An elevated amniotic fluid prostaglandin F_2α concentration is associated with intra-amniotic inflammation/infection, and clinical and histologic chorioamnionitis, as well as impending preterm delivery in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes

References

• Beck S, Wojdyla D, Say L, et al. The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity. Bull World Health Organ 2010;88:31–8. Epub 2010/04/30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard MZ, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. Lancet 2012;379:2162–72. Epub 2012/06/12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet 2012;379:2151–61. Epub 2012/05/15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwaniki MK, Atieno M, Lawn JE, et al. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after intrauterine and neonatal insults: a systematic review. Lancet 2012;379:445–52. Epub 2012/01/17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012;380:2197–223. Epub 2012/12/19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manuck TA, Sheng X, Yoder BA, et al. Correlation between initial neonatal and early childhood outcomes following preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;210:426 e1–9. Epub 2014/05/06
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manuck TA, Varner MW. Neonatal and early childhood outcomes following early vs later preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;211:308 e1–6. Epub 2014/05/27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herber-Jonat S, Streiftau S, Knauss E, et al. Long-term outcome at age 7–10 years after extreme prematurity – a prospective, two centre cohort study of children born before 25 completed weeks of gestation (1999–2003). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014;27:1620–6. Epub 2013/12/11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinsburg R, de Almeida MF, de Castro JS, et al. Death or survival with major morbidity in VLBW infants born at Brazilian neonatal research network centers. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015 Apr 16:1--5. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteves JS, de Sa RA, de Carvalho PR, et al. Neonatal outcome in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) between 18 and 26 weeks. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015 Jul 9:1--5. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugni L, Pietrasanta C, Acaia B, et al. Chorioamnionitis and neonatal outcome in preterm infants: a clinical overview. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015 Jul 1:1--5. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 2008;371:75–84. Epub 2008/01/08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Dey SK, Fisher SJ. Preterm labor: one syndrome, many causes. Science 2014;345:760–5. Epub 2014/08/16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Espinoza J, Kusanovic JP, et al. The preterm parturition syndrome. BJOG 2006;113:17–42. Epub 2007/01/09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R. Prenatal medicine: the child is the father of the man. 1996. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009;22:636–9. Epub 2009/09/09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Renzo GC. The great obstetrical syndromes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009;22:633–5. Epub 2009/09/09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosens I, Pijnenborg R, Vercruysse L, et al. The “Great Obstetrical Syndromes” are associated with disorders of deep placentation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204:193–201. Epub 2010/11/26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith R, Van Helden D, Hirst J, et al. Pathological interactions with the timing of birth and uterine activation. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2007;47:430–7. Epub 2007/11/10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shynlova O, Tsui P, Jaffer S, et al. Integration of endocrine and mechanical signals in the regulation of myometrial functions during pregnancy and labour. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009;144:S2–10. Epub 2009/03/21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renthal NE, Williams KC, Mendelson CR. MicroRNAs-mediators of myometrial contractility during pregnancy and labour. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013;9:391–401. Epub 2013/05/15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maul H, Mackay L, Garfield RE. Cervical ripening: biochemical, molecular, and clinical considerations. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2006;49:551–63. Epub 2006/08/04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Word RA, Li XH, Hnat M, et al. Dynamics of cervical remodeling during pregnancy and parturition: mechanisms and current concepts. Semin Reprod Med 2007;25:69–79. Epub 2007/01/06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House M, Kaplan DL, Socrate S. Relationships between mechanical properties and extracellular matrix constituents of the cervical stroma during pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 2009;33:300–7. Epub 2009/10/03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmons B, Akins M, Mahendroo M. Cervical remodeling during pregnancy and parturition. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010;21:353–61. Epub 2010/02/23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez JM, Dong Z, Romero R, et al. Cervical remodeling/ripening at term and preterm delivery: the same mechanism initiated by different mediators and different effector cells. PLoS One 2011;6:e26877. Epub 2011/11/11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt R, Timmons BC, Akgul Y, et al. The molecular mechanisms of cervical ripening differ between term and preterm birth. Endocrinology 2011;152:1036–46. Epub 2011/01/07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahendroo M. Cervical remodeling in term and preterm birth: insights from an animal model. Reproduction 2012;143:429–38. Epub 2012/02/22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez JM, Romero R, Girardi G. Comparison of the mechanisms responsible for cervical remodeling in preterm and term labor. J Reprod Immunol 2013;97:112–19. Epub 2013/01/15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon R, Fortunato SJ. Fetal membrane inflammatory cytokines: a switching mechanism between the preterm premature rupture of the membranes and preterm labor pathways. J Perinat Med 2004;32:391–9. Epub 2004/10/21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore RM, Mansour JM, Redline RW, et al. The physiology of fetal membrane rupture: insight gained from the determination of physical properties. Placenta 2006;27:1037–51. Epub 2006/03/07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon R, Fortunato SJ. Infection and the role of inflammation in preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007;21:467–78. Epub 2007/04/24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lannon SM, Vanderhoeven JP, Eschenbach DA, et al. Synergy and interactions among biological pathways leading to preterm premature rupture of membranes. Reprod Sci 2014;21:1215–27. Epub 2014/05/21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananth CV, Vintzileos AM. Medically indicated preterm birth: recognizing the importance of the problem. Clin Perinatol 2008;35:53–67. viii. Epub 2008/02/19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons LE, Rubens CE, Darmstadt GL, et al. Preventing preterm birth and neonatal mortality: exploring the epidemiology, causes, and interventions. Semin Perinatol 2010;34:408–15. Epub 2010/11/26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Yeo L, Miranda J, et al. A blueprint for the prevention of preterm birth: vaginal progesterone in women with a short cervix. J Perinat Med 2013;41:27–44. Epub 2013/01/15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Requejo J, Merialdi M, Althabe F, et al. Born too soon: care during pregnancy and childbirth to reduce preterm deliveries and improve health outcomes of the preterm baby. Reprod Health 2013;10:S4. Epub 2013/01/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newnham JP, Dickinson JE, Hart RJ, et al. Strategies to prevent preterm birth. Front Immunol 2014;5:584. Epub 2014/12/06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markham KB, Klebanoff M. Prevention of preterm birth in modern obstetrics. Clin Perinatol 2014;41:773–85. Epub 2014/12/03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubens CE, Sadovsky Y, Muglia L, et al. Prevention of preterm birth: harnessing science to address the global epidemic. Sci Transl Med 2014;6:262sr5. Epub 2014/11/14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iams JD. Clinical practice. Prevention of preterm parturition. N Engl J Med 2014;370:254–61. Epub 2014/01/17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudenhausen JW. Primary prevention of preterm birth. J Perinat Med 2014;42:431–3. Epub 2014/07/06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen HF, Nugent CE, Wanty SD, et al. Prediction of risk for preterm delivery by ultrasonographic measurement of cervical length. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:859–67. Epub 1990/09/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushnir O, Vigil DA, Izquierdo L, et al. Vaginal ultrasonographic assessment of cervical length changes during normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:991–3. Epub 1990/04/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okitsu O, Mimura T, Nakayama T, et al. Early prediction of preterm delivery by transvaginal ultrasonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1992;2:402–9. Epub 1992/11/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley L, Frigoletto FD Jr, Benacerraf BR. The implications of sonographically identified cervical changes in patients not necessarily at risk for preterm birth. J Ultrasound Med 1992;11:75–9. Epub 1992/03/11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tongsong T, Kamprapanth P, Srisomboon J, et al. Single transvaginal sonographic measurement of cervical length early in the third trimester as a predictor of preterm delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:184–7. Epub 1995/08/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iams JD, Goldenberg RL, Meis PJ, et al. The length of the cervix and the risk of spontaneous premature delivery. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit Network. N Engl J Med 1996;334:567–72. Epub 1996/02/29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berghella V, Kuhlman K, Weiner S, et al. Cervical funneling: sonographic criteria predictive of preterm delivery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997;10:161–6. Epub 1997/10/27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg RL, Iams JD, Mercer BM, et al. The preterm prediction study: the value of new vs standard risk factors in predicting early and all spontaneous preterm births. NICHD MFMU Network. Am J Public Health 1998;88:233–8. Epub 1998/03/10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath VC, Southall TR, Souka AP, et al. Cervical length at 23 weeks of gestation: prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12:312–17. Epub 1998/11/20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan SS, Romero R, Berry SM, et al. Patients with an ultrasonographic cervical length < or =15 mm have nearly a 50% risk of early spontaneous preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1458–67. Epub 2000/06/28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To MS, Skentou C, Liao AW, et al. Cervical length and funneling at 23 weeks of gestation in the prediction of spontaneous early preterm delivery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;18:200–3. Epub 2001/09/14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theron G, Schabort C, Norman K, et al. Centile charts of cervical length between 18 and 32 weeks of gestation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2008;103:144–8. Epub 2008/09/09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan SS, Romero R, Vidyadhari D, et al. Vaginal progesterone reduces the rate of preterm birth in women with a sonographic short cervix: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011;38:18–31. Epub 2011/04/08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Yeo L, Chaemsaithong P, et al. Progesterone to prevent spontaneous preterm birth. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2014;19:15–26. Epub 2013/12/10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiersch L, Yogev Y, Domniz N, et al. The role of cervical length in women with threatened preterm labor: is it a valid predictor at any gestational age? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;211:532 e1–9. Epub 2014/06/08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood CJ, Senyei AE, Dische MR, et al. Fetal fibronectin in cervical and vaginal secretions as a predictor of preterm delivery. N Engl J Med 1991;325:669–74. Epub 1991/09/05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood CJ, Dudenhausen JW. New approaches to the prediction of preterm delivery. J Perinat Med 1993;21:441–52. Epub 1993/01/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer B, Boudier E, Schlaeder G. Cervico-vaginal fetal fibronectin: predictive value during false labor. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997;76:218–21. Epub 1997/03/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peaceman AM, Andrews WW, Thorp JM, et al. Fetal fibronectin as a predictor of preterm birth in patients with symptoms: a multicenter trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:13–18. Epub 1997/07/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman MA, McCowan LM, Pattison NS, et al. Fetal fibronectin detection in preterm labor: evaluation of a prototype bedside dipstick technique and cervical assessment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:1553–8. Epub 1998/12/17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles W, Bisits A, Knox M, et al. The effect of fetal fibronectin testing on admissions to a tertiary maternal-fetal medicine unit and cost savings. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:439–42. Epub 2000/02/29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu GC, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP, et al. Vaginal fetal fibronectin levels and spontaneous preterm birth in symptomatic women. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:225–8. Epub 2001/02/13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honest H, Bachmann LM, Gupta JK, et al. Accuracy of cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin test in predicting risk of spontaneous preterm birth: systematic review. BMJ 2002;325:301. Epub 2 002/08/10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaut MM, Smith W, Kennedy K. Fetal fibronectin: the impact of a rapid test on the treatment of women with preterm labor symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1588–93. discussion 93-5. Epub 2003/06/26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez R, Romero R, Medina L, et al. Cervicovaginal fibronectin improves the prediction of preterm delivery based on sonographic cervical length in patients with preterm uterine contractions and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:350–9. Epub 2005/02/08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eroglu D, Yanik F, Oktem M, et al. Prediction of preterm delivery among women with threatened preterm labor. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2007;64:109–16. Epub 2007/03/07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelaez LM, Fox NS, Chasen ST. Negative fetal fibronectin: who is still treating for threatened preterm labor and does it help? J Perinat Med 2008;36:202–5. Epub 2008/06/26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanir HM, Sener T, Yildiz Z. Cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin (FFN) for prediction of preterm delivery in symptomatic cases: a prospective study. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2008;35:61–4. Epub 2008/04/09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Ramos L, Delke I, Zamora J, et al. Fetal fibronectin as a short-term predictor of preterm birth in symptomatic patients: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2009;114:631–40. Epub 2009/08/25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R. Cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin for the prediction of spontaneous preterm birth in multiple pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010;23:1365–76. Epub 2010/11/12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandiramani M, Di Renzo GC, Gottschalk E, et al. Fetal fibronectin as a predictor of spontaneous preterm birth: a European perspective. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011;24:330–6. Epub 2010/07/31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott DS, Radford SK, Seed PT, et al. Evaluation of a quantitative fetal fibronectin test for spontaneous preterm birth in symptomatic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208:122 e1–6. Epub 2012/11/21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFranco EA, Lewis DF, Odibo AO. Improving the screening accuracy for preterm labor: is the combination of fetal fibronectin and cervical length in symptomatic patients a useful predictor of preterm birth? A systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208:233 e1–6. Epub 2012/12/19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boots AB, Sanchez-Ramos L, Bowers DM, et al. The short-term prediction of preterm birth: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;210:54 e1–e10. Epub 2013/09/12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SM, Romero R, Park JW, et al. The clinical significance of a positive Amnisure test in women with preterm labor and intact membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012;25:1690–8. Epub 2012/01/28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukchaya K, Phupong V. A comparative study of positive rate of placental α-microglobulin-1 test in pre-term pregnant women with and without uterine contraction. J Obstet Gynaecol 2013;33:566–8. Epub 2013/08/08
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nikolova T, Bayev O, Nikolova N, et al. Evaluation of a novel placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) test to predict spontaneous preterm delivery. J Perinat Med 2014;42:473–7. Epub 2013/12/18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariona FG, Roura LC. The role of placental alpha microglobulin-1 amnisure in determining the status of the fetal membranes; its association with preterm birth. Traditions … traditions. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015 Sep 25:1--5. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kekki M, Kurki T, Karkkainen T, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 in cervical secretion as a predictor of preterm delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001;80:546–51. Epub 2001/05/31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elizur SE, Yinon Y, Epstein GS, et al. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 detection in preterm labor: evaluation of a bedside test. Am J Perinatol 2005;22:305–9. Epub 2005/08/25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paternoster DM, Muresan D, Vitulo A, et al. Cervical phIGFBP-1 in the evaluation of the risk of preterm delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2007;86:151–5. Epub 2007/03/17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanir HM, Sener T, Yildiz Z. Cervical phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 for the prediction of preterm delivery in symptomatic cases with intact membranes. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2009;35:66–72. Epub 2009/02/14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brik M, Hernandez AI, Pedraz CC, et al. Phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 and cervical measurement in women with threatening preterm birth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010;89:268–74. Epub 2009/12/08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conde-Agudelo A, Papageorghiou AT, Kennedy SH, et al. Novel biomarkers for the prediction of the spontaneous preterm birth phenotype: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2011;118:1042–54. Epub 2011/03/16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danti L, Prefumo F, Lojacono A, et al. The combination of short cervical length and phIGFBP-1 in the prediction of preterm delivery in symptomatic women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011;24:1262–6. Epub 2011/01/21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper S, Lange I, Wood S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid phIGFBP-I assay for predicting preterm labor in symptomatic patients. J Perinatol 2012;32:460–5. Epub 2011/10/15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadzi-Lega M, Markova AD, Stefanovic M, et al. Correlation of cervical length, fetal fibronectin, phIGFBP-1, and cytokines in spontaneous preterm birth up to 14 days from sampling. J Perinat Med 2014;43:545–51; Epub 2014/12/17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R. Cervical phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 test for the prediction of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015 Jul 3. pii: S0002-9378(15)00673-0. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.060. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Avila C, Santhanam U, et al. Amniotic fluid interleukin 6 in preterm labor. Association with infection. J Clin Invest 1990;85:1392–400. Epub 1990/05/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Ceska M, Avila C, et al. Neutrophil attractant/activating peptide-1/interleukin-8 in term and preterm parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:813–20. Epub 1991/10/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Mazor M, Brandt F, et al. Interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta in preterm and term human parturition. Am J Reprod Immunol 1992;27:117–23. Epub 1992/04/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Sepulveda W, Kenney JS, et al. Interleukin 6 determination in the detection of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity. Ciba Found Symp 1992;167:205–3. Epub 1992/01/01
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romero R, Yoon BH, Kenney JS, et al. Amniotic fluid interleukin-6 determinations are of diagnostic and prognostic value in preterm labor. Am J Reprod Immunol 1993;30:167–83. Epub 1993/09/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherouny PH, Pankuch GA, Romero R, et al. Neutrophil attractant/activating peptide-1/interleukin-8: association with histologic chorioamnionitis, preterm delivery, and bioactive amniotic fluid leukoattractants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:1299–303. Epub 1993/11/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greig PC, Ernest JM, Teot L, et al. Amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels correlate with histologic chorioamnionitis and amniotic fluid cultures in patients in premature labor with intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:1035–44. Epub 1993/10/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Gomez R, Galasso M, et al. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha in term and preterm parturition: effect of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity. Am J Reprod Immunol 1994;32:108–13. Epub 1994/09/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley DJ, Hunter C, Mitchell MD, et al. Clinical value of amniotic fluid interleukin-6 determinations in the management of preterm labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101:592–7. Epub 1994/07/01
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foulon W, Van Liedekerke D, Demanet C, et al. Markers of infection and their relationship to preterm delivery. Am J Perinatol 1995;12:208–11. Epub 1995/05/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley DJ, Hunter C, Mitchell MD, et al. Elevations of amniotic fluid macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha concentrations in women during term and preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:94–8. Epub 1996/01/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greci LS, Gilson GJ, Nevils B, et al. Is amniotic fluid analysis the key to preterm labor? A model using interleukin-6 for predicting rapid delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:172–8. Epub 1998/08/15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athayde N, Romero R, Gomez R, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases-9 in preterm and term human parturition. J Matern Fetal Med 1999;8:213–19. Epub 1999/09/04
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maymon E, Romero R, Pacora P, et al. Human neutrophil collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 8) in parturition, premature rupture of the membranes, and intrauterine infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:94–9. Epub 2000/08/02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athayde N, Romero R, Maymon E, et al. Interleukin 16 in pregnancy, parturition, rupture of fetal membranes, and microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:135–41. Epub 2000/01/29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esplin MS, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, et al. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 is increased in the amniotic fluid of women who deliver preterm in the presence or absence of intra-amniotic infection. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2005;17:365–73. Epub 2005/07/13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueroa R, Garry D, Elimian A, et al. Evaluation of amniotic fluid cytokines in preterm labor and intact membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2005;18:241–7. Epub 2005/12/02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nien JK, Yoon BH, Espinoza J, et al. A rapid MMP-8 bedside test for the detection of intra-amniotic inflammation identifies patients at risk for imminent preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195:1025–30. Epub 2006/09/27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst RM, Hagberg H, Wennerholm UB, et al. Prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery in women with preterm labor: analysis of multiple proteins in amniotic and cervical fluids. Obstet Gynecol 2009;114:268–77. Epub 2009/07/23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobo T, Palacio M, Navarro-Sastre A, et al. Predictive value of combined amniotic fluid proteomic biomarkers and interleukin-6 in preterm labor with intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200:499 e1–6. Epub 2009/04/21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoneda S, Shiozaki A, Yoneda N, et al. Prediction of exact delivery time in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes at admission by amniotic fluid interleukin-8 level and preterm labor index. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011;37:861–6. Epub 2011/03/18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park CW, Yoon BH, Park JS, et al. An elevated maternal serum C-reactive protein in the context of intra-amniotic inflammation is an indicator that the development of amnionitis, an intense fetal and AF inflammatory response are likely in patients with preterm labor: clinical implications. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;26:847–53. Epub 2013/03/15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu TY, Lin H, Lan KC, et al. High interleukin-16 concentrations in the early second trimester amniotic fluid: an independent predictive marker for preterm birth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;26:285–9. Epub 2012/10/02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cift T, Uludag S, Aydin Y, et al. Effects of amniotic and maternal CD-146, TGF-beta1, IL-12, IL-18 and IFN-gamma, on adverse pregnancy outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;26:21–5. Epub 2012/08/24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaemsaithong P, Romero R, Korzeniewski SJ, et al. A point of care test for the determination of amniotic fluid interleukin-6 and the chemokine CXCL-10/IP-10. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 28:1510--9. [Epub 2014 Oct 20]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stampalija T, Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R, et al. Soluble ST2, a modulator of the inflammatory response, in preterm and term labor. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014;27:111–21. Epub 2013/05/22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia X. Value of amniotic fluid IL-8 and Annexin A2 in prediction of preterm delivery in preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes. J Reprod Med 2014;59:154–60. Epub 2014/04/15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman MA, Keelan JA, McCowan LM, et al. Predicting preterm delivery: comparison of cervicovaginal interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 with fetal fibronectin and cervical dilatation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001;95:154–8. Epub 2001/04/13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange M, Chen FK, Wessel J, et al. Elevation of interleukin-6 levels in cervical secretions as a predictor of preterm delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003;82:326–9. Epub 2003/04/29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torbe A, Czajka R. Proinflammatory cytokines and other indications of inflammation in cervico-vaginal secretions and preterm delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004;87:125–30. Epub 2004/10/20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsson B, Mattsby-Baltzer I, Hagberg H. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in cervical and amniotic fluid: relationship to microbial invasion of the chorioamniotic membranes. BJOG 2005;112:719–24. Epub 2005/06/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst RM, Mattsby-Baltzer I, Wennerholm UB, et al. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in cervical fluid in a population of Swedish women in preterm labor: relationship to microbial invasion of the amniotic fluid, intra-amniotic inflammation, and preterm delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005;84:551–7. Epub 2005/05/20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoneda S, Sakai M, Sasaki Y, et al. Interleukin-8 and glucose in amniotic fluid, fetal fibronectin in vaginal secretions and preterm labor index based on clinical variables are optimal predictive markers for preterm delivery in patients with intact membranes. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2007;33:38–44. Epub 2007/01/11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brik M, Antonio P, Perales-Puchalt A, et al. Cervical interleukin-6 as a predictive test for preterm delivery in symptomatic women: preliminary results. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011;155:14–18. Epub 2010/12/07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perales-Puchalt A, Brik M, Diago VJ, et al. The negative predictive value of cervical interleukin-6 for the risk assessment of preterm birth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;26:1278–81. Epub 2013/03/14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brik M, Aguar M, Valiente A, et al. Cervical IL-6 and pIGFBP-1 and the prediction of neonatal outcome in symptomatic preterm labour. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014;27:1241–7. Epub 2013/10/12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combs CA, Garite TJ, Lapidus JA, et al. Detection of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity by analysis of cervicovaginal proteins in women with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;212:482 e1–e12. Epub 2015/02/18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim SM. The role of prostaglandins in human parturition. Proc R Soc Med 1971;64:10–12. Epub 1971/01/01
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell MD. Prostaglandins during pregnancy and the perinatal period. J Reprod Fertil 1981;62:305–15. Epub 1981/05/01
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romero R, Emamian M, Wan M, et al. Prostaglandin concentrations in amniotic fluid of women with intra-amniotic infection and preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:1461–7. Epub 1987/12/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Wu YK, Mazor M, et al. Amniotic fluid prostaglandin E2 in preterm labor. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1988;34:141–5. Epub 1988/12/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Wu YK, Sintori M, et al. Amniotic fluid concentrations of prostaglandin F2 alpha, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) and 11-deoxy-13,14-dihydro-15-keto-11, 16-cyclo-prostaglandin E2 (PGEM-LL) in preterm labor. Prostaglandins 1989;37:149–61. Epub 1989/01/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Baumann P, Gomez R, et al. The relationship between spontaneous rupture of membranes, labor, and microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and amniotic fluid concentrations of prostaglandins and thromboxane B2 in term pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:1654–64. discussion 64-8. Epub 1993/06/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Baumann P, Gonzalez R, et al. Amniotic fluid prostanoid concentrations increase early during the course of spontaneous labor at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:1613–20. Epub 1994/12/01
   Google Scholar
• Romero R, Gonzalez R, Baumann P, et al. Topographic differences in amniotic fluid concentrations of prostanoids in women in spontaneous labor at term. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1994;50:97–104. Epub 1994/02/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell MD, Romero RJ, Edwin SS, et al. Prostaglandins and parturition. Reprod Fertil Dev 1995;7:623–32. Epub 1995/01/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Munoz H, Gomez R, et al. Increase in prostaglandin bioavailability precedes the onset of human parturition. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996;54:187–91. Epub 1996/03/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb W. The role of prostaglandins in human parturition. Ann Med 1998;30:235–41. Epub 1998/07/24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challis JR, Sloboda DM, Alfaidy N, et al. Prostaglandins and mechanisms of preterm birth. Reproduction 2002;124:1–17. Epub 2002/07/02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson DM. The role of prostaglandins in the initiation of parturition. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2003;17:717–30. Epub 2003/09/16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell MD, Chang MC, Chaiworapongsa T, et al. Identification of 9alpha,11beta-prostaglandin F2 in human amniotic fluid and characterization of its production by human gestational tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:4244–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challis JR, Bloomfield FH, Bocking AD, et al. Fetal signals and parturition. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2005;31:492–9. Epub 2005/12/14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SE, Romero R, Park IS, et al. Amniotic fluid prostaglandin concentrations increase before the onset of spontaneous labor at term. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008;21:89–94. Epub 2008/02/02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidaeff AC, Ramin SM. Potential biochemical events associated with initiation of labor. Curr Med Chem 2008;15:614–19. Epub 2008/03/14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddipati KR, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, et al. Eicosanomic profiling reveals dominance of the epoxygenase pathway in human amniotic fluid at term in spontaneous labor. FASEB J 2014;28:4835–46. Epub 2014/07/26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sykes L, MacIntyre DA, Teoh TG, et al. Anti-inflammatory prostaglandins for the prevention of preterm labour. Reproduction 2014;148:R29–40. Epub 2014/06/04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirton KT, Wyngarden LJ, Bergstrom KK. Prostaglandins and myometrial contractility. Adv Biosci 1973;9:651–5. Epub 1973/01/01
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Novy MJ, Thomas CL, Lees MH. Uterine contractility and regional blood flow responses to oxytocin and prostaglandin E2 in pregnant rhesus monkeys. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975;122:419–33. Epub 1975/06/15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikland M, Lindblom B, Wilhelmsson L, et al. Oxytocin, prostaglandins, and contractility of the human uterus at term pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1982;61:467–72. Epub 1982/01/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydnert J, Joelsson I. Effect of the naturally occurring prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha on the human myometrium in vivo during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1985;64:577–82. Epub 1985/01/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiqvist N, Bryman I, Lindblom B, et al. The role of prostaglandins for the coordination of myometrial forces during labour. Acta Physiol Hung 1985;65:313–22. Epub 1985/01/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astle S, Thornton S, Slater DM. Identification and localization of prostaglandin E2 receptors in upper and lower segment human myometrium during pregnancy. Mol Hum Reprod 2005;11:279–87. Epub 2005/02/22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodcock NA, Taylor CW, Thornton S. Prostaglandin F2alpha increases the sensitivity of the contractile proteins to Ca2 + in human myometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195:1404–6. Epub 2006/06/14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson DM, Ammann C. Role of the prostaglandins in labour and prostaglandin receptor inhibitors in the prevention of preterm labour. Front Biosci 2007;12:1329–43. Epub 2006/11/28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurd WW, Gibbs SG, Rudinsky KA. Differential regulation of myometrial prostaglandin production by changes in length. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:225 e1–4. Epub 2008/01/30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durn JH, Marshall KM, Farrar D, et al. Lipidomic analysis reveals prostanoid profiles in human term pregnant myometrium. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010;82:21–6. Epub 2009/12/04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arulkumaran S, Kandola MK, Hoffman B, et al. The roles of prostaglandin EP 1 and 3 receptors in the control of human myometrial contractility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:489–98. Epub 2011/12/14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiossi G, Costantine MM, Bytautiene E, et al. The effects of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E2 on in vitro myometrial contractility and uterine structure. Am J Perinatol 2012;29:615–22. Epub 2012/05/29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conde-Agudelo A, Nieto A, Rosas-Bermudez A, et al. Misoprostol to reduce intraoperative and postoperative hemorrhage during cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;209:40 e1–e17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keirse MJ, Thiery M, Parewijck W, et al. Chronic stimulation of uterine prostaglandin synthesis during cervical ripening before the onset of labor. Prostaglandins 1983;25:671–82. Epub 1983/05/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman M, Ekman G, Malmstrom A. Prostaglandin E2-induced ripening of the human cervix involves changes in proteoglycan metabolism. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:1013–20. Epub 1993/12/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing DA, Ham D, Paul RH. A comparison of orally administered misoprostol with vaginally administered misoprostol for cervical ripening and labor induction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1155–60. Epub 1999/05/18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Aroya Z, Hallak M, Segal D, et al. Ripening of the uterine cervix in a post-cesarean parturient: prostaglandin E2 versus Foley catheter. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002;12:42–5. Epub 2002/11/09
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujimoto T, Savani RC, Watari M, et al. Induction of the hyaluronic acid-binding protein, tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6, in cervical smooth muscle cells by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and prostaglandin E(2). Am J Pathol 2002;160:1495–502. Epub 2002/04/12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertelendy F, Zakar T. Prostaglandins and the myometrium and cervix. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004;70:207–22. Epub 2003/12/20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornblom SA, Patel FA, Bystrom B, et al. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and cyclooxygenase 2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression and immunohistochemical localization in human cervical tissue during term and preterm labor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2909–15. Epub 2004/06/08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji H, Dailey TL, Long V, et al. Prostaglandin E2-regulated cervical ripening: analysis of proteoglycan expression in the rat cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:536 e1–7. Epub 2008/01/15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishore AH, Owens D, Word RA. Prostaglandin E2 regulates its own inactivating enzyme, 15-PGDH, by EP2 receptor-mediated cervical cell-specific mechanisms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:1006–18. Epub 2014/01/30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmons BC, Reese J, Socrate S, et al. Prostaglandins are essential for cervical ripening in LPS-mediated preterm birth but not term or antiprogestin-driven preterm ripening. Endocrinology 2014;155:287–98. Epub 2013/11/06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren J, Taylor DJ, Bell SC. Prostaglandin E(2)-dependent production of latent matrix metalloproteinase-9 in cultures of human fetal membranes. Mol Hum Reprod 2000;6:1033–40. Epub 2000/10/25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulug U, Goldman S, Ben-Shlomo I, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and their inhibitor, TIMP-1, in human term decidua and fetal membranes: the effect of prostaglandin F(2alpha) and indomethacin. Mol Hum Reprod 2001;7:1187–93. Epub 2001/11/24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oger S, Mehats C, Dallot E, et al. Evidence for a role of phosphodiesterase 4 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated prostaglandin E2 production and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in human amniochorionic membranes. J Immunol 2005;174:8082–9. Epub 2005/06/10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makino S, Zaragoza DB, Mitchell BF, et al. Prostaglandin F2alpha and its receptor as activators of human decidua. Semin Reprod Med 2007;25:60–8. Epub 2007/01/06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SE, Park IS, Romero R, et al. Amniotic fluid prostaglandin F2 increases even in sterile amniotic fluid and is an independent predictor of impending delivery in preterm premature rupture of membranes. J Maternal–Fetal Neonatal 2009;22:880–6. Epub 2009/06/23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DC, Romero R, Kim JS, et al. Evidence for a spatial and temporal regulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 expression in human amnion in term and preterm parturition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:E86–91. Epub 2010/06/04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi D, Pianta S, Magatti M, et al. Characterization of the conditioned medium from amniotic membrane cells: prostaglandins as key effectors of its immunomodulatory activity. PLoS One 2012;7:e46956. Epub 2012/10/17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzamil HA, Pawade J, Fortier MA, et al. Expression of the prostaglandin F synthase AKR1B1 and the prostaglandin transporter SLCO2A1 in human fetal membranes in relation to spontaneous term and preterm labor. Front Physiol 2014;5:272. Epub 2014/08/16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips RJ, Fortier MA, Lopez Bernal A. Prostaglandin pathway gene expression in human placenta, amnion and choriodecidua is differentially affected by preterm and term labour and by uterine inflammation. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014;14:241. Epub 2014/07/23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dray F, Frydman R. Primary prostaglandins in amniotic fluid in pregnancy and spontaneous labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976;126:13–19. Epub 1976/09/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieder J, Augustin W. Increase of prostaglandin E and F equivalents in amniotic fluid during late pregnancy and rapid PG F elevation after cervical dilatation. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Medicine 1983;12:289–97. Epub 1983/11/01
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romero R, Emamian M, Quintero R, et al. Amniotic fluid prostaglandin levels and intra-amniotic infections. Lancet 1986;1:1380. Epub 1986/06/14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez Bernal A, Hansell DJ, Canete Soler R, et al. Prostaglandins, chorioamnionitis and preterm labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987;94:1156–8. Epub 1987/12/01
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romero R, Wu YK, Mazor M, et al. Amniotic fluid arachidonate lipoxygenase metabolites in preterm labor. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1989;36:69–75. Epub 1989/05/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bry K, Hallman M. Prostaglandins, inflammation, and preterm labor. J Perinatol 1989;9:60–5. Epub 1989/03/01
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamont RF, Anthony F, Myatt L, et al. Production of prostaglandin E2 by human amnion in vitro in response to addition of media conditioned by microorganisms associated with chorioamnionitis and preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:819–25. Epub 1990/03/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell MD, Romero RJ, Avila C, et al. Prostaglandin production by amnion and decidual cells in response to bacterial products. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1991;42:167–9. Epub 1991/03/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Meir CA, Matthews SG, Keirse MJ, et al. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase: implications in preterm labor with and without ascending infection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:969–76. Epub 1997/03/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu CD, Meaddough E, Aversa K, et al. Dual roles of amniotic fluid nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in preterm labor with intra-amniotic infection. Am J Perinatol 1998;15:683–7. Epub 1999/05/20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JS, Romero R, Yoon BH, et al. The relationship between amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 and funisitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:1156–61. Epub 2001/11/22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh KJ, Lee SE, Jung H, et al. Detection of ureaplasmas by the polymerase chain reaction in the amniotic fluid of patients with cervical insufficiency. J Perinat Med 2010;38:261–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobo T, Palacio M, Martinez-Terron M, et al. Clinical and inflammatory markers in amniotic fluid as predictors of adverse outcomes in preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;205:126 e1–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park CW, Kim SM, Park JS, et al. Fetal, amniotic and maternal inflammatory responses in early stage of ascending intrauterine infection, inflammation restricted to chorio-decidua, in preterm gestation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014;27:98–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon BH, Romero R, Kim CJ, et al. Amniotic fluid interleukin-6: a sensitive test for antenatal diagnosis of acute inflammatory lesions of preterm placenta and prediction of perinatal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:960–70. Epub 1995/03/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon BH, Romero R, Park JS, et al. The relationship among inflammatory lesions of the umbilical cord (funisitis), umbilical cord plasma interleukin 6 concentration, amniotic fluid infection, and neonatal sepsis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1124–9. Epub 2000/11/21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacora P, Chaiworapongsa T, Maymon E, et al. Funisitis and chorionic vasculitis: the histological counterpart of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002;11:18–25. Epub 2002/10/17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoon BH, Romero R, Shim JY, et al. C-reactive protein in umbilical cord blood: a simple and widely available clinical method to assess the risk of amniotic fluid infection and funisitis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2003;14:85–90. Epub 2003/11/25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Redline RW, Heller D, Keating S, et al. Placental diagnostic criteria and clinical correlation-a workshop report. Placenta 2005;26:S114–7. Epub 2005/04/20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redline RW. Inflammatory responses in the placenta and umbilical cord. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2006;11:296–301. Epub 2006/04/20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SE, Romero R, Kim CJ, et al. Funisitis in term pregnancy is associated with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and intra-amniotic inflammation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2006;19:693–7. Epub 2006/11/28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park CW, Lee SM, Park JS, et al. The antenatal identification of funisitis with a rapid MMP-8 bedside test. J Perinat Med 2008;36:497–502. Epub 2009/01/08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CJ, Romero R, Chaemsaithong P, et al. Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;213(4 Suppl):S29--52
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Salafia CM, Athanassiadis AP, et al. The relationship between acute inflammatory lesions of the preterm placenta and amniotic fluid microbiology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:1382–8. Epub 1992/05/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaemsaithong P, Romero R, Korzeniewski SJ, et al. A point of care test for interleukin-6 in amniotic fluid in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: a step toward the early treatment of acute intra-amniotic inflammation/infection. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015 Apr 28. pii: /j/jpme.ahead-of-print/jpm-2015-0044/jpm-2015-0044.xml. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2015-0044. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Chaemsaithong P, Korzeniewski SJ, et al. Clinical chorioamnionitis at term III: how well do clinical criteria perform in the identification of proven intra-amniotic infection? J Perinat Med 2015 Apr 28:1--5. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs RS. Diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection. Semin Perinatol 1977;1:71–7. Epub 1977/01/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs RS, Blanco JD, St Clair PJ, et al. Quantitative bacteriology of amniotic fluid from women with clinical intraamniotic infection at term. J Infect Dis 1982;145:1–8. Epub 1982/01/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauth JC, Gilstrap LC 3rd, Hankins GD, et al. Term maternal and neonatal complications of acute chorioamnionitis. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:59–62. Epub 1985/07/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs RS, Dinsmoor MJ, Newton ER, et al. A randomized trial of intrapartum versus immediate postpartum treatment of women with intra-amniotic infection. Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:823–8. Epub 1988/12/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilstrap LC 3rd, Cox SM. Acute chorioamnionitis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1989;16:373–9. Epub 1989/06/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton ER. Chorioamnionitis and intraamniotic infection. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1993;36:795–808. Epub 1993/12/01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tita AT, Andrews WW. Diagnosis and management of clinical chorioamnionitis. Clin Perinatol 2010;37:339–54. Epub 2010/06/24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Miranda J, Kusanovic JP, et al. Clinical chorioamnionitis at term I: microbiology of the amniotic cavity using cultivation and molecular techniques. J Perinat Med 2015;43:19–36. Epub 2015/02/27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leaver HA, MacPherson HD, Hutchon DJ. Amniotic fluid prostaglandins F2 alpha and E2, measured at artificial rupture of the membranes, predict the subsequent progress of labour. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Medicine 1987;28:237–42. Epub 1987/08/01
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romero R, Espinoza J, Goncalves LF, et al. Inflammation in preterm and term labour and delivery. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2006;11:317–26. Epub 2006/07/15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon R, Fortunato SJ, Milne GL, et al. Amniotic fluid eicosanoids in preterm and term births: effects of risk factors for spontaneous preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:121–34. Epub 2011/06/22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balgoma D, Astudillo AM, Perez-Chacon G, et al. Markers of monocyte activation revealed by lipidomic profiling of arachidonic acid-containing phospholipids. J Immunol 2010;184:3857–65. Epub 2010/02/26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang R, Chiang N, Oh SF, et al. Metabolomics-lipidomics of eicosanoids and docosanoids generated by phagocytes. Curr Protoc Immunol 2011 Nov;Chapter 14:Unit 14.26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tam VC. Lipidomic profiling of bioactive lipids by mass spectrometry during microbial infections. Semin Immunol 2013;25:240–8. Epub 2013/10/03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar