Co-infection with vaginal Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis increases adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes

References

• Kramer MS, Demissie K, Yang H, et al. The contribution of mild and moderate preterm birth to infant mortality. Fetal and Infant Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System. J Am Med Assoc 2000;284:843–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg TG, Philpot KL, Welsh MS, et al. Ureaplasma/Mycoplasma-infected amniotic fluid: pregnancy outcome in treated and nontreated patients. J Perinatol 1999;19:275–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoon BH, Romero R, Kim M, et al. Clinical implications of detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum in the amniotic cavity with the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1130–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt A, Berger A, Gruber CJ, et al. Increased intrauterine frequency of Ureaplasma urealyticum in women with preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of the membranes and subsequent cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:1663–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundsin RB, Leviton A, Allred EN, Poulin SA. Ureaplasma urealyticum infection of the placenta in pregnancies that ended prematurely. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:122–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassell GH, Waites KB, Watson HL, et al. Ureaplasma urealyticum intrauterine infection: role in prematurity and disease in newborns. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993;6:69–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald HM, O’Loughlin JA, Jolley P, et al. Prenatal microbiological risk factors associated with preterm birth. BJOG 1992;99:190–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kacerovsky M, Pavlovsky M, Tosner J. Preterm premature rupture of the membranes and genital mycoplasmas. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 2009;52:117–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abele-Horn M, Scholz M, Wolff C, Kolben M. High-density vaginal ureaplasma urealyticum colonization as a risk factor for chorioamnionitis and preterm delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000;79:973–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doubilet PM, Benson CB, Nadel AS, Ringer SA. Improved birth weight table for neonates developed from gestations dated by early ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 1997;16:241–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundsin RB, Driscoll SG, Monson RR, et al. Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum in the placenta with perinatal morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 1984;310:941–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dammann O, Allred EN, Genest DR, et al. Antenatal mycoplasma infection, the fetal inflammatory response and cerebral white matter damage in very-low-birthweight infants. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003;17:49–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey JC, Blackwelder WC, Nugent RP, et al. Anteparturn cultures for Ureaplasma urealyticum are not predicting pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:728–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg A, Passey M, Yoannes M, Michael A. High rates of genital Mycoplasma infection in the highlands of Papua New Guinea determined both by culture and by a commercial detection kit. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:197–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonsée HJ, Stobberingh EE, Bouckaert PX, et al. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in pregnant Dutch women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1989;32:149–56
   Google Scholar
• Lee SE, Romero R, Kim EC, Yoon BH. A high Nugent score but not a positive culture for genital mycoplasmas is a risk factor for spontaneous preterm birth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009;22:212–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MJ, Choi MH, Seong WJ, et al. The detection rate of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in patients with impending preterm birth and mid-trimester cervical swab. Korean J Perinatol 2008;19:370–6
   Google Scholar
• Choi SJ, Park SD, Jang IH, et al. The prevalence of vaginal microorganisms in pregnant women with preterm labor and preterm birth. Ann Lab Med 2012;32:194–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattinson RC, van Zyl GJ. Infections and spontaneous preterm labour: is looking for specific organisms worthwhile? S Afr J Epidemiol Infect 1991;6:12–4
   Google Scholar
• McGregor JA, French JI, Parker R, et al. Prevention of premature birth by screening and treatment for genital tract infections: results of a prospective controlled evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:157–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero P, Mazor M, Oyarzun E, et al. Is genital colonization with Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum associated with prematurity/low birth weight? Obstet Gynecol 1989;73:532–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odendaal HJ, Popov I, Schoeman J, Grové D. Preterm labour – Is Mycoplasma hominis involved? S Afr Med J 2002;92:235–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JK, Shin JK, Choi WJ, et al. Mycoplasma Infection of Cervicovaginal Fluid in Women with Preterm Labor. Korean J Perinatol 2005;16:128–36
   Google Scholar
• Kechagia N, Bersimis S, Chatzipanagiotou S. Incidence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of genital mycoplasmas in outpatient women with clinical vaginitis in Athens, Greece. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;62:122–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel I, Thorsen P, Hogan VK, et al. The joint effect of vaginal Ureaplasma urealyticum and bacterial vaginosis on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85:778–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh EH, Kim Sj, Kim IS, et al. Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in Pregnant Women. Korean J Clin Microbiol 2009;12:159–62
   Google Scholar
• Renaudin H, Bébéar C. Comparative in vitro activity of azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin and lomefloxacin against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1990;9:838–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar