–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Z., Liu, J., Collins, G.S., Salem, S.A., Liu, X., Lyle, S.S., et al. (2012). Selection of single blastocysts for fresh transfer via standard morphology assessment alone and with array CGH for good prognosis IVF patients: results from a randomized pilot study. Molecular Cytogenetics, 5, 24. doi: 10.1186/1755–8166-5-24. Open Access.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, X., Tan, K., Vajta, G., Jiang, H., Tan, Y., Zhang, C., et al. (2013). Massively Parallel Sequencing for Chromosomal Abnormality Testing in Trophectoderm Cells of Human Blastocysts. Biology of Reproduction, 88, 69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, L.E., Sinclair, K.D., & Wilmut, I. (1998). Large Offspring syndrome in cattle and sheep. Reviews of Reproduction, 3, 155–163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar